{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi37\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f382\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f409\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sa144\sl264\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext16 Style 1;}{
\s17\qj \li432\ri432\sa216\sl252\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin432\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 Style 3;}{
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext18 Style 4;}{\s19\qj \li576\ri432\sa144\sl264\slmult0
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin576\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext19 Style 5;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid204952\rsid1452003\rsid2377979\rsid5965483
\rsid6501827\rsid8410240\rsid11023670\rsid13594602\rsid15948997\rsid16323261}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\author freriks_k}{\operator baleimatuku_l}
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l}}\paperw11907\paperh16839\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect 
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\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace100\dgvspace120\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow0\dgvshow3\jcompress\viewkind1\viewscale140\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot11023670 
\fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\sectlinegrid272\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5965483\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang 
{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 [1996] 42 FLR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 148}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594602 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602\charrsid11023670 Civil Jurisdiction
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 FIJI PUBLIC SERVICE CREDIT UNION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 
\par v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 FIJI TIMES LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ALAN ROBINSON}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594602 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 SAMISONI KAKAIVALU}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Pain J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594602 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 4 September 1996}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
Equity - breach of confidence - publication of allegation of improper conduct by officers of credit union - whether to be restrained by injunction - defence of public interest.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 The Defendants published allegations that officers of a cred
it union had improperly obtained loans from the union. The union sought to restrain further publication on the ground that the materials published were confidential. The Defendants failed to establish that the loans were in breach of the union's by-laws. 
Granting the injunction sought, the High Court stressed that the public interest in the disclosure of misdeeds had carefully to be balanced against the public interest in maintaining the duty of confidence.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Cases cited:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 American Cyanamid Co. v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 
. Ethicon Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 1975] AC 396
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 British Steel Corporation v Granada Television Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1981] AC 1096
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Distillers Co. (Biochemicals) Ltd. v Times Newspapers Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602  [1975] 1 QB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  613
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Ferris-Bank (Anguilla)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  Ltd. & Ors. v Lazar & Anr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1991] 2 All ER 865

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Fraser v Evans & Ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 [1969] 1 QB 349
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Initial Services Ltd. v Putterill Anr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1968] 1 QB 396
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Lion Laboratories Ltd. v Evans & Ors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1985] 1 QB 526}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Schering Chemicals Ltd. v Falkman Ltd. & Ors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1982] 1 QB 1
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Woodward & Ors v Hutchins & Ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 [1977] 1 WLR 760
\par 
\par Interlocutory application in the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 R. Walebalavir for Plaintiff
\par R. Naidu for Defendants
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Pain J:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par The Plaintiff is a c red it union registered under the provisions of the Credit Unions Act. The first named Defendant company is the Owner of a daily newspaper called the Fiji Times. The second and third na}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 med defendants are respectively,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  the publisher and editor of that newspaper.
\par 
\par The plaintiff commenced proceedings by way of writ against the defendants. The statement of claim alleges that the defen
dants published confidential information of the plaintiff, in particular details of shareholdings and borrowings of officers and members of the plaintiff credit union. The plaintiff alleges that such publication was unlawful and in breach of a duty of con
f
idence and trust owed by the defendants to the plaintiff and has caused loss and damage to the plaintiff. The plaintiff seeks final relief of an injunction restraining the defendants from further publication and damages. The defendants have filed a defenc
e that denies the substantive allegations of the plaintiff and affirmatively pleads that any publications justified in the public interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 he plaintiff also fled an ex part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 e motion for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 an interlocutory injunction restraining the defendants from further p
ublishing such confidential information until further order of the court. The Court determined that the application should be heard inter parses. As an early hearing could not be given an interim injunction was made restraining further publication until t
he determination of the application after an inter partes hearing. I have carefully considered the affidavits led by both parties and the submissions made by counsel at the inter partes hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 The plaintiff is registered under the provisions of the Credi
t Unions Act (Cap. 251). Every credit union has a capital that is "unlimited in amount and shall be divided into shares of a par value of not less than $2 each" which "may be purchased outright or by instalments" by members acid "shareholders shall receiv
e
 dividends only on fully paid up shares" (Sections 12, 13 & 14). In terms of Section 16 the principal abject of a credit union is "to promote thrift among its members". This is done by "receiving savings from members either as payment on shares or as depo
sits". The credit union is also empowered "to make loans to members exclusively for provident or productive purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Section 22 provides for the election of a board of directors of not less than 5 members, a credit committee of not less than 3 members and a supervisory committee of three members.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
The powers and duties of these officers are prescribed in Sections 26 (Directors), 27 (Credit Committee) and 34 (Sup}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 ervisory Committee). In essence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  the Directors make the policy decisions, the Credit Committee a
pproves loans and the supervisory committee regularly examines the affairs of the credit union and audits its books.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 A credit union also has by-laws. These may be the standard by-laws prepare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11023670 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  by the Registrar of Credit Unions and approved by the Minister
 or supplementary by-laws adopted by the credit union at a general meeting and approved by the Registrar (Section 11 Credit Unions Act). In this case a copy of the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8410240 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 s supplementary by-laws are annexure E to the affidavit of the third named defenda
nt sworn on the 29th May 1996.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
The basic facts in this case are not disputed. An employee of the plaintiff credit union provided the defendants with 33 pages of computer printouts which are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 attached to the affidavit of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 
third named defendant as annexu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 re F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 These show the monthly contributions, shareholdings and loan balances of some of the members of the plaintiff credit union including all members of the Board of Directors, Credit Committee and Superviso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 ry Committee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  On six occasions over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 the period from 30th April 1996 to 9th May 1996 the defendants published articles in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 
the Fiji "rinses newspaper which alleged a "loan scandal" involving officers and members of the plaintiff "taking out extra loans well above their shares"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid16323261 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  Those articles included deta
ils takers from the computer printouts of the 6 Directors, 3 members of the Credit Committee, 3 members of the Supervisory Committee and 15 other members. By way of example, the first person identified in the first article was the chairman of the Board of
 Directors and particulars were given }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 of a shareholding of S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid16323261 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 179 and a loan balance of $48,845.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  The various articles also gave further details about particular members such as recent advances made to them and their monthly payments to the plaintiff. For ins
tance, it was highlighted that a named Director had a loan of $59,415 and was making payments of only $9.75 per month.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Counsel for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 the plaintiff submits that the information contained in the 33 pages of CO computer printouts obtained by the defendants i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 s confidential to the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 Its disclosure to the defendants was in breach of confidence owed to the plaintiff by the employee who disclosed it. These circumstances give rise to a duty of confidence owed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 the defendants to the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  There is no c
ircumstance justifying publication in the public interest. The principles in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid2377979 American Cyanamid Co. v Ethicon Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1975] AC 396 favour the granting of an interim injunction to the plaintiff restraining further publication.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Counsel for t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 he defendants accepts that the in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 formation is confidential in nature but submits tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 
t the defendants can raise a def}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
ence that the public interest in disclosing the information outweighs the interest of the plaintiff in keeping it confidential.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
I appreciate the comprehensive submissions made by both counsel and the copies of relevant authorities supplied by them. All these have been considered and taken into account but is unnecessary and impractica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979 ble to refer to every argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  and decision detail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 The law on this topic was succinctly expressed by Lord Denning almost 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 years ago. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 Initial Services Ltd v. Putterill Anr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 [1968] 1 QB 396 he said at pages 405 and 406:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2377979 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
"In support of the appeal, Mr. Michael Kerr said that in the employment of ever
y servant there is implied an obligation that he will not, before or after his service, disclose information or documents which he has received in confidence. Now I quite agree that there is an obligation. It is imposed by law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 . But it is subject to exceptions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid16323261 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2377979\charrsid11023670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1452003 [The exception] "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 extends to any misconduct ...... of such a nature that it ought in the public interest to be disclosed to others ....."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
"The exception should extend to crimes, frauds and misdeeds, both those actually committed as well as those in contemplation, provided always - and this is essential - that the disclosure is justified in the public interest".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
"The disclosure must should think, be to one who has a proper interest to receive the information. Thus it would be proper to disclose a crime
 to the police or a breach of the Restrictive Trade Practices Act to the registrar. There may be cases where the misdeed is of such a character that the public interest may demand, or at least excuse, publication on a broader field, even to the press".

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 This exposition of the law has been approved and app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 l}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ied in later cases (see for instance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid15948997 
Fraser v Evans & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1969] 1 QB 349 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid15948997 Lion Laboratories Ltd. v Evans & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1985] QB 526.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 An action for a breach of confidence (by disclosing th
e information) lies at the suit of the person to whom such confidence is owed against the person who is in breach of the duty including any subsequent recipient of the information who with knowledge of the confidence, makes disclosure. Remedies that are a
vailable include damages, an order for return of the information and all injunction (including an interim injunction) to restrain disclosure of the information. It is a defence to such a claim that disclosure is justified in the public interest (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid15948997 Fraser v Evans & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 [1969] 1 QB 349; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid15948997 Schering Chemicals Ltd. v Falkman Ltd. & ors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  [1982] 1 QB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1452003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 \tab \tab 
;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid15948997 
Lion Laboratories Ltd. v Evans & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1985] 1 QB 526 and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid15948997 Ferris-Bank (Anguilla) Ltd. & ors. v Lazar & anor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 1991] 2 All ER 865).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 In the present case the defendants had been provided with pages of c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 ompute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
r printouts relating to the accounts of approximately 400 members with the plaintiff credit union. Copies are attached as Exhibit h to the affidavit of the third named defendant. These give details of (inter alia) eac
h member's shareholding, loan balance and monthly contribution. The printouts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 are undoubtably }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid16323261 [sic]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 part of the records of the plaintiff and contain personal financial details of its members. They comprise confidential information and this is properly conc
eded by counsel for the defendants. The defendants are under a duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  of confidence to the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  not to disclose this information.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 The defendants ra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 ise the defence of public inter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 est. It is not necessary for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 the defendants to prove the defence at this interlocutory stage. They need merely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 
show }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 that they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  an arguable defence. That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 "a serious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 defence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid16323261 ("}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 public interest which may succeed - no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid16323261 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 , of course, will succeed - at the trial"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  (Stephenson LJ, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid15948997 Lion Laboratories Ltd. v Evans & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1985] 1 QB 526, 538). If that is shown, then the Court must conduct a balancing exercise to determine whether publication should be restrained at this stage.

\par 
\par Counsel for the defendants submits that the elected officials of the plaintiff credit union, by granting large loa
ns to themselves and others, have been acting outside their own by-laws and contrary to prudent lending guidelines, Such mismanagement (if not misconduct) ought, in the public interest, to be disclosed for the information of the plaintiffs 8,000 present m
embers and potential members. It is submitted that there is also a wider public interest of ensuring that financial institutions are properly managed.
\par 
\par Counsel for the plaintiff submits that the affairs of the plaintiff credit union have been properly manag
ed and there is no public interest that would justify the disclosure of identity and loan details of officials and members. The defendants have improper motives for publishing this information and the proper place for any concerns to be raised is at a Gen
eral Meeting of the plaintiff credit union.
\par 
\par The nature of the public interest claimed by the defendants for disclosure of the confidential financial information can best be gauged from a consideration of the articles that have already been published on six
 separate days. These are annexed as exhibits to the first affidavit of Josaia Taka. The headlines for the first article published on 30th April 1996 state "Credit Union Loan Scandal Revealed - Figures Show Senior Public Servants Overdrew Shares". The art
icle says that "Senior civil servants who are members of the Fiji Public Service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Credit Union, are involved in a loans scandal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 volving overdrawn shares totall}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ing over $1.3 million". Sev
eral examples are given, for instance, "The biggest loan balance belongs to a director whose share is $7,185 but who owes $99,925". The article then says "other civil servants including two permanent secretaries and senior officials in the Public Service 
Commission were given loans which exceeded their shares by at least 5 to 7 times". The article also includes a prominent table with columns giving the name of each Board member, the value of shares held and loan balance.
\par 
\par The subsequent articles contain considerable repetition and regurgitation of the same facts and allegations. An illustration is the continual reference (as in the article published on 3rd May 1996}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  to the "scandal involving senior civil servants who had taken out huge loans from the FPSCU. 
The big loans were about $1.3 million above what the respective members held as their shares". It is also said in the same article that "The list of those who took overdrawn loans include all directors some of whom have loans exceeding their shares by as 
much as 1500 per cent". Interspersed throughout the articles are tables showing the names}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  shareholdings and loan balances of all officials of the plaintiff credit union and 15 other members. In each case the loan balance is considerably greater than the share value.
\par 
\par In every case where confidential information has been disclosed by the defendants the amount of the loan has been contrasted with the shareholding of the member. It is the disparity between the two that is identified as the scandal.
\par 
\par Some other alleged irregularities are mentioned such as the granting of a loan to a particular member who had retired from the civil service and additional advances having been made to members who had outstand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 ing loans. The articles also in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 clude other matters such as extracts fro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 an audit report and statements from the general secretary of the Public Service Association the general manager of the Fiji Credit Union League and unnamed members of the plaintiff credit union. However the dominant and virtually 
exclusive use of the plaintiff's confidential information is to contrast the amount of the loan with the amount of the shares held by the particular member. The excess of loans over the shares is described as a "loan scandal involving overdrawn shares". I
t is the disclosure of the confidential information on this basis that the defendants are seeking to justify as a matter of public interest. This necessarily involves an assertion that lending by the plaintiff must be related to the shareholding of a me}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 mber. Loans in excess of shareh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 olding are unauthorised.
\par 
\par The defendants assert that c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 lause 75.2(c) of the plaintiff'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
s Supplementary By-Laws prescribes this restrictive lending policy. This states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
"Secured loans may be granted in excess of $200 of a member's 
savings. The above formula will only be applicable where a member has clear savings. In a case of previously outstanding loan a netting effect will be applied, provided that the Board for good reason considers and approves loans as it deems fit."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par This somewhat abstrusely worded clause is difficult to comprehend and fails far short of establishing an unequivocal policy regarding the ratio required b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 
etween a loan and shareholding. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 It appears to say that security should be provided for loans of more than $200
 in excess of a members' shareholding. However that appears to be subject to the discretion of the Board to approve loans as it deems fit. It is also subject to the provisions of the Credit Unions Act and should be considered with other provisions contain
ed in the Supplementary By-Laws.
\par 
\par Neither the Credit Unions Act nor the Supplementary By-Laws prohi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 bits loans being granted for am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ounts in excess of a member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 s shareholding. They lay down general rules, policy and practice for loans. For instance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 (a) The 
Board of Directors determines the maximum loan, with or without security, and the rate of interest (Section 26 of the Act and Rules 39 and 62 of the By-laws)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
(b) The Credit Committee, subject to directions of the Board,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 reviews loan applications, approves
 loans, fixes the amounts of loans, fixes the terms of repayment and determines the security, if any, to be provided (Sections 27 and 29 of Act and Rules 51, 53 and 55 of the By-Laws).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
(c) Loans to members are to be for provident or productive purposes (Section 28 of Act and Rule 61 of By Laws)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
(d) To maintain a sound liquidity, the Credit Committee must ensure that the plaintiff's total deposits are always greater than a figure calculated by deducting the total amount of loans from the total }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 of members shares (Rule 54 of By}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  Laws).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par Moreover there are provisions in the Credit Unions Act and By-Laws which show that it is acceptable for a member to be granted a loan in excess of his shareholding. Thus:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
(i) Section 30 of the Act provides that no officer of the Board. Credit Committee or Supervisory Committee shall be allowed to borrow in excess of the value of his shares except with the approval of the other members of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 Board,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 Credit Committee and Supervisory Committee. This is an express authorisation for
 such officers to borrow in excess of their shareholdings with approval. It is clearly intended as a safeguard and check in respect of loans obtained by officers. The corollary to this requirement is that other members can borrow sums in excess of their s
hareholdings without any approval being needed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
(ii) Rule 10 of the By Laws provides that a member who retire; the field of membership may retain his personal membership but will not be eligible to borrow in excess of his shareholding. This clearly indicat
es that members are otherwise permitted to borrow in excess of their shareholdings. This rule also provides that a member who resigns from the public service shall lose his membership and (inter aria) if his outstanding loan balance is more than his share
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 old}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
ng, immediate recovery action will be commenced. Again, this is clear recognition of a member's ability to borrow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  in excess of his shareholding}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
There is also evidence that, in practice, the plain
tiff regularly allows loan advances to exceed shareholdings. The defendants have produced 33 pages of computer print-out records of the plaintiff. A perusal of the entries shows that many members have loan balances that exceed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 their shareholdings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 No analysis of those records has been done by either party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 However, by way of illustration, a close}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
study of the first 100 entries with loan balances shows that approximately one-third of those members have loan balances of a sum less than their respective shareho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 l
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
dings, approximately one-third have loan balances moderately in excess of shareholdings and approximately one-third have loan balances significantly in excess of shareholdings.
\par 
\par Having regard to all the matters that have been mentioned, on the basis of t
he evidence presently before the Court, the defendants have not shown a serious defence of public interest on the ground that the plaintiff has been granting loans in excess of a members shareholding which is contrary to the By-Laws and unauthorised. That
 is the specific issue and justification raised by the defendants in the articles that were published.
\par 
\par Counsel for the defendants submitted that, even if no breach of the By-Laws has been established there are wider issues of public interest that shou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 d be considered. This relates to tile substantial borrowings by all officials and some other members. It is submitted that prudent lending gu}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 idelines have not been observed,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 particularly in relation to repayments of loans. The apparent ease with which official
s obtain large loans for themselves and grant them to some other members amounts to a betrayal of trust on the part of the officials which ought to be exposed in the public interest.
\par 
\par Certainly there are some matters which give rise to a fee ling of disquiet that has not been allayed by the plaintiff. For instance:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 
The very substantial loans to every board and committee member.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  Such loans would have required specific approval p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 ursuant to Section 30 of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 e Credit Unions Act and adequate security could be ex
pected as a matter of prudence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
An instance of a loan being made to an official which would appear to be prohibited by Rule 10 of the By laws as he has resigned from the Publ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 ic Service.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
Instances of loans where it appears that inadequate repayments are being made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15948997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
Statements in reports and brochures. For example the statement of the Credit it Committee in the 1995 Annual Report that "applications for large loans for houses, cars etc. were not entertained".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 The absence of any information regarding th
e plaintiffs lending policies and security requirements particularly those determined by the Board pursuant to Section 26 of the Credit Unions Act and Rules 39 and 62 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15948997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 the By-Laws.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par These various matters reflect adversely on the plaintiff and its officer
s. However, the onus is on the defendants to show an arguable defence of public interest and this can only be determined on the basis of the evidence presently before the Court. In their totality, these divers matters arouse suspicion}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  but give only tenuou
s support for the allegations of misconduct and betrayal of trust made by the defendants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
Even if the evidence was sufficient to support the wider public interest claim made by the defendants, it would still be necessary for the Court to consider that pub
lic interest in publication against the public interest in confidentiality being maintained. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid6501827 Lion Laboratories Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827  v Evans & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 [1985] 1 QB 526 Lord Justice Stephenson expressed this (at page 536-7):
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
"The problem before the judge and before this cour
t is how best to resolve, before trial, a conflict of two competing public interests. The first public interest is the right of organisations, as of individuals, to keep secret confidential information. The courts will restrain breaches of confidence, and
 breaches of copyright, unless there is just cause or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 excu}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  for breaking con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 fidence or infringing copyright.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 The just cause or excuse with which this case is concerned is the public interest in admittedly confidential information.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 There is confidential in
formation which the public may have a right to receive and others, in particular the press, now extended to the media, may have a right and even a duty to publish, even if the information has been unlawfully obtained in flagrant breach of confidence and i
r
respective of the motive of the informer. The duty of confidence, the public interest in maintaining it, is a restriction on the freedom of the press which is recognised by our law ...... the duty to publish, the countervailing interest of the public in b
eing kept informed of matters which are of real public concern, is an inroad on the privacy of confidential matters".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Lord Denning MR succinctly expressed this issue in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827 Woodward & Ors v Hutchins & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  [1977] 1 WLR 760 at page 764 as:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
"In these cases of confidential information it is a question of balancing the public interest in maintaining the confidence against the public interest in knowing the truth."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 By way of illustration the balance in Lion Laboratories Ltd. v Evans & ors (supr
a) came down in favour of publication of confidential information which raised serious doubts about the reliability of an instrument being widely used by the police to obtain convictions under the breath/alcohol legislation. However in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827 Distillers Co. (Biochemicals) Ltd. v Times Newspapers Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13594602 
 [1975] 1 QB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  613:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16323261 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 
an interlocutory injunction was granted to restrain publication of confidential information regarding the effects of the use of the drug thalidomide which was acknowledged to be a matter of public interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par There is a strong public interest in the maintenance of confidentiality of private information. A powerful case is needed to justify publication in the public interest. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827 Lion Laboratories Ltd. v Evans & ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 (supra) such a case was found to be made out for publication but the principle w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1452003 as stated by Lord Justice Griff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 iths at page 551:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
"When there is an admitted breach of confidence and breach of copyright, there wiII usually be a powerful case for maintaining the status quo by the grant of an interlocutory injunction to restrain publication until trial of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
the action. It will, I judge, be an exceptional case in which a defence of public interest which does not involve iniquity on the part of the plaintiff will justify refusing the injunction."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 In the same case Lord Justice Stephenson (at page 539) cited with approval a passage from the speech of Lord Fraser in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827 British Steel Corporation v Granada Television Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 [1981] AC 1096 which included:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 "No doubt there i
s a public interest in maintaining the free flow of information to the press and therefore against obstru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 cting informers. But there is al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 so I think a very strong public interest in preserving confidentiality within any organisation, in order that it can op
erate efficiently, and also be free from suspicion that it is harbouring disloyal employees."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
In my view the strong public interest in maintaining confidentiality is especially pertinent to financial and banking records. Citizens expect, and should be ent
itled, to conduct their personal financial affairs with a bank or institution of their choice, confident that those affairs shall remain confidential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  It would require a very powerful counter balancing public interest to justify publication of those person
al financial dealings, particularly if the transactions are not shown to be tainted with iniquity. It would require an exceptional circumstance to justify publication of financial business that a customer has transacted in a proper manner.
\par 
\par In the present case there must be a strong public interest in maintaining the confidentiality of members}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  financial dealings with their own credit union. Publication should be restrained unless the balancing exercise shows a very strong countervailing interest of the pub
lic in being informed. On the evidence presently before court this has not been done. This is not a case like, for instance, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 Fe}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid16323261 rris-Bank }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 
(Anguilla). Ltd. & Ors. v Lazar & anor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261  [1991] ? All ER 865}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  where the court refused an injunction to restrain the defendants from disclosing wrong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 -}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 doing in the plaintiff bank to various banking, fiscal and prosecutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid16323261 [sic]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 authorities. In this case the defendants do not seek to inform the appropriate authorities of alleged wrongdoing but are intent on publishing to the ge
neral public details of loans made by the plaintiff to its members.
\par 
\par Allegations have beets made that the officers of the plaintiff have granted themselves substantial loans contrary to the By-Laws and details of their loans have been published. Such iniqu
ity, if shown, might raise sufficient public interest for publication of that informat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 on. Questionable self-serving }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 actions of officers of financial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  institutions might warrant public scrutiny. Ho
wever, as earlier stated, tenuous evidence has been presented in support of the allegations. In respect of loans made to other members, there is no evidence to suggest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 that those members have, themselves, been guil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ty of misconduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 Which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid16323261 justifies publ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 icat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid16323261 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 on of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid16323261 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261 r names }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid16323261 and details of their confidential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid16323261  transactions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
 Such information concerning some of them who hold important positions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 n the community may be "interesting" to the public. But as Lord Wilberforce said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827 British Steel Corporation v Granada }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 Televi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827 sion Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  (supra) at page 1168}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1452003 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  "there is a wide difference between what i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  interesting to the public and what it is in the public interest to make known".
\par 
\par To the extent that there may be in this case, competing public interest considerations of conf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 dentia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ity and publication the balance falls cle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 arly on the side of confidential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ity. On the evidence presently before the court, the defendants have not shown sufficient grounds to outweigh the strong public interest in preserving confidentiality.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 In summary, the findings of the court are:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
. The information regarding details of loans made by the plaintiff to its members and contained in the computer printouts attacked as Exhibit F to the affidavit of Samisoni Kakaivalu is confidential information.
 In the public interest such confidentiality should be maintained.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
2. The defendants have not shown a serious defence of public interest for publication of the information on the ground that the plaintiff has been granting loans contrary to its By-Laws. This was the specific justification given in the pub}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 ished articles.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
3. The other matters submitted by the defendants as raising wider grounds of public interest arouse suspicion but give only tenuous support for the allegations of betrayal of trust and misconduct o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 n the part of officers of the pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 aintiff.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 4. The public interest of confidentia}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
ity clearly outweighs any public interest in publication that has been raised on the evidence before the Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par Accordingly the interim injunction restraining further publication should be continued until the determination of the substantive action or further order of the Court.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 Counsel for the defendants takes issue with the form of the present interim order. I agree that it is too broad. It must specifically relate
 to the information that is the subject of this action. There is nothing to suggest that the defendants are about to publish further or other confidential information of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 the plaintiff and its members.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670  therefore make the following orders:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
1. The interim injunction in this action granted against the defendants on the 10th May 1996 is dissolved.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
2. An interlocutory injunction restraining the first, second and third named defendants themselves or by their servants or agents or otherwise, from
 disclosing or publishing in any manner whatsoever any confidential information of the plaintiff comprising the name of any member of the plaintiff credit union and/or any details of the contributions, shareho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 dings, share purchases, loans, loan balances, 
loan repayments and interest payments of any member until the final determination of this action or further order of the Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6501827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 
3. The plaintiff is entitled to costs on this application which shall be costs in the cause.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6501827\charrsid11023670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid6501827 Application granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid204952\charrsid11023670 )
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