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{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
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{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
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\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 [1994] 40 FLR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 20
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 COURT OF APPEAL OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8139216 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216\charrsid8139216 Criminal Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8139216 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 MACIU GONEVOU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216\charrsid8139216 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216\charrsid8139216 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 THE STATE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 Tikaram, Quilliam, Savage JJ.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8139216 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8139216 9 February 1994}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 Crime - evidence - corroboration - what constitutes.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 Crime - procedure - medical report - whether admissible in absence of its maker - Criminal Procedure Code (Cap 21) Section 191.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par On appeal against conviction in the High Court the Fiji Court of Appeal d
iscussed the nature of corroboration and the appropriate Judge's directions. It also examined the procedure for tendering written reports in the absence of their maker. The Court questioned whether evidence tendered at committal proceedings satisfied the 
requirements of Section 191 of the CPC.
\par 
\par Cases cited:
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 R v Baskerville}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  [1916] 2 KB 658

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 R v Redpath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
 (1962) 46 Cr. App. R. 319
\par 
\par Appeal against conviction in the High Court.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 G.P. Lala}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  with }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 T. Savu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  for the Appellant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 I. Wikramanayake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  for the Respondent

\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3679001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 Judgment of the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid3679001\charrsid8139216 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par The appellant was charged on an information that he had on the 18th April 1992 committed rape. He was tried before a Judge and three assessors on the 9th and 14th days of November 1992. All three assessors were of the opinion that he was guilty and the le
arned Judge shared their view. The appellant was accordingly convicted and was sentenced to five years imprisonment. He has now appealed against both conviction and sentence.
\par 
\par At the trial the appellant was unrepresented by counsel but on the hearing of this appeal he has been represented by Mr. Lala and Mr. Tu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1985637\charrsid8139216 i}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  Savu and the Court is grateful to them for their assistance.
\par 
\par The circumstances of this matter, as disclosed by the prosecution evidence can be stated fairly shortly. The complainant said she and a w
oman friend went to watch volley-ball at Thurston Gardens. Afterwards at 5.20 p.m. they went to catch a bus home which is at Suvavou. On the way to the bus stand they met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
the accused who is the complainant's cousin. He was, she said, drunk. He forced them,
 she said, towards the bus stand by pulling her hand and he then stopped a taxi and told them to get in, which they did. He sat in the back with the complainant, the woman friend in the front. He gave directions to the taxi driver which the woman friend s
a
id were to stop at Vugalei which is before you get to Suvavou. He then told the woman friend, according to her, to go home and threatened to punch her if she did not go; so she went. He took the complainant into a house, having pulled her there she said, 
and forced her to lie on the floor. He took her clothes off, having threatened to kill her if she shouted out, and had intercourse with her against her will.
\par 
\par The accused, who was not represented at the trial, cross-examined the complainant during the cours
e of which she said she did not call out at the bus stand because the accused threatened to kill her if she complained, notwithstanding that there were police officers at the bus stand. She also said, that the accused produced a knife, a pen knife, with w
h
ich he threatened her. This was apparently the first reference to a knife for she said she had forgotten to mention the knife to the Police because she was too scared of the accused. She went on to say he might have thrown away the knife into the bush and
 added that she had been scared of the knife when they were in the taxi.
\par 
\par The woman friend then gave evidence which reinforced the complainant's account of what happened up to the time she left them at Vugalei. She went on to say that later in the evening, 
about 10 p.m. she saw the complainant at her home when she, the complainant, told her that the accused had taken her to Stirling Place and had forced sex with her.
\par 
\par There was some additional oral evidence from the complaina}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 nt's parents though it was extreme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 ly brief. Her father said when she came home between 9 and 10 p.m. she was crying and looked distressed. Her mother confirmed that she came home between 9 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1985637\charrsid8139216 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  p.m. looking stressed. Her clothes were dirty and she was crying. Her mother then said she to
ld her her story but the particulars of the complainant's account were not given. The police were called.
\par 
\par The remaining prosecution evidence was given by a police officer. He produced, first, the record of the accused's interview with a police officer at 
Lami Police Station during the course of which the appellant denied he used any force but accepted he took the two women by taxi to Vugalei; he asserted that the complainant was willing to have sex with him, took her own clothes off but that intercourse d
id not take place because he was unable to obtain an erection.
\par 
\par The police officer also produced the report of the medical officer who examined the complainant. This was given in evidence apparently in terms of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1985637\charrsid8139216 S}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1985637\charrsid8139216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 191 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This report becomes of critical importance in relation to the matter of corroboration.
\par 
\par The accused elected to give evidence. What he said was very brief indeed. He asserted that he did not commit the offence and that what he had told the Police was the truth. In
 an almost equally brief cross examination he repeated that he and the complainant wanted to have sex but that he did not get an erection so they did not. He said the complainant complained at home because she went home late. She lied to her parents.

\par 
\par In his petition of appeal the appellant complains he was refused an adjournment and so denied the opportunity of having counsel to defend him. He raised also a number of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
other matters which, however, are included in the particular grounds raised by his counsel in his submissions and it is more convenient to deal with them in dealing with counsel's submission. We deal, however, with the adjournment point first.
\par 
\par The record shows that the case was called be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 fore Jesuratnam J. on the 7 July}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  1992. The accused was no
t present. The learned Judge directed notice be served on the accused for the 13 October 1992 and on that date the case was again called before Jesuratnam J. and this time the appellant was present. The Judge fixed the 9th November 1992 as the hearing dat
e and granted the accused bail. In these circumstances we do not think there is any substance in the appellant's complaint. There was plenty of time for him to arrange counsel.
\par 
\par We have reached the conclusion that this appeal must be allowed and in those ci
rcumstances we do not intend to discuss all the grounds argued by Mr. Savu. The reasons for our decision relate to the learned Judge's direction on corroboration. He very properly told the assessors that he was required by law to warn them that it was uns
afe to convict on the uncorroborated testimony of the complainant in a rape case and the reason for that requirement. He then went on to say:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
"So the law in its wisdom requires you to look for corroboration of the story of the complainant. Corroboration is
 any supportive evidence which shows that the story related by the complainant is true. I can do no better than cite to you the definition of corroboration by Lord Simon in an English case.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 DPP v. Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  [1973] 1 All ER 440 at 441 Lord Simon said:-

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
"Corroboration is therefore nothing other than evidence which confirms or supports or strengthens oth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 er evidence ... It is, in short,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  evidence which renders other evidence more probable".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
See whether there is some evidence, some other evidence besides the evidence of the complainant which confirms or supports or strengthens her evidence. It is some evidence which will render the evidence of the complainant more probable.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
Such evidence need not mean the oral testimony of some other witness, it can be furnished by any other material provided it supports or confirms the story of the complainant."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par This direction, correct as far as it goes, is unfortunately not sufficient in that it is not a complete or accurate definition of corroboration. It is 
necessary to make clear that to constitute corroboration it is not just evidence that confirms or supports or strengthens the complainant's evidence but also that it comes from a source independent of the complainant and that it confirms, or tends to conf
irm, in some material particular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
 that both the crime alleged was committed and that the accused committed it. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 R v Baskerville}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  [1916] 2 KB 658 at 667. Here the Judge has left the clear impression that any evidence that confirms, supports or strengthens 
the complainant's evidence could constitute corroboration and specifically he h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1985637\charrsid8139216 as not made clear that it must b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 e in a material particular. It may be helpful at this point to add that, generally speaking, a Judge should in his direction also say that the ev
idence relied on as corroboration that the crime was committed may, of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 course, be quite different from the evidence relied on to corroborate that the accused committed it; and, further, that it is desirable to include a warning that there is no need for th
ere to be independent evidence of everything the complainant says. Further, the Judge should tell the assessors that they may convict even if there is no corroboration if they are wholly satisfied and convinced of the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 s guilt by the complainant's evidence.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 It is the Judge's dut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
 to point out to the assessors the evidence that is capable of amounting to corroboration. In this instance no question of the identity of the accused arises and therefore the corroborative evidence must go to the question o
f whether the crime was committed. In other words it must be evidence that confirms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  supports or strengthen the complainant's evidence that the accused had intercourse with her against her will. The learned Judge referred to three matters. The first relate
d to the complainant being pulled by the accused at the bus stand and into the taxi. That is not really a material particular in this context in that it does not bear upon the issue of forced intercourse, though the evidence of the woman friend may well s
t
rengthen the complainant's credibility generally. The second related to the evidence of the complainant's distressed condition when seen later by the woman friend and by her parents. In this aspect we accept Mr. Savu's submission that the learned Judge ov
erstated the position. The weight to be attached to evidence of this nature varies greatly. As was said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 R v Redpath}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  (1962) 46 Cr. App. R. 319:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 "....}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
the circumstances will vary enormously and in some cases quite clearly no weight, or little weight, coul
d be attached to such evidence as corroboration. Thus, if a girl goes in a distressed condition to her mother and makes a complaint, while the mother's evidence as to the girl's condition may in law be capable of amounting to corroboration, quite clearly 
the jury should be told that they should attach little, if any, weight to that evidence because it is all part and parcel of the complaint. The girl making the complaint might well put on an act and simulate distress"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par Also see generally Archbold "Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice" 42nd Edn. 16-9 at p. 1139. The learned Judge plainly did not, on this aspect, give the assessors any such direction as was indicated as being necessary in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 Redpath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 .
\par 
\par The third matter referred to is the crucial one. The learned Judge said this:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
"Now another item of corroboration is the medical report in this case. The doctor could not be summoned to give evidence because the doctor had left the country. The medical report }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2701425\charrsid8139216 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 as produced. Now the medical report says that ....."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15873220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
\par (We understood from counsel during the hearing that the doctor has now returned to this country).
\par 
\par If this Court was satisfied that the doctor's report was acceptable evidence then it would, we think, be capable of amounting to corroboration; but we are not so satisfied. In our view it is not acceptable evidence and our reasons for this view we now di}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 cuss.
\par 
\par The medical report was put in evidence pursuant to S. 191 of the Criminal Procedure Code, about which we have something to say later. The report is headed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 "Medical Officer's Report" and o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
n its face is a standard printed Fiji Police form. It is addressed to the medical officer and requests him or her to conduct a medical examination of the named person and to complete the questions and paragrap
hs that follow. The form is divided into three parts, A, B and C. On the front page of this four page document in Part A there is this statement "She alleged that she was raped at Stirling Place, Lami tonight at about 7.15 p.m." Then follows what appear t
o
 be some questions for the doctor to answer and though there appears to be space on this page to deal with these matters nothing is recorded, but on the next page in Part B under another heading there are what one assumes are the doctors answers to these 
q
uestions. These are handwritten, brief and most unfortunately very difficult to read. In respect of one question there are three lines and it literally is not possible to say, with confidence, what the words are. The position is not helped by the fact tha
t there are two large gaps, which may or may not be intended, and that the doctor's pen appears to have been failing as several words are indecipherable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 
by reason of faintness. One can speculate as to the meaning of all the words but one cannot be sure. These are references to specimens being taken to the laboratory but there is no reference anywhere to any result.
\par 
\par The other questions and paragraphs contain further handwritten, and in many instances, abbreviated a
nswers. We have not been able to determine the significance of several matters contained in the report and in addition there is no explanation as to the results, or rather lack of them, of the specimen sent to the laboratory or in respect of other materia
l upon which tests were apparently done.
\par 
\par In our view a document on a crucial issue which is so unclear, difficult to read let alone understand, is unacceptable as evidence on so important an issue on so serious a charge. No assessors could reasonably be ex
pected to rely upon it in reaching their decision. In our view on this basis alone it should not have been admitted in evidence. We add that there would, of course, be no objection should the doctor be available and be called as a witness for the prosecut
i
on for the defence, if it chose, to put the report to her and cross-examine her upon it. We wish to add, however, that what we have said does not in anyway imply criticism on our part of the doctor who made the report. He or she was acting perfectly profe
ssionally and properly and we do not for a moment think he or she anticipated that the report would be put in evidence in that form on a criminal trial in the High Court on an extremely serious charge.
\par 
\par There is a further reason why the medical report shoul
d not have been admitted. As already noted it was put in, with the leave of the learned Judge, in terms of S. 191. That section provides for the putting in evidence, in certain circumstances, of plans, reports, photographs and other documents without call
ing the maker unless that maker is required to attend by the Court or the accused. If so required by the accused he must give notice to the prosecutor not less than three days before trial. There is a proviso to the Section to the ef}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15873220\charrsid8139216 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 ect that where the pros
ecutor intends to adduce in evidence such an item he must deliver a copy of the item to the accused not less than 10 days before the trial, Mr. Savu contended that this requirement had not been met by the prosecutor and therefore the report was not admiss
i
ble; Mr. Wikramanayake, on the other hand, had submitted that it clearly had been met because the committal for trial proceedings included this medical report and that would have been made available to the accused well before the trial. Mr. Wikramanayake 
i
nvited the Court to examine the committal proceedings which he submitted had been made available to the High Court. It is no part of this Court's duty to fossick among the files of the High Court or those of the committing Magistrate; if counsel wishes to
 
rely upon them he should search them himself and seek leave to put the relevant documents before the Court. The Court has, however, looked at the committal proceedings. There is, however, no record to indicate how the report was produced as an exhibit. Th
e file record also shows that when the case was called on the 20th June 1992, the 
accused (appellant) then being present, the prosecuting counsel sought leave to submit the witnesses' statements and exhibits. The court then said that in view of the accused 
not being represented the matter would be adjourned to the 3rd July to enable him to consider the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2701425\charrsid8139216 evidence. On the adjourned date}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  the accused did not appear. There is nothing to indicate that S. 191 was complied with at that stage in respect of the medical
 report nor that the accused was at any stage served with copies of 
the statements and exhibits. In our view it was not established at the trial that S. 191 had been complied with and accordingly the medical report should not have been admitted in evidence
. We add that a question may remain as to whether delivery of a document for the purpose of committal proceedings would satisfy the requirements of S. 191 in respect of the subsequent High Court trial and the prudent prosecutor would ensure that S. 191 wa
s complied with in a separate procedure and not rely on what may or may not have happened at the committal.
\par 
\par We consider it desirable on this aspect to refer to the fact that the appellant was unrepresented. It is scarcely to be supposed that he would have 
had any knowledge of the provisions of S. 191. It is, however, traditional practice for the Judge in cases where the accused is unrepresented to take special pains to ensure that he is informed of special provisions, procedures and legal technicalities wh
ich affect him and to assist him to understand the courses open to him. Unhappily that did not occur here.
\par 
\par For all these reasons we are satisfied that the conviction cannot stand. The appeal will be allowed, the conviction quashed and a new trial ordered.
\par 
\par (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 Appeal allowed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2701425\charrsid8139216 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216  conviction quashed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9779705\charrsid8139216 )
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