{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset1\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
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{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
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{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f409\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext16 Style 2;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid591820\rsid808704\rsid1073420\rsid1209798
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{\operator baleimatuku_l}{\creatim\yr2010\mo9\dy16\hr23\min43}{\revtim\yr2015\mo10\dy19\hr14\min9}{\version19}{\edmins216}{\nofpages13}{\nofwords5508}{\nofchars28791}{\*\company scims}{\nofcharsws34231}{\vern32859}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.mic
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{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364 [1994] 40 FLR 1
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364\charrsid7749364 HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9508896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9508896 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9508896\charrsid7749364 Civil Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9508896\charrsid7749364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ILIESA DUVULOCO & OTHERS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9508896 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid1781242 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF FIJI & ANOTHER
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 Fatiaki J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9508896 
\par 
\par 27 January 1994}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7749364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 
Constitution - elections - amount of deposit and extent of required support - evidence of registration on VKB - certificate from Council of Rotuma - whether discriminatory - whether unconstitutional - Constitution (1990) Sections 16, 41, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1781242 & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 42 - Electoral D
ecree 1991 Section 3 - Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 Regns 15(11), 15(12); 1994 Regulations Regn 15A.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par The Applicants contended that the requirement for a $500 deposit, in the alternative for a petition of demonstrated support containin
g the required number of signatures, was unconstitutional. The applicants also contended that the requirement for evidence of registration on the Vola ni Kawa Bula in the case of Fijians and the requirement for a certificate by the Council of Rotuma in th
e case of Rotumans were both discriminatory and unconstitutional. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1781242  High Court HELD: Regulation 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (12) was unconstitutional.
\par 
\par Cases cited:
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 Sakeasi Butadroka v AG & Electoral Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  (Civil Action 214 of 1992)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 Clark (C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637\charrsid8324637  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637\charrsid8324637  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 J) Ltd v IRC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  (1973) 1 WLR 905
\par 
\par Originating summons in the High Court.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 T. Fa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
 for the 1st, 2nd and 4th Plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 Third Plaintiff In Person
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 I. Mataitoga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  (Solicitor General) with }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 W. Rigamoto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  for the 1st Defendant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 J. Apted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  for the Electoral Commission.

\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 Fatiaki J:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par On the 30th of April 1992 in Civil Action No. 214 of 1992 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid6512691 Sakeasi Butadroka v AG and Electoral Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  this Court held in the penultimate paragraph of its ruling at p. 3:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"that Regulation 15(10) of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 
in so far as it seeks to impose a deposit of $1,000 on candidates contesting the election is unconstitutional and to that extent cannot stand is accordingly declared to be void."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par In so ruling this Court expressed the view:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "that restrictions on candidacy
 for elective office impairs and hinders the right of voters of their choice and the right of persons to associate in the expression of views in a political campaign."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par Subsequently on the 31st of July 1992 in delivering fuller reasons for its earlier ruling (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 op.cit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ) this Court said at p.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11739618  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 5:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"... the Court accepts that some regulation is envisaged in the legislative scheme of enact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ents and is necessary in the holding of orderly parliamentary elections, particularly, in regard to the number of candidates standing for election."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11739618 The Court also recognised that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"Many legitimate reasons may be advanced in support of such a restriction including, limiting the size of the ballot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12271175 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  reducing the potential for voter confusion; ensuring that the candidate who eventually wins is the choice of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 the majority of the popular vote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12271175 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  meeting the costs of the election and maintaining the integrity of the electoral process."

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par I say at the outset no submissions were advanced by the plaintiffs in this action which would undermine or cause this Court to detract from those earlier expressed views.
\par 
\par The effect of the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12271175 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
s ruling on that occasion was literally to give the candidates of this country a free election.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid12271175 Since then and barely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12271175\charrsid12271175 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid12271175  months later}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
 the country is required to undergo another general election and in preparation for it, the Electoral Commission enacted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  a new Regulation 15A of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections)(Amendment) Regulations 1994 which reads:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12271175 "15A.-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (1) No nomination shall be valid unless at the time it is delivered to the returning officer, the nomination paper is accompanied by either,-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
(a) the sum of $500 in legal tender or a banker's cheque; or
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
(b) a certificate from the Supervisor that the candidate named in the nomination paper has delivered to him a petition of demonstrated support in accordance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637 w}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ith this regulation."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par and sub-regulation 15A(3)(b) provides that a petition of demonstrated support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12271175  shall contain the signatures of not less than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 :
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "(i) 10 percen
t of the number of valid ballot papers counted in the last preceding election in the constituency in which the candidate proposes to stand or 500, whichever is the lesser; or
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8324637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
(ii) in the case of a constituency for which no poll has previously been held, such number of signatures as the Electoral Commission may by notice in Gazette prescribe."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par It will be immediately obvious that the effect of the above new Regulation was to reintroduce a nomination fee albeit for a lesser sum than that which was earlier st
ruck down in Civil Action 214 of 1992 and an alternative means of qualifying for nomination as a candidate for the forthcoming general elections i.e. by way of a petition of demonstrated support.
\par 
\par The plaintiffs in the first prayer of their originating summons contend without specific reference to any provisions of the Constitution that Regulation 15A (above) is unconstitutional in that the requirements impos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637 ed by the Regulation are a hind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
rance to the fundamental rights of voters and candidates to associate for the protection of their common interests.
\par 
\par The plaintiffs however do not go so far as to suggest that any nomination fee or any required number of signatures in a petition of demonstrated support w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691 
ould be unconstitutional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid15879094 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  Nor has it been suggested that Regulation 15A is beyond the powers of the Electoral Commission to make.
\par 
\par Indeed it was distinctly conceded by the plaintiffs that Regulation 15A was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 intra vires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 . Their complaint however was confined to the amount of the fee and the number of signatures required.
\par 
\par Various arguments are advanced by the plaintiffs includi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15879094 ng that the amount represents "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 more than 10% of the average annual income of most Fiji citizens" (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 : para 7 of the affidavit of the 3rd plaintiff) and "... is unreasonable to rural and village dwellers where the inco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637 me, if any, is naturally low" (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637\charrsid8324637 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 : the affidavit of the 4th plaintiff)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15879094\charrsid7749364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 The defendants on the other hand point to the various factors and evidence which was taken into account in arriving at both the amount of the nomi
nation fee and the number of signatures required in a petition of demonstrated support for each constituency. These included, written submissions from political parties and interested members of the public, relevant economic statistics compiled by the Dir
ector of Economic Planning; past experience with a nomination fee and with a requirement for signatures on a nomination paper; and relevant statistics showing the total number of registered voters and poll}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 numbers for each constituency compiled from the last general election in April 1992.
\par 
\par I have carefully considered the competing submissions and am mindful of the limitations of the economic statistics considered by the Electoral Commission. I have also noted the over-riding consensus in the written submiss
ions received by the Electoral Commission from political parties and individuals favouring the imposition of a nomination fee ranging from $50 to $1000!
\par 
\par It is abundantly clear to this Court that on the question of what is or is not a reasonabl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid16673319 e amount for a nomination fee or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  what is or is not a reasonable number of signatures for a petition of demonstrated support, people will inevitably differ.
\par 
\par Equally no matter what the qualification criteria adopted for the nomination of an aspiri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8324637 ng candidate, its impact or eff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ect on candidates will also inevitab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid16673319 ly differ, so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 me will find the cash deposit more onerous than the alternative petition procedure, others will prefer the latter and still others may prefer neither and advance a totally diff
erent criterion such as was advanced by the 3rd plaintiff in his oral submissions to the Court.
\par 
\par The plaintiffs themselves appear to concede however that a deposit of $100 and nomination by 50 registered voters would be reasonable and acceptable. One is tempted to ask why not $50 and 25 voters or $200 and 100 voters?
\par 
\par But before Regulation 15A can be rendered unconstitutional much more than ideological differences or personal difficulties needs to be shown by the plaintiffs who bear the burden of demonstrating its unconstitutionality.
\par 
\par In this latter regard it needs to be emphasized that the right to associate without hindrance is not an absolute right and may, in the interests of public order or for protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons, be cur
tailed provided such curtailment is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.
\par 
\par Furthermore the law is clear that in seeking to impugn a regulation which is accepted as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8324637 intra vires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  the opponents of the regulation would need to clearly demonstrate that
 no reasonable regulation-making body would make such a regulation or that the regulation was so unreasonable in its requirements that the regulation-making body must be taken to have abused its power. Needless to say to prove such a case would require so
mething quite overwhelming.
\par 
\par As for the number of signatures required in a petition of demonstrated support, the plaintiffs firstly argue that it "...is a violation of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 their constitutional right to a secret ballot" (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid10313985 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 : para 9 of the affidavit of the 3rd p
laintiff) and in any event, is unreasonable and cumbersome having regard to the geographical spread of many of the larger provincial and island constituencies. (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid10313985 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 : para 8(c) of the supplementary affidavit of the 4th plaintiff)
\par 
\par I confess that I have foun
d it a little difficult to understand the nature and basis of this first ground of complaint. In the first place, unlike the existing requirement where the nomination paper which is publicly displayed included on its face the names and addresses of the 20
 
voters nominating or proposing the candidature, the certificate of the Supervisor of Elections under the new alternative petition procedure does not require nor necessitate public disclosure of the signatories to the petition and, more importantly, sub-pa
ragraph (5) of Regulation 15A and the prescribed form of the petition itself clearly and expressly provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"(5) For the avoidance of doubt, no person who signs a petition of demonstrated support .... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid12606699 shall be obliged to cast his vote}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  at the election in favour of the candidate to whom the petition relates."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par As for the reasonableness or otherwise of the required number of signatures on a petition of demonstrated support not only does this alternative procedure provide a non-cash alternative for indigent pe
rsons seeking to stand as candidates in the general election but also, in my view such a measure provides some preliminary showing of a not insignificant modicum of support for the candidature of the person nominated in that constituency.
\par 
\par In my view the plaintiffs have failed on every ground to sustain their claim that Regulation 15A of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections)(Amendment) Regulations 1994 is unconstitutional and I accordingly refuse the first prayer sought in their summons.

\par 
\par I turn next to the second declaration sought by the plaintiffs:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"that the requirement by the Electoral Commission that all Fijian candidates provide evid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12606699 ence of registration in the Vola}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  Ni Kawa Bula (VKB) and Rotuman Candidates, a letter from the Rotuman Island Council rega
rding their Rotuman ancestry, is unconstitutional, breaches the fundamental rights and (is) discriminatory on the grounds of race and further such requirement is not reasonably justifiable in a democratic society."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par The electoral regulations which provide for such a requirement are specifically, Regulations 15(11) and 15(12) of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 which although in existence during the last general elections were not challenged.

\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid12606699 Regulation 15(11)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "No nomination
 of a candidate for a Fijian provincial constituency or a Fijian urban constituency shall be valid unless accompanied by a certificate from the Native Lands Commission certifying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 that the person nominated is registered or eligible to be registered in the V
ola-Ni-Kawa-Bula and specifying the tokatoka, mataqali, yavusa and yasana in respect of which the person is registered."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12606699 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12606699\charrsid16585039 Regulation 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid16585039 (12)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"No nomination of a candidate for the Rotuman constituency shall be valid unless accompanied by a certificate from the Council of Rotuma certifying that the person nominated is of Rotuman descent through his male progenitors or female progenitors."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par and in respect of both certificates Regulation 15(13) provides that they shall be:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "... treated for the pu
rposes of these Regulations as conclusive evidence of the qualification of the person to whom it relates as a Fijian or Rotuman ..."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par I propose to deal with each of Regulations separately. In regard to Regulation 15(11), the affidavit of the Chairman of the Electoral Commission Mr. Q. Bale sets out its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid10313985 raison d'\'eatre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  to be:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
".....in order to carry into effect the provisions of Section 42(3) and (4) and 156(a) of the Constitution."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par The affidavit also clearly sets out the reasoning and reasons why the Electo
ral Commission considered that the certification process (if I may call it that) should occur at the nomination stage of the electoral process as opposed to the earlier registration of voters stage.
\par 
\par It is convenient at this stage to briefly examin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985 e the parliamentary electoral sy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 stem devised and envisaged by the framers of the Constitution.
\par 
\par The Constitution provides for a House of 70 elected representatives of which 37 members are elected from a ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid3234381 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 l of voters who are Fijians; 27 from a roll of voters wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid16585039 o are Indians; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid3234381 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid16585039  member from a r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 oll of voters who are Rotumans and 5 from among persons who are not registered on the roll of the 3 above ethnic groupings. (Section 41).
\par 
\par Furthermore in relation to the Fijian members of the House of Representatives, Sectio
n 48(2) divides the Fijian electorate into provincial constituencies numbering 14 from which 32 members are elected and 5 urban constituencies accounting for the remainder. These mutually exclusive divisions of the Fijian electorate extend not only to Fij
ian candidates but also to Fijian voters albeit that such voters are registered on a single roll. [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid10313985 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 : Sections 42(4) and 50(3)]
\par 
\par In this latter regard Section 41(2) of the Constitution provides for 4 separate and distinct rolls of voters as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 a roll of voters who are Fijians;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 a roll of voters who are Indians;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 a roll of voters who are Rotumans; and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985 (d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 a roll of voters who are neither Fijians, Indians nor Rotumans."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par From the above there can be no doubting that "ethnicity" or "race" is and was a pervasive and predominant factor in the minds of the framers of the Constitution when they came to consider the parliamentary electoral system.
\par 
\par In particular, Section 42(3) which occurs under the heading "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid16585039 Disqualification for election as a member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 " expressly provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"No person shall be qualified to stand for election as a member of the House of Representatives referred to in Section 41(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid3234381 3) (i.e. the 37 Fijian members)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid3234381 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 nless his name is registered or eligible to be registered in the Vola Ni Kawa Bula:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
Provided that a person's registration or eligibility for registration in the Vola Ni Kawa Bula shall be confirmed or determined .... by the Native Lands Commission whose confirmation or decision shall be final and conclusive."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par and in respect of Fijian candidates seeking election in a provincial constituency, Section 42(4) requires such a candidate to be registered or eligible to be registered in the Vola Ni Kawa Bula of the Province in which he seeks to contest the election.

\par 
\par These are undoubtedly constitutional requirements or qualifications for Fijian candidates which the Electoral Commission cannot ignore in the exercise of its regulation-making powers under Section 3 of the El
ectoral Decree 1991 wherein it is charged generally with the responsibility for making regulations for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of the Constitution regarding elections, and, with particular reference to:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 the registration of voters;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 the nomination of candidates; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (l)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10313985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 forms and fees and charges."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par The plaintiff's complaint however is not one of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid10313985 ultra vires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 , but that the Regulation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid3234381 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  are in breach a candidate's fundamental rights, in particular, the right to associate fr
eely without hindrance and to be protected from discrimination on the grounds of race. Nothing has been said about how or in what way (if any) the regulation is discriminatory nor has any effort been made to analyze the relevant sections of the Constituti
on.
\par 
\par In this latter regard Section 16 of the Constitution provides (so far as relevant for our present purposes):
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"16.-(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (a) no law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10843669 shall make any provision that is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  discriminatory either of itself or in its effect;

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
(2) In this section the expression 'discriminatory' means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective description by race, ....place of origin ....
 whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10843669  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ....
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
(3) Nothing contained in any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1)(a) .....to the extent that the law in question makes provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1209798 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
(e) whereby persons of any such description as is men
tioned in the foregoing subsection may be subjected to any disability or restriction .... having regard to its nature and to special circumstances pertaining to those persons ...... is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par In dealing with this 
ground of complaint I have been greatly assisted by the clear and careful written and oral submissions of Counsel for the 2nd defendant. He advanced several alternative arguments in support of Regulation 15(11). Firstly, it is argued that Section 16 in it
s
 own terms is made subject to the other provisions of the Constitution and is therefore subservient to the requirements of Sections 42(3) and 42(4) which specifically relates to the qualification of Fijian candidates. Secondly, it is argued that in the ev
ent that Regulation 15(11) is discriminatory it is nevertheless validated or saved by the exception contained in Section 16(3)(e) in so far as Fijians are said t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid3234381 
o be in "special circumstances".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  Thirdly, and in somewhat similar vein counsel submits that the 
requirement of an NLC certificate under Regulation 15(11) is not a hindrance of any Fijian candidate's right to associate and even if it were, it is a reasonably justifiable law in the interests of public order.
\par 
\par If I may say so all these argument are well taken and in my view provide a comprehensive and effective answer to the complaints of the plaintiffs in so far as it relates to Regulation 15(11) of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992.
\par 
\par In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid10313985 Clark (C & J) Ltd v. IRC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  [197}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1209798 3] 1 WLR 905 Megarry J. said of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
the meaning and effect of a provision that began with the words "subject to" at p. 911:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"Subject to is a simple provision which merely subjects the provisions of the subject subsections to the provisions of the master subsections. Where there is no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12201606 
 clash, the phrase does nothing;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  if there is collision, the phrase shows what is to prevail.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10313985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
The phrase provides no warranty of universal collision."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par Applied to the present circumstances I am satisfied that the provisions of Section 42(3) and 42(
4) may be described as the master subsections and the provisions of Section 16(1) the subject subsection. Is there then a collision between them? Learned Counsel for the 2nd defendant appears to assume that there is and with that assumption I agree.

\par 
\par Having said that however in my opinion the requirement for certification of Fijian candidates necessitated by the provisions of Regulation 15(11) and graphically described by the 3rd plaintiff as "d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 iscrimination of the worst type"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  is indeed discriminatory withi
n the meaning of the term in Section 16 of the Constitution.
\par 
\par That is to say the Regulation in so far as it imposes an additional certificate requirement for aspiring Fijian candidates and not for Indian candidates or general candidates thereby subjecting 
Fijian candidates to a disability or restriction to which Indians and others are not made subject affords unequal treatment to Fijian candidates solely on the grounds of race.
\par 
\par I am also mindful that the Regulation is the means or method adopted by the Ele
ctoral Commission and is not a constitutional provision and therefore cannot be classified as a master subsection, nevertheless, the wording of Sections 42(3) and 42(4) are in my humble view discriminatory both in their terms and most certainly in their e
ffect on aspiring Fijian candidates.
\par 
\par For instance Section 42(3) is a blanket prohibition specifically directed at any aspiring Fijian candidate disqualifying his candidature "unless his name is registered or eligible to be registered on the Vola Ni Kawa Bu
la". In similar terms Section 42(4) specifically makes the eligibility of an aspiring Fijian candidate seeking to stand in a provincial constituency. "... dependent on him being registered or on his eligibility to be registered in the Vola Ni Kawa Bula of
 the Province for which he is a candidate".
\par 
\par In other words this is not a question of discrimination arising out of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 an offending Regulation, rather, the discrimination occurs and arises within the very terms of the Constitution's prevailing master subsections.
\par 
\par However if I am incorrect in my reading of the meaning and effect of Section 42(3) and 42(4) of the Constitution then for the reasons so ably advanced by learned counsel for the 2nd defendant, I would hold that Regulation 15(11) is}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 within exception (3
)(e) of Section 16 in that it is a law which makes provision subjecting all aspiring Fijian candidates to a reasonable disability or restriction having regard to the special constitutional provisions pertaining to Fijians seeking to stand for election as 
members of the House of Representatives.
\par 
\par Furthermore and for the several reasons outlined in the affidavit of the 2nd defendant I am satisfied that the Regulation is a reasonably justifiable electoral measure in a democratic society.
\par 
\par In the result I am firmly of the view that Regulation 15(11) of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulation 1992 although discriminatory is not unconstitutional.
\par 
\par In so far as there is a challenge to the Regulation on the basis of Section 14 of the Constitution i.e. that it is a hindrance to an aspiring Fijian candidate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10094965 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
s freedom of association, I am of the firm view having regard to the racially-based electoral system devised by the framers of the Constitution under which rolls, seats, voters, candidates and members of the
 House of Representatives are exclusively classified or categorised along ethnic lines without any provision for cross-voting or non-racial candidates, that in such an electoral system, the right to associate for political purposes in any event is necessa
rily restricted or confined to associations with one's own racial grouping.
\par 
\par In those circumstances the fundamental basis governing one's freedom to associate in the political or electoral sphere rests solely upon one's ethnicity to the exclusion of all els
e. That is to say in the political/electoral context the right to freedom of association which the Constitution protects is a right to associate with one's own kind.
\par 
\par Viewed in that context Regulation 15(11) does not offend against the prohibition contained in Section 14(1) of the Constitution.
\par 
\par I make no comment on counsel's alternative submission based on Section 14(2)(a) preferring to leave it to another occasion to determine.
\par 
\par I turn finally to Regulation 15(12) which counsel for the 2nd defendant seeks to justify on the same grounds as that pertaining to Regulation 15(11).
\par 
\par In this regard however counsel properly concedes that in the case of Rotumans there is no similar provision to Section 42(3) and 42(4) which expressly require confirmation of the ethnic eligibility of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704  a person to stand for election}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 .
\par 
\par In my view in the face of that concession the "Subject to" arguments relative to Section 16 of the Constitution advanced by counsel for the 2nd defendant in relation to Fijian candidates is considerably i
f not completely dissipated when sought to be applied to aspiring Rotuman candidates.
\par 
\par Reliance is placed however on the provisions of Section 156(b) of the Constitution which provides the following definition of who is a Rotuman for the purposes of the Constitution, namely:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"(b) a person shall be regarded as a Rotuman if, and shall not be so regarded unless, he is of Rotuman descent, whether through his male progenitors or female progenitors; the eligibility of a person under this subsection shall be dete
rmined or confirmed, as the case may be, by the Council of Rotumans;"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par This provision it is argued:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"is a non-self-executing provision in that it does not specify when and how this confirmation and determination is to take place. The Commission it is submitted is empowered under Section 40 and 53 of the Constitution and Section 3 of the Electoral Decree
, 1991 to execute the provision in so far as candidature is concerned by providing when and how the Council of Rotuma should determine a candidate's status as a Rotuman."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par I confess to some difficulty in understanding the relevance (if any) of the provision
s of Section 40 and 53 in determining this issue. Section 40 whilst recognizing that machinery legislation may be prescribed nevertheless makes such regulation subject to the provisions of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  and Section 53 recognizes the right of a register
ed voter to vote in such manner as may be prescribed. Neither Section deals with the question of a person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 s qualification or eligibility to stand as a candidate in an election and only by the greatest straining and stretching of one's imagination could the
y be said to provide the Electoral Commission with the necessary power to make Regulation 15(12). Very simply they do not.
\par 
\par Needless to say the submission makes no relevant reference to Section 42 or Section 49 of the Constitution which specifically deal w
ith the disqualification of candidates and voters respectively, or to Section 53(3) which specifically requires the Electoral Commission in the exercise of its constitutional functions to act in consultation with the Native Lands Commission (not I might a
dd the Council of Rotuma) where necessary.
\par 
\par Certainly the Electoral Commission itself in enacting the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 made no reference to any of the above Sections. The only source of its power to make the regulations spec
ifically referred to is Section 3 of the Electoral Decree 1991.
\par 
\par That section reads (so far as relevant):
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"(3) Subject to the provisions of this Decree, the Electoral Commission may make regulations for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions o
f the Constitution and this Decree regarding elections and in particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, for any of the following matters:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 the registration of voters;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid591820 rolls of voters ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 ;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid16540903 the nomination of candidates;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 the holding and conduct of elections;"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par It is immediately obvious that whatever regulations the Electoral Commission may see fit to enact in terms of its wide and comprehensive powers granted under the above section, they must not contradict or be
 inconsistent with the over-riding provisions of the Constitution or the Electoral Decree.
\par 
\par Regulation 15(12) is undoubtedly made pursuant to the specific power conferred on the Electoral Commission by Section 3(c) of the Electoral Decree. Similarly the El
ectoral (Registration) Regulations 1991 are made pursuant to the powers specifically conferred by Section 3(a) of the Electoral Decree. In particular Regulation 25(2) of the Electoral (Registration) Regulations 1991 makes specific provision for the settle
ment by the Council of Rotuma of any objection to the inclusion of the name of any person on the Rotuman roll }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid16540903\charrsid16540903 within 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid16540903  da}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704\charrsid16540903 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid16540903 s of its referral}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  by a registration of
ficer. Furthermore Regulation 18 of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 provides a procedure for objections to be taken and settled in respect of the nomination of candidates.
\par 
\par In this regard the Electoral Decree 1991 also specifically provides in Section 8:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"(that) ... the declaration of any applicant for registration as a voter on the Rotuman electoral roll that he is of Rotuman descent, if made in the form and witnessed in su
ch manner as the Commission may from time to time prescribe by regulations, shall, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be accepted as correct, and if such applicant appears otherwise qualifie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9141670 d to be registered as a voter, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 e may be registered on the Rotuman electoral roll."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par The Section also provides for objections against the registration of any voter on the Rotuman Electoral Roll and for the referral of such objections to the Council of Rotuma for determination.
\par 
\par Furthermore Regulation 13(1) recognizes that:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"A person is not eligible to be nominated as a candidate unless the person is a voter."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par and a voter is defined in the Regulations as:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "any person whose name is }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 registered on an electoral roll,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
 and, in relation to a constituency, means any person whose name is registered on the roll for that constituency."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par From the above it is clear that before a person may be nominated or stand as a candidate in an election he must first be registered as a voter.
\par 
\par I interpose here the undisputed evidence of the 2nd plaintiff who deposed in his affidavit:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
"2. That I am registered as a Rotuman in the Rotuman Roll and my name appears on page 153, line No. 5 and serial No. 816182."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par In spite of the above counsel for the 2nd defendant submits:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid808704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 "The presence of a
 person's name on the Rotuman main roll is not conclusive evidence of his status as a Rotuman. Section 8(1) of the Electoral Decree, 1991 provides only the procedure for registration as a voter in so far as evidence of qualification. It does not alter the
 constitutional requirement for that qualification."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par With all due respect to counsel for the 2nd defendant the submission is misconceived in so far as it seeks to attain absolutes.
\par 
\par Section 156(b) of the Constitution does not empower the making of any Regulation let alone one which is clearly discriminatory in its effect.
\par 
\par Nor am I persuaded that despite all the various procedural checks provided in the Electoral Decree 1991, the Electoral (Registration) Regulations 1991 and the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 for ensuring the ethnic purity of the Rotuman 
Electoral roll and any candidate seeking to contest for the Rotuman seat, that the roll cannot be relied upon as providing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8131428 prima facie}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  evidence o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8131428 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  a Rotuman candidate's ethnicity.
\par 
\par Nor for that matter do I accept the submission that Section 156(b) requires 
a determination at some time at least (whatever that might mean) or that the Electoral Commission can pick and choose as it pleases when a determination by the Council of Rotuma (if ever needs be) should occur.
\par 
\par True Section 156(b) is non-self-executing but that is a completely different thing from saying there exists no provision in the Constitution which would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 enable it to be considered and executed to adopt the terminology of counsel.
\par 
\par On the contrary, in my view Section 46 which specifically empowers th
is Court to hear and determine any question whether any person has been validly elected as a member of the House of Representatives, which, in the case of a Rotuman member, could well include the question of his ethnicity, enables Section 156(b) to be exe
c
uted. That is the 'time' (if any) designated by the Constitution when the determination or confirmation shall be made by the Council of Rotuma and the Electoral Commission may not of its own accord curtail it much less will this Court as the upholder of t
he Constitution countenance its pre-emption by means of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid808704 discrimin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 atory regulation.
\par 
\par If anything the determination by the Council of Rotuma if it must inevitably occur within the electoral process (as counsel claims) ought in my view to occur }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8928101 at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  the registration of voters stage. This is because the Constitution establishes and requires "a roll of voters who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid8131428 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  Rotumans" and it is from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid4590188 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  'roll' that one member of the House of Representatives is elected. [}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid808704 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
: Sections 41(2)(c) and 41(5)]. In other words the Constitution itself recognizes the pre-eminence of the roll of voters.
\par 
\par In my view there is no constitutional mandate for a roll of voters who might be Rotumans subject to confirmation, nor ought the constitutional function}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 exclusively conferred on the C
ouncil of Rotuma by Section 156(b) be abrogated in favour of a personal declaration procedure albeit that the latter is contained in a Decree and is more convenient and less expensive than the constitutional alternative.
\par 
\par Then counsel submits that the regulation "falls within the exception set out in Section 16(3)(e). Rotumans no less than Fijians are in special circumstances". No attempt has been ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249 de however to elaborate on the "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
special circumstances" of Rotumans in electoral matters or in any other respect which would bring Regulation 15(12) within the constitutional exception. In any event the argument assumes the validity of the regulation.
\par 
\par In the light of the above it is not necessary to consider the constitutionality of the Regulation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249\charrsid7749364 vi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249 s-\'e0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249\charrsid7749364 -vis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  Section 14 of the Constitution which protects the right to freely associate without hindrance.
\par 
\par For the foregoing reasons I would strike down Regulation 15(12) of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 as unconstitutional and I grant the second prayer of the plaintiffs in so far as it relates to Rotuman candidates.
\par 
\par In summary therefore the decision of this Court is as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15993249 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
(1) Regulation 15A of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) (Amendment) Regulations 1994 is upheld as constitutional;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15993249 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15993249 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
Regulation 15(1l) of the Electoral (Conduct of Election) Regulations 1992 is upheld as constitutional; and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15993249 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15993249 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
Regulation 15(12) of the Electoral (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1992 is quashed as being unconstitutional.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7749364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 
\par Finally and bearing in mind the importance of the action and the issues of general public interest raised therein }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid15993249 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364  make no award of costs.
\par 
\par (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid15993249 Application granted in part.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6512691\charrsid7749364 )
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