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{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f336\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f337\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f339\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f340\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f341\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f676\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f677\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f679\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sa72\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext16 Style 1;}{\s17\ql \fi-720\li1296\ri288\sa144\widctlpar
\tx1296\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin288\lin1296\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext17 Style 2;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 
\sbasedon10 \styrsid14485497 Hyperlink;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid1269416\rsid1401790\rsid2312166\rsid2361277\rsid3278388\rsid4985135\rsid5336856\rsid5723933\rsid5783044\rsid6040936\rsid6585793\rsid7078156\rsid7237649\rsid7679185\rsid8132779\rsid8805584
\rsid10946281\rsid11434151\rsid11541373\rsid11883081\rsid12417705\rsid13384494\rsid14161095\rsid14485497\rsid15679070\rsid16325141}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0
\mnaryLim1}{\info{\author Robynne Blake}{\operator baleimatuku_l}{\creatim\yr2010\mo11\dy18\hr18\min13}{\revtim\yr2015\mo10\dy15\hr15\min46}{\version20}{\edmins127}{\nofpages18}{\nofwords9036}{\nofchars44587}{\*\company scims}{\nofcharsws53516}
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{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\sectlinegrid272\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2312166\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}
{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 [1993] 39 FLR 12
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2312166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166\charrsid2312166 Revisional Jurisdiction
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 THE STATE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 v
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2312166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 THE POLICE SERVICE COMMISSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ex parte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ROMANU TIKOTOKOCA & OTHERS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2361277\charrsid2312166 Byrn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 e J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2312166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 24 February 1993}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Public Service 
- whether Regulations made under the 1970 Constitution survived its abrogation - Constitution 1970 and 1990 - Interpretation Act (Cap 7) Section 19 - Judicial Review - Police Service Commission Regulations 1970 - interdiction - extent of right of hearing 
prior to - meaning of "pending trial" - Police Act (Cap. 85) Section 28(1).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par The 4 Applicants sought Judicial review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ir interdictions submitting (a) that the 1970 Regulations had been abrogated (b) that they had wrongly been denied a hearing before be
ing interdicted and (c) that interdiction was not available as no trial was then pending. The High Court HELD: (a) the Regulations had not been abrogated (b) that they had a right to be heard before being interdicted and (c) the phrase "pending trial" was
 sufficiently wide to cover the circumstances.
\par 
\par Cases cited:
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Birss v Secretary for Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 [1984] 1 NZLR 513
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166  [1971] 2 QB}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  175
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Dixon v Commonwealth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166  (1981) 55 FLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  34
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Furnell v Whangarei High Schools Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  [1973] 1 Al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 l ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  400
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Heatley v. Tasmanian Racing and Gaming Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 
 (1977) 137 CLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  487
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 John v Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2361277\charrsid2312166  [1970] Ch. 345}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewes v Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166  [1978] 3 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  354
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Ratu Epenisa Seru Cakobau v Fijian Affairs Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  (Action No. 295 of 1988)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Ridge v Baldwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166  [1964] A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 C 40
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Robert Tweedie McCahill v Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 FCA (Cr App No. 46 of 1982)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Schmidt v The Secretary for State for Home Affairs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  [1969] 2 Ch. 149
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Twist v Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Municipality of Randwick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 (1976) 136 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 LR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  146
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 S.M. Koya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  for the 1st & 2nd Applicants

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 J. Semisi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  for the 3rd & 4th Applicants

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 A. Cope}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  for the Respondent
\par 
\par Judicial Review by the High Court.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Byrne J:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Introduction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par These are applications for Judicial Review, the first three of which, Nos. 26, 27 and 30 raise an interesting and possibly important point
 of constitutional law, namely whether regulations made under the 1970 Constitution of Fiji, which was abrogated by events in 1987 in Fiji and by the Constitution which came into force on the 25th of July, 1990 (hereinafter called "The 1990 Constitution")
, are still in force.
\par 
\par The fourth application, No. 31 of 1991, raises for interpretation Section 28(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Act Cap. 85 and particularly the phrase "pending the trial of an offence".
\par 
\par All four applications raise yet again the frequently recurring question in Administrative Law, "When should a right of hearing be given?"
\par 
\par To answer the questions raised in the proceedings it is necessary to state the brief facts of each application.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 The Facts
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par In Judicial Review No. 26 of 1991 the Applicant is a gazetted Police Officer who joined the Fiji Police Force in July 1968.
\par 
\par On the 27th of May 1991 he received a Memorandum from the Commissioner of Police stating that the Commission had received a Memoran
dum and Papers from the Police Service Commission instructing him to investigate a number of complaints relating to members of Police Force. The Commissioner stated that the complaints suggested widespread corrupt practice and abuse of office and that cer
tain allegations had been made against the Applicant. These allegedly suggested in broad terms:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (1) Irregularities in the deployment }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Police Band; providing musical entertainment without charge when payment should properly have been made.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (2) being 
engaged in the supply of alcohol to functions to the Applicant's own benefit.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(3) Having a business interest in the form of provision of private security contrary to Force Orders and incompatible with the Applicant's duties as a Police Officer. The Memorandum then continued-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2361277\charrsid2312166 "T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 these are clearly serious matters. There is a great deal of administrative work to be done to decide whether there is any substance in the allegations.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
There must be no interference with any potential witness or any alteration or destruction of any official document."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par The letter was then signed P.G. Amfield.
\par 
\par On the 21st of June 1991 the Respondent through its Secretary handed a letter marked "Confidential" addressed to the Applicant, advising him, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 "At its me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 eting held today, Friday the 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
st June 1991 the Police Service Commission after considering a progress report from the Commissioner of Police on current investigations of corruption and abuse of office against you, has decided that in accordance with Sections 19 & 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Police Service Commission regulations, and particularly in view }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  very serious nature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  alleged offences, you be and you are hereby interdicted from performing the functions of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 your office forthwith ..."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par In addition the Ministry of Information made an official press release on the 21st of June as to the interdiction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicants, Tikotikoca, Vakaloloma and Ravonu. News }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 se interdictions appeared in the editions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Times and Na I Lalakai on the 22nd and 27th June 1991 under a large headline on the front page of each such newspaper.
\par 
\par News }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  interdiction }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicant Nakanacagi appeared in the issue }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Times }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 13th July 1991. Further, on the 25th June 1991 the Fiji Times carried an editorial headed "Police Integrity" which referred to the interdictions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  "three top Police Officers", naming by his title, the Applicant - Vakaloloma.
\par 
\par After the Applicant Tikotikoca had been interdicted his solicitor wrote a letter dated 8th of July 1991 to the Chairman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Respondent seeking confirmation of certain ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5783044\charrsid2312166 
tters relating to the Applicant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  On the 16th of July 1991 the Respondent replied to the Applicant's solicitor confirming that the:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(a) Police Service Commission did not issue any notice to show cause or accord an opportunity to the Applicant to be heard in person or by his representative or counsel before the issuance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Notice of In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5783044\charrsid2312166 terdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(b) Neither the Police Service Commission nor the Commissioner of Police had disclosed to the press any information about the Applicant's Interdiction but advising that an official press release had been made through the Ministry of Information on Friday 
21st June 1991.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(c) The decision to interdict the Applicant was made for the purpose of investigating certain allegations which had been made against him to the Police Service Commission and the Commissioner of Police.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 JUDICIAL REVIEW NO. 27 OF 1991
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 The 
Applicant, Vakaloloma enlisted in the Police Force in November 1964 and was promoted to Deputy Commissioner of Police in February 1989. Among other awards and commendations he had received was the Police Medal for meritorious service for dedication and ou
tstanding in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5783044\charrsid2312166 ve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
stigation into a series of complex criminal cases.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
On the 27th of May 1991 he received a letter from the Commissioner of Police stating that the Commissioner had been instructed by the Respondent to investigate a number of complaints relating to the members }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Force. Five allegations had been made against the Applicant. These were:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (1) Irregularities in the deployment }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Police Band; providing musical entertainment without charge when payment should properly have been made.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (2) Being
 engaged in the supply of alcohol to functions and to individuals for his own benefit.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(3) Failing to fairly administer discipline amongst members }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Force who had defaulted; primarily by neglecting to impose disciplinary proceedings where they were properly due.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(4) Improper use of official funds on overseas visits and unauthorised extension of period overseas and home annual leave.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(5) Causing the improper termination of criminal investigation into a fraud involving a relative.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 On 21st of June 199
1 Mr. Vakaloloma received a letter marked "Confidential" from the Respondent through its Secretary advising him that he had been interdicted as from that date from performing the functions of his office and in similar terms to that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicant, Tikotikoca.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 JUDICIAL REVIEW NO. 30 OF 1991
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
The Applicant, Nakanacagi is also a gazetted Police Officer and at the material time held the position }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Director of Music }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Police Dance Band. On the 14th of January
 1988 the Applicant was re-enlisted into the Fiji Police Force as an Inspectorate Officer and on the 20th of February 1989 he was promoted to the rank of Superintendent of Police with the position of Director}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 of Music.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 On the 9th of July 1991 Mr. Nakanaca
gi received a Confidential memorandum from the Commissioner of Police in the following terms:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 I have studied a number of statements which indicate that you may be respo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5783044\charrsid2312166 
nsible for the misappropriation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  of property belonging to Fiji Police. Also there are a
llegations you improperly influenced potential witnesses, in respect of investigations I have conducted.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 It is my intention to report to a meeting }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Police Service Commission on 12th July, 1991.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
Enquiries will continue to discover what substance there is in the allegations.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
You should take special leave on full pay until the Police Service Commission have considered the evidence to date.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5783044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
There must be no interference with any potential witness or any alteration or destruction of any official document."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par On 12th of July 1991 the Applicant was served with an interdiction letter by the Secretary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Respondent which read:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"At its meeting held today, Friday the 12th July, 1991 the Police Service Commission after considering a report from the Commiss
ioner of Police on investigations into allegations of corruption, abuse of office and misappropriation of public funds against you, has decided that in accordance with Sections 19 & 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Service Commission Regulations, you be and you are hereby
 interdicted from performing the functions of your office forthwith.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
2. During the period of interdiction you shall not have access to any official premises and shall not remove, destroy or add to or cause to be removed, destroyed or added to any official documents, instrument or matter.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
3. You are not to leave Fiji without the permission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Commission while you are on interdiction.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
The Commission has decided that during the period of interdiction you will be paid 50% of your salary."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 JUDICIAL REVIEW NO. 31 OF 1991
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4985135 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
The fourth Applicant is currently a Senior Inspector of Police who enlisted into the Fiji Police Force in January 1970. In addition to his duties as a member }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Force he coached the Police Rugby Team and was a member }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Sevens Rugby Team to Hong Kong from 1977 to 1985.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par On 27th of May 1991 the Applicant received a Confidential memorandum from the Police Commissioner who stated that he had been instructed by the Respondent to investigate a number of complaints relating to the members }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Force. In the case of the
 Applicant these were broadly that he had a business interest in the form of provision for private security contrary to Force Orders and incompatible with his duties as a Police Officer.
\par 
\par On 21st of June 1991 he received a N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12417705\charrsid2312166 otice of Interdiction from the P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 olice Commissioner, the relevant part of which read:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 "1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 . In view }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  investigations already made by me into allegations of corruption and abuse of office against you, I have decided in accordance with Section 28(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Act, and particularly in view }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  very serious nature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 alleged offences, you be, and you are hereby interdicted from performing the functions of your office forthwith.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
During the period of interdiction you shall not have access to any official premises and shall not remove, destroy or add to or cause to be removed, destroyed or added to any official documents, instrument or matter.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 3. You are not to leave Fiji without t
he permission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Commission while you are on interdiction.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12417705\charrsid2312166 4. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 The Police Service Commission concur with my decision.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12417705\charrsid2312166 5. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 The Commission has decided that during the period of interdiction you will be paid 50% of your salary."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par Each applicant seeks an Order of Certiorari to quash the Respondent's decision interdicting them and various grounds as to why Certiorari should go are stated by each Applicant. In the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Applicants Tikotikoca and Vakaloloma these are broadly that the Respondent acted wit
hout jurisdiction in interdicting them; alternatively that the Respondent acted in breach of fundamental rules of natural justice in not giving each Applicant an opportunity to present his case or make representations to it before issuing the Notices of I
n
terdiction. It is also claimed that the Respondent acted in bad faith or unfairly in that it interdicted each Applicant solely for the purpose of enabling the Commissioner of Police to carry out investigations into the allegations and in causing Notice of
 Interdiction to be published in the local press.
\par 
\par In the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Applicant Nakanacagi the allegations as to the lack of jurisdiction by the Respondent to interdict the Applicant are that regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 19 and 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Service Commission Regulations whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237649\charrsid2312166 h were m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ade under the 1970 Constitution of Fiji ceased to have any legal validity when that Constitution was abrogated on the 5th of September 1987.
\par 
\par That up to the date }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Applicant's interdiction no relevant decree had been promulgated to validate the regulations made under the 1970 Constitution.
\par 
\par That the Respondent has not made any regulation under the 1990 Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Republic of Fiji before or at the time the Applicant was interdicted. Allegations are then made of breach by the Respondent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 rules of natural justice in not providing the Applicant of any opportunity to furnish an explanation or make representations prior to the decision to interdict.
\par 
\par That by omitting to make any regulation under the 1990 Constitution, the Respondent has failed to establish a procedural framework within which it can lawfully exercise its powers under Section 129 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution.
\par 
\par Section 129 gives the power to the Respondent among other things to exercise disciplinary control over officers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Force holding rank above that of Senior Inspector.
\par 
\par Finally it is alleged that the Applicant was interdicted purely to enable the Commissioner of Police to investigate the allegations against the Applicant.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 JUDICIAL REVIEW NO. 31 OF 1991
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par In the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 last Applicant, Ravonu, the grounds are that before he could be interdicted under Section 28 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Act he had to be charged with either a disciplinary or criminal offence and that he had not been so charged. He also alleges in the 
alternative that the Respondent has acted contrary to the rules of natural justice in not providing the Applicant with any opportunity to furnish an explanation or make written or oral representations to the Respondent prior to the decision to interdict h
im. He also alleges that the decision by the Respondent to reduce the Applicant's salary by 50% without first laying any charges against him has caused the Applicant and his family substantial injustice, prejudice and financial hardship.
\par 
\par The last named Applicant also seeks an Order of Certiorari to quash the Respondent's decision of 21st of June 1991 purporting to interdict the Applicant from the Police Force.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 The Constitutional Questions
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par I shall first deal with the constitutional questions. The submissions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicants, Tikotikoca, Vakaloloma and Nakanacagi are broadly similar and they may be summarised thus:
\par 
\par The Police Service Commission, which was established under the 1970}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Constitution had power under Article 107 to appoint Police Officers above the rank of Assistant Superintendent, to remove them and to exercise disciplinary control over them. The whole }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 1970 Constitution has been abrogated or repealed by the events }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237649\charrsid2312166  1987 coups. The second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237649\charrsid2312166 aragrap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  recital to the 1990 Constitution states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"Whereas events in 1987 in Fiji led to the abrogation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par Under Article 157(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 1990 Constitution the Respondent had power to make regulations for regulating and facilitating the performance by the Commission of its functions under this Constitution.
\par 
\par Similar powers were given to the former Police Service Commission by Article 135 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution and it did make regulations entitled "Police Service Commission Regulations" on the 6th of June 1975 which cam
e into force on the 13th of June 1975. Regulation 20 made pursuant to the 1970 Constitution came into force on the 14th of July 1976. It reads as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"A gazetted officer interdicted from duty by the Commission, or by the Commissioner where the power 
of interdiction has been delegated to him, shall not be entitled to receive any salary or any amount in compensation for loss of earnings in respect of a period of interdiction unless the officer is acquitted of any charges in disciplinary or criminal pro
ceedings arising from the circumstances giving rise to the interdiction, and even if the charges in any disciplinary proceedings are not laid until after the conclusion of any criminal proceedings, or unless the Commissioner otherwise directs."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par The Respondent did not exercise its powers under Article 157 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1990 Constitution to make any regulations concerning the interdiction of gazetted Police Officer.
\par 
\par It follows therefore, according to the Applicants, that once the 1970 Constitution was revoked or abrogated all regulations made by any Commission pursuant to Section 135 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution have been revoked or abrogated also.
\par 
\par It is acknowledged by the Applicants that by Section 2(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Existing Laws Decree 1987 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Interim Military Government of Fiji existing laws, apart from the Fiji Constitution itself, are continued. However the Applicants say that neither the military Government nor the P
resident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Republic of Fiji has made any decree to the effect that the words "existing laws" include any regulation made by any Commission or Authority especially under the 1970 Constitution. In particular it is said that the President }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Republic of Fiji did not declare at any time that the words "existing laws" wherever appearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 in the 1990 Constitution include the regulations made by any Commission pursuant to Decree 135 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution.
\par 
\par Therefore, in the absence of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 any provi
sion in any decree the Military Government or the President }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Republic of Fiji prior to 25th of July 1990}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237649\charrsid2312166  when the 1990 Constitution cam}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 e into being expressly saving the regulations made by any Commission under Decree 135 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution, the
 Respondent had no power to interdict the first three Applicants.
\par 
\par The Respondent has filed an answering affidavit to those filed on behalf }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicants which is virtually, and in my view wrongly, a submission on the law and as such contrary to Order 41 Rule 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 High Court Rules and I have also received comprehensive submissions by the Respondent's counsel.
\par 
\par Although I have just criticised the Respondent for breaching Order 41 Rule 5 I must nevertheless hasten to say that I appreciate what I shall term the "chain of legality" set out by Mr. Sada Naidu the Secretary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Service Commission in his affidavit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 28th of August 1991 because it assists the Court in this instance. Order 41 rule 5 is clear in stating that with the exceptions s
tated therein, which I need not mention here, the affidavit may contain only such facts as the deponent is able of his own knowledge to prove.
\par 
\par In all future cases Affidavits in Reply in Judicial Review proceedings should not contain submissions on the law
 which must be left to counsel for the parties. The chronology which I shall take from Mr. Naidu's affidavit in a moment should have been prefaced by an expression such as "I am informed by the Solicitor-general (or which ever legal adviser gives the info
rmati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11541373\charrsid2312166 on) and verily believe that ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
" and then state the chronology or law on which the Respondent proposes to rely.
\par 
\par In the present case however I do not consider any injustice has been caused to the Applicants and I shall now set out the relevant parts of Mr. Naidu's affidavit. The Respondent states that although it has not made any regulations under Section 157 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 1990 Constitution for facilitating the performance of its functions it maintains that the regulations made pursuant to Section 135 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution are still in force. This is claimed because:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"(a) The Fiji Constitution 1970 was wholly removed with effect from 25th September 1970 by the Fiji Consti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11541373\charrsid2312166 tution Revocation Decree 1987 (I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 nterim Military Government Decree No. 1).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (b) However, by Section 2(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Existing Laws Decree 1987 (Interim Military Government of Fiji Decree No. 2) existing laws (apart from the Fiji Constitution itself) are continued. "Existing laws" is defined in Section 2(b) as meaning all laws in force in Fiji before 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 September 1987 (apart of course from the Fiji Constitution 1970).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(c) The Constitution (Abrogation) Military Government and Finance Decree No. 3 1987 (Fiji Interim Military Government Decree No. 3) came into force on 25th September 1987.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (i) Sect
ion 8(1) continues in force all existing laws, apart from the Constitution of Fiji 1970.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(ii) Section 8(2) puts the matter beyond doubt so far as any legislation subsidiary to the Constitution of Fiji is concerned; it continues in operation all law which was in force by virtue of any provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution of Fiji.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(iii) Section 9(1) provides for the continuation in office, appointments made and things done under any provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution of Fiji provided that the office, appointment or thing done was not suspended by any decree.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Section 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Fiji Service Commission and Public Service (Amendment) Decree No. 10 confirmed all positions in the public service, providing for the preservation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  status quo of both the positions themselves and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  terms of appointment as at 25th September 1987.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(e) The Head of State and Executive Authority of Fiji Decree 1988 (Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Republic of Fiji Decree No. 5) came into force on 5th December 1987.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(i) Section 29(1) provides for existing laws as at 25th September 1987 to be continued.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (ii) Section 29(2) confirms the revocation }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Fiji Constitution 1974; and continues in force decrees }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Military Government.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (iii) Section 29(13) provide
s for the continuation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 holding of public office as at the date of this decree.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (iv) The provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Constitution (Abrogation) Military Government and Finance Decree No. 3 1987 are repealed by section 31 of this Decree, but only so far as they are inconsistent with this Decree. Section 8(1), 8(2) and 9(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution (Abrogation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1269416\charrsid2312166 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Military Government and Finance Decree No. 3 1987 are not inconsistent with this De}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1269416\charrsid2312166 cree, and are thus not repealed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (f) The Fiji Service Commissions Decre
e 1988 (Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Republic of Fiji Decree No. 7) came into force on 5th December 1987.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(i) Section 25 repeals the Fiji Service Commissions and Public Service (Amendment) Decree 1987, but only in so far as its provisions are inconsistent with this Decree. Section 5 of that Decree is not inconsistent with this decree.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(ii) In any event, Section 26 provides for the continuation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  holding of public office.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (g) The Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji (Promulgation) Decree 19
90 came into force on 25th July 1990.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(i) Section 8 provides generally for the continuation in force of existing laws.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(ii) Section 9(1) provides for the continuation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  holding of public office.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(iii) Section 14 repeals the Fiji Service Commissions Decree 1988; however, it does not repeal the Fiji Service Commissions and Public Service Amendment Decree 1987.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (h) The Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji 1990 also came into force on 25th July 1990.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(i) Section 165 provides for the continuation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  holding of public office.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(ii) Section 168 provides for the continuation in force of existing laws.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (i) Section 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Interpretation Act provides for the continuation in force of all subsidiary legislation where the governing Act is repealed, unless the subsidiary legislation is expressly revoked or repealed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(j) The Police Service Commission regulations generally are therefore still in force, and regulations 19 and 24 in particular. The Applicant is incorrect in saying that these Regulations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166 were made pursuant to section 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution of Fiji 197}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ; they were made in pursuance of section 135."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par As much reliance is placed by the Respondent on section 8 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  "Constitution (Abrogation) Mili}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166 tary Government an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 d Finance Decree No. 3 of 1987" I shall quote the relevant parts of this now:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 "8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(1) Subject to this and any other Decree all existing law, that is to say, all law (other than the Constitution of Fiji 1970 Cap. 1) which, whether being
 a rule of law or a provision of an act of Parliament or of any other enactment or instrument whatsoever, was in force immediately before 25 September 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  ..... shall, until that law is altered .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
.. have effect with such modification .... as may b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 e necessary to bring that into c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 onfor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 mi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ty with the Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Republic of Fiji as effected by this or any other Decree.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(2) It is hereby declared that the abrogation by this or any other Decree of any provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  former Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Republic of Fiji shall be without prejudice to the continued operation in accordance with subsection (1) of any law which i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 mm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ediately before 25th September 1987 was in force by virtue of that provision."

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par The Respondent also places much reliance on Section 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Interpretation Act Cap. 7 which reads:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"19. Where any Act or part of an Act is repealed, subsidiary legislation issued }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166 under or made in virtue thereof,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  shall, unless a contrary intention appears, remain in force, so far as it is not inconsistent with the repealing Act, until it has been revoked or repealed by subsidiary legislation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
issued or made under the provisions of such repealing Act, and shall be deemed for all purposes to have been made thereunder."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par As to this the Applicants argue that Section 19 deals with an Act of Parliament. It does not or could not deal with any provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution.
\par 
\par The Respondent accepts that the Interpretation Act does not specifically extend its provisions to cover the Fiji Constitution 1970; and that that C
onstitution has not been passed as an Act of Parliament of Fiji. However, the Respondent submits that the Fiji Constitution 1970 is an "Act" at least for the purposes of Section 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Interpretation Act.
\par 
\par In this regard it first submits that the Court should take judicial notice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  status }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Constitution 1970. It was treated by the Courts as though it were an Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Parliament.
\par 
\par Secondly, it is in the same position as an Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  United Kingdom Parliament made before 2nd of Janua
ry 1875 which was received into the law of Fiji by the Deed of Cession and other regulations made in Fiji or which was applied to Fiji by Order in Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  United Kingdom, e.g. the Copyright Act 1956 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  United Kingdom.
\par 
\par In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Robert Tweedie McCahill v. Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 
 FCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 (Criminal Appeal No. 46 of 1982) the Court of Appeal unanimously upheld both the Magistrate in the Court below and then the present Chief Justice in holding that the Copyright Act 195}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  applied to Fiji as a result o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166 f an Order in C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
ouncil and was a valid law of Fiji despite independence being granted by the 1970 Constitution. The Court had no doubt that it became "an existing law" which was continued after independence by virtue of Clause 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Independence Ord
er 1970. I shall say more about the Fiji Independence Order and the Fiji Independence Act of 1970 shortly but I accept the submission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Respondent here that the 1970 Constitution may be regarded as analogous to the English Copyright Act of 1956. That Act in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166  my view became subject to the I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
nterpretation Act and to subsequent amendment by the Fiji Parliament in that once it had the force of law in Fiji it could be amended by the Fiji Parliament.
\par 
\par Thirdly the Respondent relies here on Section 67 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution. Subsection (1) of Section 67 reads:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"(1) Subject to the provisions of this Section, Parliament may alter this Constitution."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par It is not necessary to mention the other subsection of Section 67 for my present purposes.
\par 
\par Then Section 68 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Constitution states that an Act of Parliament may amend the provisions of certain particular laws of Fiji if passed by the requisite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 number of votes therein provided and there c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7078156\charrsid2312166 
an be no doubt that such Acts co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 me within Section 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Interpretation Act. Thus, the respondent submits, any amendment }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Fiji Constitution 1970 must have been by Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Parliament because of Section 67. Section 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Interpretation Act therefore automatically applies to the amending Act and thus the provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Fiji Constitution 1970 would be subject to Section 19.
\par 
\par In my view there is much force in this submission because to hold otherwise would mean that only the amendments could be covered by Section 19 and not the whole }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Constitution. 
If that were to be the case it would lead to the absurd result that only parts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution would be subject to the Interpretation Act if they were amended by an Act of Parliament of Fiji and not the whole }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution.
\par 
\par There is a certain attractive simplicity about the submission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicants on this question but in my judgment it ignores the circumstances in which the 1970 Constitution came into being. This is set out in Cap. 1 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 the Constitution Documents and is headed "Constitution,
 Fiji Independence Act 1970".
\par 
\par This Act was passed on the 23rd of July 1970 and its title is AN ACT TO MAKE PROVISION FOR, AND IN CONNECTION WITH, THE ATTAINMENT BY FIJI OF FULLY RESPONSIBLE STATUS WITHIN THE COMMONWEALTH.
\par 
\par The Act is stated to co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 me into force on and after 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 th October 1970, which date is re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325141\charrsid2312166 ferred to as "the appointed day"}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
. On the 30th of September 1970 the Fiji Independence Order, an Order in Council made by Her Majesty the Queen with the advice of her Privy Council, was made. It too conta
ins several references to "the appointed day" first mentioned in the Fiji Independence Act and the 1970 Constitution which is set out in a Schedule to the Order.
\par 
\par According to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Osborne's Concise Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  an Order in Council is an Order made by the Queen "by and with the advice of Her Majesty's Privy Council" for the purposes of government, either in virtue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 royal prerogative as, e.g. declarations of war and peace, or under statutory authority. The latter may be termed subordinate legislation, and
 is said by the author to be much used in modern times for giving the force of law to the administrative regulations and provisions drawn up by government department.
\par 
\par In my judgment it is clear that neither the Fiji Independence Act of 1970 nor the 1970 Constitution can be read in isolation in that each must depend on the other. Accordingly in my view this is further reason for holding that Section 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Interpretation Act must apply to the 1970 Constitution. It therefore follows that the subsidiary legislation with which we are concerned here, namely the Police Service Commission Regulations, must still be in fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585793\charrsid2312166 rce unless they have been revok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
ed or repealed by subsidiary legislation made under the provision of a repealing Act, of which there is no evidence.
\par 
\par Applying "the chain of legality" so clearly stated in Mr. Naidu's affidavit I am }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  opinion therefore that the Police Service Regulations are still in force.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 
\par 
\par I also derive support fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 r this view from the submission by the Respondent that the fact that the Fiji Constitution 1970 can be amended by an Act }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Fiji Parliament is an indication that the Constitution is an Act. My attention is drawn by the Respondent to the provisions for amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166  Constitution in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 American Samoa (Decree CI, Section 3-4 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
the Revised Constitu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 tion 1967) and Hawaii (Decree X}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 V}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  State Constitution) which can only be a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 mend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
ed by either a Constitutional Convention or by the Legislature together with a Referendum; whereas the passage of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ills into law by the Legislature is exactly the same as that for an Act in the Fiji Parliament.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 Thus in m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
y view the Fiji Constitution 1970 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 a special type of Act which com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 es within the ambit of Section 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Interpretation Act.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Much is made by the Applicants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  fact that since the events of 1987 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 
e Fiji Military Government and l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
ater the Public Service Commission have passed regulations dealing with the Public Service Commission. It is said that this is evidence of a lacuna on the part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  a
dministration in that it indicates for reasons unknown the necessity seen by the A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 dministrati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 on to pass regulations for the Public Service but, unaccountably, not for the Police Service Commission. It is said that therefore whilst there arc new regulations
 governing the Public Service Commission, because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  abrogation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166  1970}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution there are no longer any Police Service Commission Regulations.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 For reasons which I have attempted to give above I do not accept this submission. An examination of 
the various Public Service Commission Regulations passed since 1987 reveals that all are different. In my judgment the fact that such regulations were issued in for example 1990 does not affect the question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  legality and continued validity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  earlier regulations nor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Service Commission Regulations of 197}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14161095\charrsid2312166 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 .
\par 
\par I therefore reject the Applicants' submissions on the non-validity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  1970 Police Service Commission Regulations and hold that the Police Service Commission had jurisdiction to interdict the first three Applicants.
\par 
\par Whether or not such interdiction was however valid I will attempt to answer when dealing with the question of whether all four Applicants had a right to be heard before being interdicted.
\par 
\par Before doing that however it is necessary to consider the submission made on behalf }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  fourth Applicant Mr. Rupeni Ravonu. He was interdicted under Section 28(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 
of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Police Act Cap. 85 which states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5336856 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 "28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6040936\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6040936\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(1) The Commissioner may interdict from duty any inspectorate officer or subordinate officer pending the trial of any offence, whether under the provisions of this Act or before a court, and pending the determination of any appeal."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5336856 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
It is submitted that the clear meaning of this subsection is that the Respondent is only empowered to interdict the Applicant if he had been charged with either a disciplinary or a criminal charge which was pending trial. It is common groun
d between the Applicant and Respondent that at the material time the former was not charged with any offence whatsoever and as such the Respondent acted outside its jurisdiction and acted illegally in interdicting the Applicant.
\par 
\par I reject this submission. 
In my opinion the phrase "pending trial" is sufficiently wide, in fact much wider, to cover more situations than those "after a charge has been preferred". If Parliament had intended to limit the power to interdict only to where charges had been laid in m
y
 view it would have said so in clear terms and it has not done so. I consider that the term "pending the trial" is sufficiently wide to cover the period while investigations are carried out into allegations of criminal or disciplinary offences and I so ho
ld.
\par 
\par This Applicant also submits, as does Epi Nakanacagi, that their constitutional rights have been violated by their interdiction. This submission appears to be based on Section 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  199}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15679070\charrsid2312166 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Constitution which states that no property of any description s
hould be compulsorily taken possession of except under the authority of a relevant law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15679070\charrsid2312166 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  In this case the Applicants argue that they have been deprived of 50% }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ir salary thus contrary to Section 9.
\par 
\par These allegations have not been pleaded before by the Applicants and could not be pleaded now without the leave of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15679070\charrsid2312166 the Court under Order 53 Rule 6}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15679070\charrsid2312166  High}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Court Rules 1988. No such leave has been sought by the Applicants and I therefore reject this submission.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Have the Applicants been denied an opportunity to be heard?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par It is common ground that none }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Applicants was given an opportunity to make any submission or o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 er any explanations to the Respondent before being interdicted. The question is, should they have been?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 The Applicants rely particularly on certain decisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Federal Court of Australia, the High Court of Australia and the New Zealand Court of Appeal, some local authorities and some English decisions all of which are well known. The first case to be considered is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Dixon v. Commonwealth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  (1981) 55 F.L.R. 34. There the Full Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 Federal Court of Australia upheld an appeal against the purported suspension }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Appellant under the Public Service Act. In doing so the Court held unanimously that the A
ppellant should have been given an opportunity to be heard on the question of whether he should be suspended from duty and on the question of whether payment of salary should cease for the period of his suspension and that failure to do so constituted a d
enial of natural justice to him.
\par 
\par The Court refused to follow the English case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166  [1978] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 3 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  354 on which the Respondent relies in the instant case. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  the Plaintiffs had been suspended from a local branch }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Labou
r Party pending the results of an inquiry. The Court of Appeal held unanimously that they were not entitled to an opportunity to be heard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 
 in relation to that suspension.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  In this course }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10946281\charrsid2312166 of his judgment Lord Denning M.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10946281\charrsid2312166 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 , after distinguishing between a suspe
nsion "by way of punishment" and a "suspension made as a holding operation pending inquiries" commented at p. 364:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13384494 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"Very often irregularities are disclosed in a governme
nt department or in a business house; and a man may be suspended on full pay pending enquiries. Suspicion may rest on him; and so he is suspended until he is cleared of it. No one, so far as I know, has ever questioned such a suspension on the ground that
 it could not be done unless he is given notice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  charge and an opportunity of defending himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 and so forth. The suspension in such a case is merely done by way of good administration. A situation has arisen in which something must be done at once. The work }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  department o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11883081\charrsid2312166 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 the office is being affected by rumours and suspicions. The others will not trust the man. In order to get back to proper work, the man is suspended. At this stage the rules of natural justice do not apply: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 urnell v. Whangarei High School}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 s Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
\par The Federal Court of Australia distinguished }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  from the case before it and held that the comment of Lord Denning was not relevant to the real question involved in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Dixon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  as indeed in the present case namely whether t
he person concerned is entitled to be heard not on the ultimate question of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 whether the charge is or is not made out but on the question under consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 at that time namely, whether or not he should be suspended as an interim step. Further, as the Federal C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 ourt pointed out, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  was distinguishable from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Dixon's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 case in that there was no loss of salary involved during the period of suspension. The Court commented that Lord Denning's general remark
s which I have set out above were expressly related to the case where the suspension pending inquiries is "on full pay".
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 A similar continent can be applied to all four }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  cases before me.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 It is also in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 teresting to note that in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 Birss }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 v. Secretary for 
Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166  [1984]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 1 NZLR 513 the Court of Appeal in New Zealand made a similar comment on Lord Denning's remarks in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  - see p. 517 per Richardson J. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Birss'}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  case the Appellant was a Senior Probation Officer employed by the Department of Justic
e. In May 1982 he was notified by the Secretary for Justice of various charges which had been made against him under the New Zealand State Services Act. Nineteen months later without any immediate prior notice the Appellant received a notice from the Secr
etary for Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
directing that he was to be suspended from duty with effect from the date of receipt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  notice and that part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  period of suspension was to be without pay. He sought Judicial Review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Secretary for Justice's decision. In the High Court his application for review was dismissed but on appeal he was successful.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13384494\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 At page 516 Richardson J. q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
uoted the well known rem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 arks of Megarry J. i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 John v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  [1970}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Ch. 345, 397: .... "Susp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 ension is merely expulsion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 pro t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 anto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 . Each is penal, and each deprives the member concerned }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 enjoyment of his rights of membership or office." As Richardson J. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ommented in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Birss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 , while the equating of suspension and dismissal may be debate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
d the observations of Megarry J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  serve to emphasise two important features that suspensio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 n and dismissal have in common}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
: in each case the officer is deprived of his entitlement to perform his dutie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 s in the Public S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ervice, or in this case the Police Force, so long as the suspension or dismissal stands,
 and in each case where suspension is without salary the officer is deprived of his entitlement to his salary or whatever portion his employer chooses to withhold, until the charges against him are det}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 ermined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 It is interesting to observe that in the same volume }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  All England Reports in which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  is reported there is also reported a decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Court of Appeal similarly constituted to that in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  namely }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Norwest Holst v. Department of Trade}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 , the report 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10946281\charrsid2312166 of Appeal beginning at page 290.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 This case is cited by the Respondent in support of its contention that the Appellants were not denied natural justice in not being given a prior hearing before being interdicted. Lord Denning M.R. at p. 292 said this:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8132779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 "There}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  are many cases where an inquiry is h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7679185\charrsid2312166 eld, not as a judicial or quasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
-judicial inquiry, but simply as a matter of good administration. In these circumstances there is no need for any preliminary notice of any charge, or anything of that sort. Take the case where a police officer is suspected of misconduct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7679185\charrsid2312166 The practice is to suspend him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 pending enquiries. He is not given notice of any charge at that stage, nor any opportunity of being heard. The rules of natural justice do not apply unless and until it is decided to take proceedings."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7679185\charrsid2312166 Geoffrey Lane L.J. at page 296}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
(b) - (d) said this:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8132779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
"I also agree. First, dealing with the argument based on what is called 'natural justice', it is important to remember that natural justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
 and the principle audi alteram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 partem are not synonymous because there are occasions, and very many occasions, when natural justice does not demand that the other side should be heard on the question.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8132779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
In every investigation or allegation of fraud or misfeasance there are, it seems to me, by and large three different phases. First of all, the a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7679185\charrsid2312166 
dministrative phase; next, the j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 udicial phase; and, finally the executive phase when the orders }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 court or the tribunal are, if necessary, executed or promulgated. Quite plainly, fairness to 
the suspect (if one may call him that) demands that he should be given a chance of stating his case before the final period: the execution. That is set out plainly in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Cooper v. Wandsworth Board of Works}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and also in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7679185\charrsid2312166 Durayapp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ah v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Fernando}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Equally fairness demands that the suspect shall be given a chance of putting his side }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 case before the judicial inquiry is over. That scarcely needs illustration, but if it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 does it is to be found in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 Re Pergamon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Press Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 . i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 n 1971. But on the other side, and the other
 side are entitled to fairness just as the suspect is, fairness to the inquirer demands that during the administrative period he should be able to investigate without having at every stage to inquire from the suspect what his side }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  matter may be."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8132779 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14485497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 It seems to me considering the judgments in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Norwest Holst v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166  Dep}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 artment of Trade}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 and the judgment in the Federal Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Dixon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and the Court of Appeal in New Zealand in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Birss v. Sec}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 retary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 for Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  that a different approach has been taken to the rights of a person suspended from public duty in England from that in the antipodes and in view of the
 remarkable developments which have taken place in administrative law since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Norwest Holst}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  were decided., in my view the approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 English Courts now may be different. Each case has to be considered on its own facts and whilst one can understand the general principles stated by Lord Denning and Lord Geoffrey Lane it seems to me on the facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  present case that the approach taken by the Federal Court of Australia in 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Dixon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and the Court of Appeal in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Birss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  is to be preferred.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 I derive support for this view from a decision of Fatiaki J. of this Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Ratu Epenisa Seru Cakobau v. Fijian Affairs Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
, Action No. 295 of 1988 in a judgment delivered on the 27th of May 1988. Counsel for the Respondent admits that at first sight this decision appears to be conclusive in the applicant's favour. However he invites me to distinguish the judgme
nt from the facts in the present case on two points. First he submits that Fatiaki J. failed to make the distinction between suspension as a penal measure and suspension as part of the
 disciplinary process and submits that Fatiaki J. failed to note adequately the distinction between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis v. Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 John v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  both of which his Lordship noted with approval in his judgment. Counsel continues that none }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  English authorities on which the Respondent relies for example }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Fu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ell v. Whan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 gare}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 i Hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 gh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Schools Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166  [1973] 1 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434151\charrsid2312166 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 , a Privy Council case from New Zealand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Norwest Holst v. Department of Trade}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 R. v. The Committee of Lloyds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Ex-parte: Portgate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 reported in the Times }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  12}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
January 1983 was mentioned by His Lordship. Counsel submits that had Fatiaki J. considered these cases he may well have not concluded that an employer either at common law or by statute has no power to suspend without a hearing.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 To my mind this is pure speculation but in any event it seems to me that by quoting the remarks of Megarry J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 John v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and the later decisions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Dixon v Commonwealth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Birss }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 v. Secretary for Justi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434151\charrsid2312166 ) His Lordship accepted them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  as being good law in Fiji and worthy to be followed by the Courts here if the circumstances warranted it.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Reference was made by the Respondent to the decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166  Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 Furnell v. Whangarei}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 gh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Schools Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  as I have just said.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Furnell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 cited with approval by Lord Den}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ning in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Lewis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 . Heffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 the Appellant was employed as a teacher at a high school in New Zealand and agreed to serve under the conditions laid down in the Secondary and Technical Institute Teachers Disciplinary Regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132779\charrsid2312166 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 He was charged with certain disciplinary offences and suspended without pay pending the determination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  charges. He applied for judicial review against his suspension on the grounds that he had been denied natural justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  on the ground tha
t he had not been given any opportunity of being heard before the decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  relevant authority to suspend him from his duties. By a majority }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Privy Council with Lords Reid and Viscount Dilhorne dissenting the Privy Council held that in the particular circumstances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 disciplinary code governing the matter the rules of natural justice were to be excluded.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 In a powerful dissenting judgment however with which Lord Reid agreed Viscount Di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 lhorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 e remarked at page 416 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  loss suffered by the A
ppellant in his suspension without pay which also imposed on him the stigma which suspension brings, without having been told }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  allegations made against him and without being given any opportunity of answering the case against him before he was suspended. This is one of the
 complaints which the Applicants made against the decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Commission in suspending them and in my view they are justified. Consider the facts: all four Applicants, particularly the first three, are seni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434151\charrsid2312166 or officers in the P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 olice Force. In my view, just as much as the school teacher 
Furnell or the probation officer Birss or the public servant Dixon, they too must have suffered the stigma of being suspended without first being heard. Then there are the news
paper reports to which admittedly the Commission was apparently not a party but which nevertheless in my judgment must have caused considerable concern to the Applicants. It is true that the editorial in the Fiji Times was quick to point out that at that 
stage no finding of guilt had been made against the Applicants but I have little doubt that the very writing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  editorial would have caused some members }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  community to at least have some suspicions about the guilt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicants. At least indire
ctly in my view this could have been avoided, and I believe any publicity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 could have been avoided had the Respondent first decided to give the Applicants a chance to explain themselves. Of course the public has the right to know of any dishonesty in the Po
lice Force but in my judgment the Respondent's case would be much stronger had the Applicants first been given the opportunity to put their cases before suspension.
\par 
\par I therefore hold that the Applicants were denied natural justice in not being first given 
that opportunity. This finding is sufficient to conclude the matter but because the Applicants also argue that they had a legitimate expectation of being heard before interdiction and "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Wednesbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  unreasonableness" I shall briefly express the views I have f
ormed on these claims.
\par 
\par The expression "legitimate expectati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 on" was first coined by Lord Den}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ning in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Schmidt v. The Secretary for State for Home Affairs}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166  [1969] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
2 Ch. 149 and again in his dissenting judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Breen v. Amal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 gamat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ed E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 ngineering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Union}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 [1971] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166  QB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  175, at pp. 190-1.
\par 
\par In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Schmidt's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 case Lord Denning referred to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Ridge v. Baldwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 
 [1964] AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 40 and said that the speeches in that case showed that an administrative body may, in a proper case, be bound to give a person who is affected by their decision an opportunity of makin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 g representations. He continued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
, "It all depends on whether he has some right or interest, or, I would add some legitimate expectation of which it would not be fair to deprive him without hearing what he has to say." He again used the phrase "legitimate expectation" in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Breen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 where he said when discussing the case of a person whose livelihood may be adversely affected by a decision of an administrative body, "I go further. If he is a man who has some right or interest or some legiti
mate expectation of which it would not be fair to deprive him without a hearing, or reasons given, then these should be afforded him, according as the case may demand."
\par 
\par The term has also been discussed at various times in the High Court of Australia - see e.g. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Twist v. Council of the Municipality of Randwick
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  (1976) 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166 6 CLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166  106 at pp. 109-10, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 Heatle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 y v. Tasmanian Racin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 g and Gam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 ing Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312166  (1977) 137 CLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  487. The High Court of Australia has tended to prefer the expression "reasonable expectation" to
 "legitimate" on the ground that the latter carries with it the concept of legality, that is a lawful expectation which is in mind. Whatever term be used, recently the principles governing the concept of legitimate expectation have been set out very simpl
y by the Divisi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 onal Court in England in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 R. v. Jocke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 y Club}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  ex }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 arte R.A.M. Racecourses Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1401790\charrsid2312166 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 1991}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1401790\charrsid2312166 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Administrative Law Reports at 265 where th
e Court held that to succeed on the basis of legitimate expectation an Applicant has to prove: (1) a clear and unambiguous representation (2) if the Applicant was not a person to whom any representation was directly made, he or it was within the class of 
persons who are entitled to rely upon it; or at any rate that it was reaso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 nable for the applicant to rely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  upon it. (3) That he did so rely upon it. (4) That he did so to his detriment.
\par 
\par While in some cases it is not altogether clear that this is a necessary ingredient since a public body is entitled to change its policy if it is acting in good faith, it is a necessary ingredient where the Applicant says, "You }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 can't alter your policy now in an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
y case; it is too late." See pp. 208-281 per Stuart-Smith L.J.
\par 
\par In the context }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 
 present case I am not satisfied that the Respondent made any clear and unambiguous representation to any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Applicants; nor is there any evidence in my view that the Applicants relied on any representations made by the respondent to 
their detriment or otherwise. The attack against the interdiction on this ground thus fails.
\par 
\par Finally the Applicants argue "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Wednesbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  unreasonableness" meaning that the Respondent acted irrationally and unreasonably in deciding to interdict each Applicant
 and reduce his salary and allow publicity to be given to the action taken by the Respondent. In my opinion, based on what I have said above, it was unreasonable in the circumstances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 se cases to interdict the Applicants without first allowing them to
 state their cases to the Commission. I would therefore uphold this ground also.
\par 
\par The result is that the applications for Judicial Review succeed and I order that Certiorari to go to quash the decisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14485497\charrsid2312166 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166  Respondent made on 21st June 1991 in respect of the Applicants Tikotikoca, Vakaloloma and Rupeni Ravonu and the decision of the
 Respondent of 12th July 1991 in respect of the Applicant Nakanacagi.
\par 
\par I further order that the Respondent is to pay the Applicants' costs.
\par 
\par (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 Motion allowed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723933\charrsid2312166 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5336856\charrsid2312166 )
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