{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;} {\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;} {\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f336\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f337\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f339\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f340\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f341\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f676\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f677\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;} {\f679\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);} {\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;} {\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;} {\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;} {\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0; \red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp \fs22 } {\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\* \ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \styrsid10907649 Hyperlink;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid23562\rsid604563\rsid946031\rsid1515042\rsid1866880\rsid2038519\rsid3357481\rsid3503329\rsid4396151\rsid4654181\rsid5273537\rsid5637081\rsid7171250\rsid7568682 \rsid7670643\rsid8129397\rsid8132968\rsid8259322\rsid8789829\rsid9118843\rsid9862867\rsid10907649\rsid11298967\rsid11559434\rsid12192609\rsid13262178\rsid13643300\rsid13724639\rsid14308911\rsid14834263\rsid14899562\rsid15619130\rsid15937390\rsid16414222 \rsid16542064}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\author soata_m}{\operator baleimatuku_l}{\creatim\yr2005\mo12\dy13\hr12\min25} {\revtim\yr2015\mo9\dy28\hr10\min21}{\version18}{\edmins201}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords3769}{\nofchars18264}{\*\company USP}{\nofcharsws21990}{\vern32859}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}} \paperw11907\paperh16839\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\noxlattoyen \expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace100\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3\jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale140\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot4654181 \fet0 {\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\sectlinegrid272\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid8132968\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (} {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11559434 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 [1986] 32 FLR 55}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 COURT OF APPEAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8132968 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132968\charrsid8132968 Criminal Jurisdiction \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132968\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 DAVID JOHN COLLARD \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8132968 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 REGINAM \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15937390\charrsid8132968 Speight, VP., Mishra, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 A., O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15937390\charrsid8132968 Regan, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8789829 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Date of Hearing: 22 October, 1986}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Delivery of Judgment: 31 October, 1986 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11559434 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 (Criminal Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Exchange Control Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 plea of guilty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 to attempted export of currency }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 appeal against severity to Court of}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Appeal. Whether taken in account that there had been an undeclared importation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 no legal obligation to declare a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 n importation. No error of law}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11559434\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 therefore no appeal lay. Guidance for practitioners in dealing with such cases). \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 J.R. Reddy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 for the Appellant \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 M.D. Scott (Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 ) for the Respondent. \par \par David John Collard appealed against a decision of the Supreme Court which had re jected his appeal from the Magistrate's Court against a conviction at Nadi on a charge of attempting to export Australian and Fijian currency from Fiji on 17 July 1985 contrary to s.24(1) of the Exchange Control Act (Cap. 186). He was fined $10,000. The c urrency was forfeited. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 The appeal to the Supreme Court was pursuant to the Criminal Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 Code (C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 ap. 21). It raised the question whether the appellant had indeed pleaded guilty or whether such a plea should have been accepted by the Magistrate. A further appeal was as to the severity of sentence on grounds set out to which attention may be drawn. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par The appea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 were dismissed on 9 May 1986}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 . From that determinatio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 n the appeal taken to the Court o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 f Appeal was pursuant to s. 22(1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 ) of the Court of Appeal Act which stated: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 22. (1) Any party to an appeal from a magistrate's court to the Supreme Court may appeal, under this Part, against the decision of the Supreme Court in such appellate jurisdiction to the Court of Appeal on any ground of appeal which involve s a question of law only (not including severity of sentence): \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7171250 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Provided that no appeal shall lie against the confirmation by the Supreme Court of a verdict of acquittal by a magistrate's court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Ground 1 of the Notice of Appeal repeated the claim viz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 plea in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 mitiga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 tion in the magistrate's amounted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 not guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 This ground was abandoned in the Court of Appeal. There remained the appeal as to severity. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 The grounds relating to sentence were: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 2. That the Learned Appeal Judge erred in not findin g that a finding of fact on whether the Appellant brought all of the monies found in his possession on the 14th ofJuly,1985 from Australia as claimed by him was an essential prerequisite to a proper exercise of the trial Cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 rt's discretion in imposing sen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 t ence including ordering confiscation of the money found in the Appellant's possession. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 3. That the Learned Judge erred in proceeding upon the premise that the Appellant's claim that he brought the money with him from Australia was not credible when there was no basis for so proceeding. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 4. That the sentence imposed by the Trial Magistrates was unlawful and was imposed without jurisdiction and ought to be vacated. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 5. That the Learned Trial magistrate and the Appeal Judge erred in law in not applying correct principles in imposing an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 d confirming the sentence inclu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 ding the order for confiscation against the Appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 \par Under s. 22(1) supra there is no second appeal against severity. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 \par The case against the appellant by the Magistrate\rquote s Court was a charge that contra to s. 24(1) of the Exchange Control Act he had atte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 mpted to export Bank Notes Aust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171250\charrsid8132968 $18,802 and $F360 on 17 July 1985 without having obtained the permission of the Ministry of Finance. The purpose of the restriction was to prevent depletion of the sto ck of currency in Fiji, generated locally or brought in from outside. The penalty was 3 times the value of the currency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14834263\charrsid8132968 \par \par Appellant was a businessman frequently visiting Fiji in the course of his firm\rquote s business here. This generated income. He had frequent ly paid tax on profits earned and obtained Central Monetary Authority approval to send proceeds to Australia. His contentions are summarised below. \par \par He entered Fiji on 14 July 1987 and claimed he had brou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 ght with him approximately Aust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14834263\charrsid8132968 $19,000 in notes to buy a gold ingot for his wife. On 17 July he was departing earlier tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14834263\charrsid8132968 expected for personal reasons. \par \par On departure the notes were with him. He had not had time to buy the ingot. He believed he was entitled to take the money out. \par \par A plea of guilty was ente red. The explanation about the ingot was the basis for the mitigation. It was contended that the Magistrate did accept the explanation above. The claim of bringing in the money was accepted, but not that he was unaware of the need to obtain export permiss ion. The Magistrate said there had been a failure to declare to Customs when he arrived that he had the money. Counsel for the respondent conceded there was no legal requirement to declare it. \par \par On appeal the learned judge wrongly assumed there was no obliga tion to declare currency on arrival. Both the Magistrate and the Judge believed the appellant had been in breach of s.23(1) of the Exchange Control Act although not so charged. Counsel on appeal did not correct the Magistrate\rquote s erroneous belief though. He should have been aware of it. Counsel for both parties should have drawn the attention of the learned trial judge to this matter. Appellant\rquote s Counsel did not suggest the Magistrate would have imposed a higher sentence for exporting money because he believed that earlier the importer had committed an offence of undeclared import. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 The question was whether failure to declare was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14834263\charrsid8132968 proof there had been no import}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 ing; it is obviously less blameworthy to take money out which one had brought in than money out of Fijian origin, thereby e.g. depleting existing monetary stocks. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14834263\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 : It is clear from reading the decision as a whole and bearing in mind the maximum penalty that appellant's claim as to importing was accepted or not shown to be untrue. The maximum fine cou ld have been in excess of $50,000. If no earlier importation, the case would have been one of large scale smuggling. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 No relevant matter has been overlooked nor irrelevant matter taken into account. In the Magistrates Court it was accepted the appellant br ought the money in; in the Supreme Court that he might have done so; that did not lead the Court to deal with the matter on an incorrect basis. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 Thus relevant matters only were considered i.e. the quantum of money, the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 s knowledge of requirements and the deliberate nature of the action. \par \par If there was an unrestricted right of appeal against severity it would not (as distinct from legality) result in reduction of the sentence. \par \par No question of law arose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 - the penalty was not affected by illegality related t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 importation. Therefore, there was no appeal lay pursuant to s.22(1). \par \par The Court proceeded to give guidance on how future appeals which might be concerned with the applicability of s.22 (1) could be considered. \par \par Appeal dismissed. \par \par Case referred to:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13262178\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 R. v. Newton }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 (1983) Criminal Law Review 198. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 SPEIGHT, Vice President \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866880 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 Judgment of the Court \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 On the 17th December 1985 the appellant ple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 ded guilty in the Magistrate's Court at Nadi to one charge of attempting to export notes (Australian and Fijian curre ncy) from Fiji on 17th July 1985 in breach of Section 24(1) of the Exchange Control Act Cap. 186. He was fined $10,000 and the currency was forfeited. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 An appeal was filed to the Supreme Court pursuant to Part X of the Criminal Procedure Code Cap. 21. The appeal raised th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1866880\charrsid8132968 e question whether appellant had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 indeed pleaded guilty or whether that plea should have been accepted by the Magistrate. There was also an appeal against severity of sentence and in this it was claimed:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9862867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 That the sentence is harsh and excessive having regard to all the circumstances of the case as much as the learned trial Magistrate erred in considering facts and circumstances which were proved and or raised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9862867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 \par This wording is of some relevance, as will be mentioned later. \par \par The appeal was heard on 23rd April 1986 and by a reserved Judgment of 9th May was dismissed. \par \par From the determination there has been a second appeal to this Court, pursuant to Section 22 (1) of the Court of Appeal Act Cap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 12. It is desirable to set out that subsection:- \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9862867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "22.-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16414222\charrsid8132968 Any party to an appeal from the magistrate\rquote s court to the Supreme Court may appeal, under this Part, against the decision of the Supreme Court in such appellant jurisdiction to the Court of Appeal on any ground of appeal which involves}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 a question of law only (not including severity of sentence):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862867\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9862867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 Provided that no appeal shall lie against the confirmation by the Supreme Court of a verdict of acquittal by a magistrate\rquote s court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 \par Grounds 1 and 6 in the Notice of Appeal in this Court repeated the claim previously advanced that the plea in mitigation in the Magistrates Court had amounted to a plea of not guilty. These grounds found no favour in the Supreme Court, for they were entirely without merit, and Mr Reddy, who had previously appeared as counsel, abandoned them before this Court. The other grounds related to sentence and read:- \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 2. That the Learned Appeal Judge erred in not finding that a finding of fact on whether the Appellant brought all of the monies found in his possession on the 14t h of July, 1985 from Australia as claimed by him was essential prerequisite to a proper exercise of the trial Courts discretion in the trial Courts money found in the Appellant\rquote s possession. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 3. That the Learned Judge erred in proceeding upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7670643\charrsid8132968 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 he premise that the Appellant\rquote s claim that he brought the money with him from Australia was not credible when there was no basis for so proceeding. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 4. That the sentence imposed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7670643\charrsid8132968 the Trial Magistrate is unlawfu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 l and was imposed without jurisdiction and ought to be vacated. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4396151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4396151\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8259322 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 5. That the Learned Trial magistrate and the Appeal Judge erred in law in not applying correct pri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7670643\charrsid8132968 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 ciples in imposing and confirming the sentence including the order for confiscation against the Appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7670643\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8259322 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10907649\charrsid8132968 Now under section 22(1) of the Court of Appeal Act it is generally said that there is no second appeal against severity of sentence and Mr Reddy has attempted to face up to this difficulty. We propose to postpone discussion of this aspect until we have reviewed the matter in the ordinary way, paying particular regard to the grounds of appeal lodged in each Court. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 \par The case against Appellant in the Magistrate\rquote s Court charged that contrary to section 24(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 of the Exchange Control Act he had attempted to export bank notes ($(A)18,082 and $(F)36 0) on 17th July 1985 without having obtained the permission of the Ministry of Finance. The purpose of the restriction of course is obvious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 - to prevent the depletion of the stock of currency in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 - whether it has been generated locally or brought it fr om overseas. It is important legislation and the maximum penalty for breach is very high}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 - 3 times the value of the currency, and forfeiture. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid946031\charrsid8132968 The essential facts are simple. Appellant, who is a business man, visits this country frequently, usually in the course of his firm\rquote s business here. This generates income and he has frequently paid tax on profits earned and obtained Central Monetary Authority approval to send proceeds to Australia.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259322\charrsid8132968 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 On this occasion he had entered the country by air on 14 July, 1985 and he claimed that he brought approximately $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13262178 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 (A) 19,000 in notes with him. \par \par On 17th July he was departing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 from}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 Nadi Airport}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 apparently sooner than he had originally intended for personal reasons. He was stopped by Customs inspectors during the departure process and t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 he notes were in his possession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 either in his pockets, or wallet, or a carry bag. He said both then, and at a later interview that he had brought the notes with him when he arrived a few days earlier, for the purpose of buying a gold ingot(s) for his wife\rquote s birthday; he said he had not had time to do so and believed he was entitled to take the money out. \par \par He was represented by counsel. A plea of guilty was entered and this explanation was the basis of a plea in mitigation on his behalf. \par \par In imposing sentence the learned Magistrate treated the matter on the basis that the claim of bringing money in was accepted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308911\charrsid8132968 but he did not accept that this experienced business man could be unaware of the need to obtain export permission especially in the light of his frequent visits to and transactions in Fiji. In discussing the course of events the magistrate said that the defendant had failed to declare to Customs when he arrived that he had this money with him. Mr. Scott for the Respondent concedes there is no legal requirement for an arriving passenger to declare this particular currency. Section 23(1) does require}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 declarations for certain funds }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308911\charrsid8132968 viz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308911\charrsid8132968 those which are specified by the Minister and published in Legal Notices- which are apparently varied or amended from time to time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308911\charrsid8132968 \par In the event, having reviewed the facts and the importance of the legislation, the magistrate imposed a fine of $10,000 and ordered forfeiture of the money. \par \par An appeal (of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 rather complicated wording and a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308911\charrsid8132968 mbit) was made unsuccessfully to the Supreme Court. In dismissing certain legal issues raised, the learned Judge dealt with facts and, like the learned Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3503329\charrsid8132968 wrongfully assumed that section 23(1) required a declaration of Australia money being brought in and noted that no such d eclaration had been made. It is clear that both the Magistrate and the Judge believed that the appellant had been in breach of section 23(1) although he had not been so charged. Counsel on appeal should have been aware of the Magistrate\rquote s erroneous statement, but did not correct it. We think that as the respondent should have drawn the attention of the learned Judge to the slip. A Judge is entitled to rely on counsel to have ascertained the correct position.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308911\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16542064\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3503329\charrsid8132968 It was not suggested by Mr Reddy in this court a nd are sure that he did not mean us to infer that a professional magistrate, in passing sentence, would have imposed a higher sentence for exporting the money because he believed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 that earlier the defendant had committed an importing offence and so was sentencing for two offences. Similarly no suggestion was made in respect of the Supreme Court proceedings.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3503329\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 \par The question which was relevant to the gravamen of the offence was not whether an impor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 ting offence had been committed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 but whether failure to declare wa s proof that there had been an importing as claimed. Obviously it is less blameworthy to take out money which one has brought in, than to take o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 ut money which of Fijian origin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 thereby evading tax and depleting existing monetary stocks. \par \par It is clear that the learned Magistrate, in referring to the defendant\rquote s claim that he had brought the money in, commented that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 failed to declare (it) to Customs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 and thereby misstated the law, for we are now told that there is no ministerial prohibition on the bringing in of Australian currency. \par \par But a reading of the decision as a whole shows that the sentence was passed on the basis that the defendant\rquote s claim as the origin of the money was accepted or at least was not shown to be untrue. Apart from what the Magistrate s aid we think the quantum of the fine reflects the same approach. The maximum fine, in addition to forfeiture, would be in excess of $50,000 disregarding minor exchange rate differences. Had this been approached on the basis that the money had its origin i n Fiji, with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid23562\charrsid8132968 defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 being a regular exporter of currency thoroughly familiar with the appropriate procedures, then it would have been a flagrant case of large scale}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid23562\charrsid8132968 smuggling and the fine would have been much higher than one-fifth of the maximum. In our view there is nothing to show that the Magistrate\rquote s remark that no declaration had been made on arrival played any part in the sentence imposed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9118843\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid23562\charrsid8132968 \par A similar situation obtained an appeal. The case there was clouded by the facts being discussed in support of an attempt made by the appellant\rquote s then counsel (not Mr Reddy) to have the plea of guilty set aside on the basis of his state of mind at the time of attempted export. It was in this context that the learned Appeal Judge was obliged to discuss the appellant\rquote s conduct, but the matters he spoke of are relevant to show that he too,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 like the Magistrate, was conce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid23562\charrsid8132968 ntrating primarily on the facts leading up to departure. \par \par He mentioned the provision of section 24(1); the appellant\rquote s knowledge of his possession o f the money; his frequent trips as a businessman to and from Fiji; and the high probability that he would be aware of governmental exchange controls in many countries. \par \par It is true that the Judge had reservations about the truth of the appellant\rquote s claim of having brought the money in, but his expressed reason for so doing was the unlikely nature of the claim of intended purchase of gold ingot(s) in such quantity. We might observe that his reservations were justified- for there had been ample opportunity bet ween apprehension and Magistrate\rquote s Court hearing, and again before the appeal hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604563\charrsid8132968 for confirmation to be obtained from Australia or else where- and no such material was put forward- even though experienced counsel was acting throughout. In this regard some editorial notes to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604563\charrsid8132968 Newton }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604563\charrsid8132968 (1983) Criminal Law Review 198 at page 200 suggest that a defendant who has proof of mitigating circumstances within his own power and does not produce it may have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15619130\charrsid8132968 himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604563\charrsid8132968 to blame if his mitigation is not unreservedly accepted. It hardly}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15619130\charrsid8132968 lies in the mouth of the appellant to blame the Court for not resolving this point- see Ground 2 of Notice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid23562\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15619130\charrsid8132968 \par Be that as it may, this appeal was not dealt with on the footing that his explanation was rejected. It is true that the lear ned Judge said, as had the Magistrate, that the notes came within the ambit of prohibition under section 23(1), but he did so in a passage where he twice said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15619130\charrsid8132968 even if this story is true}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15619130\charrsid8132968 . Neither judicial officer relied upon the mistaken belief of the sta te of the law concerning non-declaration as disproof of the appellant\rquote s claim, but rather as a comment that an earlier offence than the one before the court may have been committed-and as we have said Mr Reddy has not suggested that any part of the penalty was imposed for such supposed offence. \par \par The learned Appeal Judge again referred to a possible infringement of section 23(1), but this time in a different context-namely the difficulty which appellant might or might not have had in persuading the exchange control officers to allow the money out had he made application-as he had on all previous occasions of remittance. \par \par The judgment then deals at length with other matters not pursued before this Court. \par \par From this discussion it is clear that an error was made in both courts when it was said that a declaration of importation would have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13724639\charrsid8132968 required; but for reasons discussed, that error does not appear to have led either Court to deal with the matter on any basis other than the relevant ones- namely the quantu m of the money, the offenders knowledge of the requirements and the deliberate nature of his actions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15619130\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13724639\charrsid8132968 \par On an appeal against sentence one looks to see whether a relevant matter has been overlooked, or an irrelevant matter has been taken into account- that is what the grounds of appeal against sentence specifically recited [See ground 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13724639\charrsid8132968 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13724639\charrsid8132968 (supra)]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14899562\charrsid8132968 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13724639\charrsid8132968 .In our view this has not occurred. \par \par In the Magistrate\rquote s Court it was accepted that the appellant had in fact brought the money in. In the Supreme Court it was acc epted as possibly being true- the offender was not treated in either court on the basis which has been held to be wrong in principle in the reported cases referred to us- namely sentencing of a less favourable, but unproved interpretation of equivocal fac ts. \par \par Thus far the matter has been considered without regard to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14899562\charrsid8132968 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13724639\charrsid8132968 rovisions of section 22(1) of the Court of Appeal Act. \par \par We have concluded that even if there was an unrestricted second right of appeal against severity of sentence (as distinct from legali ty of sentence) it would not succeed in this case because the matter was not dealt with on the basis that the money had not been brought in i.e. the error of law was not a factor in leading to the more unfavourable view of appellant\rquote s conduct being adopted. \par \par No question of law therefore arises and no appeal lies however broadly on interprets section 22(1). However the following observations may encourage more detailed submissions than were made in this case, in future appeals where the point becomes relevant. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643300\charrsid8132968 \par The limitation on second appeal is expressed in two separate phrases: \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643300\charrsid8132968 (i) on any ground of appeal which involves a question of law only, \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12192609 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643300\charrsid8132968 (ii) (not including severity of sentence). \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1515042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643300\charrsid8132968 \par Let us consider (i) alone. Of course a sentence passed in excess of j urisdiction gives rise to a point of law. In addition a situation might arise, as was submitted here, that in reaching a decision on quantum of penalty a mistaken view of the law had been taken but a penalty had been fixed which was within jurisdiction. \par \par I f the subsection contained only those words in (i) it could be argued, as Mr Reddy submitted, that a sentence which is influenced by a mistake of law, or by wrong application of sentencing principles gives rise to a question of law. Certainly such a sente nce might in part at least be founded on a mistaken belief on a point of law-but is it a decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643300\charrsid8132968 involving a point of law only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643300\charrsid8132968 ? \par \par But the subsection does not end here. One must attach a meaning to the words in (ii) especially if to do so helps resolve an uncertainty. It may well to be the case if the quantum of sentence is lawful- and an appeal against severity is an appeal against quantum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12192609\charrsid8132968 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643300\charrsid8132968 - that an error of law which possibly played a part in the assessment has been made specifically excluded from the amb it of appeal powers. The power to err within jurisdiction is not known in other fields. \par \par However the point was not the subject of full submissions and in our view its solutions is not necessary for the determination of the present appeal, so we express no concluded view. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7568682\charrsid8132968 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7568682\charrsid8132968 Appeal dismissed. \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8 72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7 2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b 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