{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset1\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;
\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid3030452 Normal;}{\*\cs10 
\additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{
\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext15 \sunhideused \styrsid8192973 Normal (Web);}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid8192973 apple-converted-space;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 
\sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid8192973 Hyperlink;}}{\*\pgptbl {\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0
\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp15
\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp1\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp12\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid811014\rsid858810\rsid862776\rsid1598413
\rsid1972231\rsid2193419\rsid2309175\rsid2371452\rsid2504626\rsid2506087\rsid2639153\rsid3030452\rsid3176464\rsid3422714\rsid3491578\rsid3810279\rsid3822112\rsid3831056\rsid4160285\rsid4329331\rsid4331392\rsid4744076\rsid4815830\rsid4855016\rsid4931203
\rsid5052173\rsid5062183\rsid5123780\rsid5592493\rsid5643559\rsid6060947\rsid6160848\rsid6514138\rsid6782860\rsid6953338\rsid7366506\rsid7483118\rsid7958375\rsid8016262\rsid8083724\rsid8192973\rsid8270074\rsid8524331\rsid8598875\rsid8790013\rsid8866877
\rsid9189166\rsid9452663\rsid9455426\rsid9776131\rsid10181130\rsid10438002\rsid10712439\rsid10749241\rsid11014019\rsid11292607\rsid11355540\rsid11404427\rsid11880640\rsid11928628\rsid12063525\rsid12081942\rsid12150691\rsid12211158\rsid12401887
\rsid12921552\rsid12931985\rsid12983114\rsid13198352\rsid14055906\rsid14105686\rsid14108652\rsid14496123\rsid14510136\rsid14695321\rsid14811537\rsid14906857\rsid14967201\rsid15032169\rsid15159555\rsid15297671\rsid15405516\rsid15541791\rsid15560408
\rsid15810083\rsid15864576\rsid15945946\rsid16592213\rsid16597937\rsid16671932}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info
{\title \'93this is a quote, has said, of me saying \'91this is a quote\'92\'94}{\author senikuraciri_r}{\operator baleimatuku_l}{\creatim\yr2015\mo9\dy28\hr9\min54}{\revtim\yr2015\mo9\dy28\hr9\min54}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages7}{\nofwords2711}
{\nofchars12851}{\nofcharsws15531}{\vern32859}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}\paperw11907\paperh16839\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect 
\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata0\grfdocevents0\validatexml1\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors1\noxlattoyen
\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace120\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow2\dgvshow1
\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale140\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct
\asianbrkrule\rsidroot8192973\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit\usenormstyforlist\noindnmbrts\felnbrelev\nocxsptable\indrlsweleven\noafcnsttbl\afelev\utinl\hwelev\spltpgpar\notcvasp\notbrkcnstfrctbl\notvatxbx\krnprsnet\cachedcolbal \nouicompat \fet0
{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\nofeaturethrottle1\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12401887\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2
\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 [1986)] FLR 156
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 COURT OF APPEAL OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10438002\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid10438002 Criminal Jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 VEREIMI IKANIWAI & ORS.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid10438002 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid10438002 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid10438002 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 REGINAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Roper, J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002 A., O'Regan, J.A., Kermode J.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Hearing: 6 March, 1986.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Judgment: 21 March, 1986.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 A. Qetaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 for Appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 D .V. Fatiaki & B. L Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 for the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002\charrsid10438002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
(Criminal Law-Murder-multiple wounds-deep unconsciousness-submission that death attributed to pneumonia-causation)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Appeal by five appellants against their conviction for the murder of a 42 year old Indian, Munideo. At about 7-30 p.m. on 26 May 
1984, the deceased was attacked by the appellants. He was punched, kicked and stabbed with a broken bottle, stripped of his clothing and left unconscious He was found by chance on 27 May 1984, and admitted to hospital in an unconscious state. He regained 
c
onsciousness to some extent on the 11 May for a short period. He was found to have multiple incised wounds to the head and body and was in a critical condition. He died on 21 June 1984, having Contracted bilateral lobar pneumonia said the Pathologist to h
ave been the "cause of death".
\par The issue of "causation" had been a significant feature of the defence case. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3491578 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12401887\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (Cap. 17) states-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-90\li810\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin810\itap0\pararsid10438002 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "199 (1) Any person who of malice aforethought causes the death of another person by an unlawful act or omission is guilty of murder."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-90\li810\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin810\itap0\pararsid10438002 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "206 Any person is deemed to have caused the death of another person although his act is not the immediate or the sole cause of death in any of the following cases:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-90\li810\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin810\itap0\pararsid10438002 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10438002  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
if he inflicts bodily injury on another person in consequence of which that other person undergoes surgical or medical treatment which causes death. In this case it is immaterial whether the treatment was proper or mista
ken, if it was employed in good faith and with common knowledge and skill; but the person inflicting the injury is not deemed to have caused the death if the treatment which was its immediate cause was not employed in good faith or was so employed without
 common knowledge or skill."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 The defence relied on s. 206}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
arguing that the immediate cause of death was pneumonia resulting from treatment which had not been employed in good faith, or was employed without common knowledge or skill. A Consultant Surgeon,
 Mr Sharma gave evidence on the basis of the medical evidence called by the prosecution and hospital records, that with different treatment and more intensive nursing care, pneumonia could have been avoided, though success could not have been guaranteed; 
the treatment given was "not in accordance with the usual standard."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12401887 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
"But (s. 206}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
)) in effect creates a proviso that if the medical treatment is the immediate cause of the death and if, also, it is not employed in good faith or with common knowledge and skill, the person who inflicted the bodily injury is not deemed to have caused the
 
death. It was common ground that the pneumonia was the immediate cause of death and there was not in my view a shred of evidence that the medical treatment was the immediate cause of death at its most damaging to the prosecution case, Dr Sharma's evidence
 was to the effect that the medical treatment increased Munideo's chances of contracting the fatal pneumonia and retarded his natural defences. So the proviso did not come into effect."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Authorities cited included}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887 (1959) 2 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973  193 where Lord Parker C. J. said -
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12401887 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
"It seems to the court that, if at the time of death the original wound is still an operating cause and a substantial cause; then the death can properly be said to be the result of the wound, albeit that some other cause of death is also
 operating. Only if it can be said that the original wounding is merely the setting in which another cause operates can it be said that the death does not result from the wound. Putting it in another way, only if the second cause is so overwhelming as to 
make the original wound merely part of the history can it be said that the death does not flow from the wound."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 There was further reference by the Court of Appeal to the evidence and argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 The only conclusion open on the admitted facts was that the injuries sustained by the deceased "caused" his death in terms of section 199(1). The deeming provisions (s. 206(}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
)) had no application. No direction on the refinements of causation was called for.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Appeal dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Cases referred to:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887 (1959) 2 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R 193}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Blaue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (1975) 3 All ER 446.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Malcherek}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (1981) 2 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973  422.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R v. Jordan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (1956) Cr. App. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973  152.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 ROPER, Judge of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192973\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
The five Appellants, together with another who has not appealed, were found guilty of the murder of a 42 year old Indian, Munideo, and now appeal against the convictions on grounds common to all.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 At about 7.30 P.M. on the 26th-May 1984 Munideo was attacke
d by the Appellants. He was punched kicked and stabbed with a broken bottle, stripped of his clothing, and left unconscious under a railway bridge. He was not found, and then only by chance, until 4 A.M. on the 27th May. He was admitted to Lautoka Hospita
l
 in an unconscious state and did not regain consciousness at any time before his death on the 21 June apart from a period on the 11th June when he opened his eyes and could obey simple commands. Munideo was found to have multiple incised wounds to the hea
d
 and other parts of his body and it is common ground that he was in a critical condition. On the 18th June it appeared that although he was still unconscious there was some improvement in his condition, but by the 20th his unconsciousness had deepened and
 he died on the 21st. According to the Pathologist the cause of death was bilateral lobar pneumonia.
\par As a consequence of that finding the issue of "causation became a cant part of the defence case in the Court below and on that issue and on the facts in the present case, the following provisions of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3491578 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12401887\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2639153  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (Cap 17)" are relevant:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "199(1). Any person who of malice aforethought causes the death of another person by an unlawful act or omission is guilty of murder."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "206(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 ) Any person is deemed to have caused the death of another person although his act is not the immediate or the sole cause of death in any following cases:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 if
 he inflicts bodily injury on another person in consequence of which that other person undergoes surgical or medical treatments which causes death. In this case it is immaterial whether the treatment was proper or mistaken, if it was employed in good fait
h and with common knowledge and skill; but the person inflicting the injury is not deemed to have caused the death if the treatment which was its immediate cause was not employed in good faith or was so employed without common knowledge or skill."}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 The defence relied on section 206(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 a),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
arguing that the immediate cause of death was pneumonia resulting from treatment which was not employed in good faith, or was employed without common knowledge or skill. A Mr Sharma, a consultant surgeon, gave evidence for the
 defence. He had never seen Munideo during his time in hospital but on the basis of the medical evidence called by the prosecution and the relevant hospital records he expressed the opinion that with different treatment and more intensive nursing care pne
umonia could have been avoided, although he would not go so far as to say that success would have been guaranteed. In short his evidence was that the treatment "afforded was not in accordance with the usual standard."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 In his summing up to the Assessors the Trial Judge said this:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-90\li810\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin810\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
"It is common ground that the immediate cause of death was bilateral lobar pneumonia and that one or more of the injuries was at the time of death an operating cause of that fatal pneumonia.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 There was not a shred of evidence that the medical treatment accorded to Munideo was the immediate cause of death.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Put at its most damaging to the prosecution case, the defence medical evidence was to the effect that the medical treatment increased Munide
o's chances of contracting the fatal pneumonia and retarded his natural defences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
In the circumstances of this case, all you have to be satisfied of in order to be satisfied that one or more of the injuries caused death, is that one or more of the injurie
s was an operating cause of the fatal pneumonia when Munideo died, and I do not see how you can have any difficulty in deciding that question in view of the fact that all of the medical evidence is to that effect."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 And in his judgment following the Assessors guilty verdict he dealt with the matter in this way:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "In relation to the matter of causation, I noted that Section 206(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 ) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3491578 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12401887\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
says in effect that, if in consequence of bodily 
injury being inflicted upon him, a person undergoes medical treatment (which was undoubtedly so in Munideo's case) then whoever inflicted the bodily injury is deemed to have caused the victim's death if the medical treatment causes his death.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 But the same subsection in effect creates a proviso that if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 medical treatment is the immediate cause of the deat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 h and if, also, if is not employed in good faith or with common knowledge and skill, the person who inflicted the bodily injury is not deemed to have caused
 the death. It was common ground that the pneumonia was the immediate cause of death and there was not in my view a shred of evidence that the medical treatment was the immediate cause of death-at its most damaging to the prosecution case. Dr Sharma's evi
d
ence was to the effect that the medical treatment increased Munideo's chances of contracting the fatal pneumonia and retarded his natural defences. So the proviso did not come into effect. Therefore, in my view, (by any stretching of reasoning in favour o
f
 the defences) all the assessors had to be satisfied of, in order to be satisfied that one or more of the injuries caused death, was that one or more of the injuries was an operating cause of the fatal pneumonia. I directed the assessors accordingly, and 
I have directed myself accordingly."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 The amended grounds of appeal arise from that treatment of the matter by the Trial Judge and they read:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 the learned trial judge erred in law and in fact in concluding that there was not a shred of evidence that medical treatment was the immediate cause of death.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 FURTHER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 that the learned trial judge erred in law and in fact in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 NOT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 considering whether the medical treatment was employed in good faith or with common knowledge and skill."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12401887\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 It is clear that the Trial Judge really took the section 206(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810\charrsid8192973  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
defence away from the Assessors. While we cannot accept the Trial Judge's reasons for so doing we are of the opinion that it was a defence which was never open on the facts of the case and was properly taken f
rom the Assessors consideration. Its pursuit resulted in days of irrelevant medical evidence which only served to prolong the trial far beyond anything approaching reasonable limits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 There is no occasion to resort to the deeming provisions of section 206}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 if, in terms of section 100(1), an act can be said to be a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810 substantial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
cause of the death. There have been a number of comparatively recent cases on this question of causation, and the first in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Jordan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (1956) 40 Cr. App. R. 152. There the victim d
ied of bronco pneumonia following a penetrating abdominal would. At the time of death the stab wound was practically healed and the medical evidence was that the death had not been caused by the wound but by the introduction of a drug after the deceased h
a
d shown himself to be intolerant to it, and by other abnormal medical treatment which in the circumstances was quite wrong. Hallett J. who delivered the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal, described the case as exceedingly unusual and difficult. The
 conviction was quashed on the basis that death resulted from abnormal treatment that was probably wrong, at a time when the original wound had practically healed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 The decision in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Jordan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 has been criticised in a number of later cases. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810 (1959) 2 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973  193 Lord Parker CJ. expressed the opinion that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Jordan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 
should be regarded as an exceptional case decided on its own special facts and not as an authority relaxing the common law approach to causation, an opinion shared by Lawton L. J. in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R v. Blaue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810 (1975) 3 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R 446, and by Lord Lane CJ. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R v. Malcherek}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 (1981) 2 All ER 422. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 the appellant stabbed a fellow soldier with a bayonet, one of the wounds piercing the victims lung. While being carried to the medical centre be was dropped t
wice, and on arrival at the centre was given treatment which was subsequently shown to have been incorrect. Counsel argued that if there was any other cause, whether resulting from negligence or not, operating, if something happened which impeded the chan
ce of recover, then the death did not result form the wound. The Court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 was quite unable to accept that contention, and at page 198 Lord Parker C.J. said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid858810\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10181130\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "It seems to the court that, if at the time of death the original wound is still an ope
rating cause and a substantial cause, then the death can properly be said to be the result of the wound, albeit that some other cause of death is also operating. Only if it can be said that the original wounding is merely the setting in which another caus
e
 operates can it be said that the death does not result from the wound. Putting it in another way, only if the second cause is so overwhelming as to make the original wound merely part of the history can it be said that the death does not flow from the wo
und."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 That passage was adopted in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R .v. Blaue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R .v. Malcherek.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 The following passage from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Blaue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 at page 450, which was adopted in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Malcherek's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 case, is to the point in the instant case:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10181130\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 "The issue of the cause of death in trial for either 
murder or manslaughter is one of fact for the jury to decide. But if, as in this case, there is no conflict of evidence and all the jury has to do is apply the law to the admitted facts, the judge is entitled to tell the jury what the result of that appli
cation will be. In this case the judge would have been entitled to have told the jury that the appellant's stab wound was an operative cause of death. The appeal fails."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10181130\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12401887\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 In the present case the undisputed facts were that the deceased was admitted to hospit
al with grievous injuries, which had brought him to a state of unconsciousness from which he never recovered. Mr Sharma accepted that a state of unconsciousness increased the chances of dying of pneumonia. The important thing he said, was to get the patie
n
t back to consciousness. The doctors at the hospital failed to accomplish that, and as we recall the evidence, Dr Sharma really expressed no opinion as to how it might have been accomplished, the main thrust of his evidence relating to the avoidance of th
e onset of pneumonia. This was clearly a case where in Lord Parker's words the original wounds were "an operating and a substantial cause of death." To conclude otherwise would make this an even more exceptional case than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15810083  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 R. v. Jordan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15810083\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Applying the law to 
the admitted facts the only conclusion open was that the injuries sustained by the deceased "caused" his death in terms of section 199(1). It follows that the deeming provisions of section 206(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 ) has no application and a direction to the Assessors on the r
efinements of causation was not called for.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15810083\charrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 The appeal is therefore dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15810083\charrsid8192973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15810083\contextualspace \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 Appeal dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8192973\charrsid8192973 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8
72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7
2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b
44d7a07a83c82f308ac7b0a0f0fbf90c2480980b58abc733615aa2d210c2e02cb04430076a7ee833dfb6ce62e3ed7e14693e8317d8cd0433bf5c60f53fea2fe7
065bd80facb647e9e25c7fc421fd2ddb526b2e9373fed4bb902e182e97b7b461e6bfad3f010000ffff0300504b030414000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c00000
00360100000b0000005f72656c732f2e72656c73848fcf6ac3300c87ef85bd83d17d51d2c31825762fa590432fa37d00e1287f68221bdb1bebdb4fc7060abb08
84a4eff7a93dfeae8bf9e194e720169aaa06c3e2433fcb68e1763dbf7f82c985a4a725085b787086a37bdbb55fbc50d1a33ccd311ba548b63095120f88d94fbc
52ae4264d1c910d24a45db3462247fa791715fd71f989e19e0364cd3f51652d73760ae8fa8c9ffb3c330cc9e4fc17faf2ce545046e37944c69e462a1a82fe353
bd90a865aad41ed0b5b8f9d6fd010000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c0000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468
656d654d616e616765722e786d6c0ccc4d0ac3201040e17da17790d93763bb284562b2cbaebbf600439c1a41c7a0d29fdbd7e5e38337cedf14d59b4b0d592c9c
070d8a65cd2e88b7f07c2ca71ba8da481cc52c6ce1c715e6e97818c9b48d13df49c873517d23d59085adb5dd20d6b52bd521ef2cdd5eb9246a3d8b4757e8d3f7
29e245eb2b260a0238fd010000ffff0300504b03041400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b0000160000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65
312e786d6cec594f6fdb3614bf0fd87720746f6327761a07758ad8b19b2d4d1bc46e871e698996d850a240d2497d1bdae38001c3ba618715d86d87615b8116d8
a5fb34d93a6c1dd0afb0475292c5585e9236d88aad3e2412f9e3fbff1e1fa9abd7eec70c1d1221294fda5efd72cd4324f1794093b0eddd1ef62fad79482a9c04
98f184b4bd2991deb58df7dfbb8ad755446282607d22d771db8b944ad79796a40fc3585ee62949606ecc458c15bc8a702910f808e8c66c69b9565b5d8a314d3c
94e018c8de1a8fa94fd05093f43672e23d06af89927ac06762a049136785c10607758d9053d965021d62d6f6804fc08f86e4bef210c352c144dbab999fb7b471
7509af678b985ab0b6b4ae6f7ed9ba6c4170b06c788a705430adf71bad2b5b057d03606a1ed7ebf5babd7a41cf00b0ef83a6569632cd467faddec9699640f671
9e76b7d6ac355c7c89feca9cccad4ea7d36c65b258a206641f1b73f8b5da6a6373d9c11b90c537e7f08dce66b7bbeae00dc8e257e7f0fd2badd5868b37a088d1
e4600ead1ddaef67d40bc898b3ed4af81ac0d76a197c86826828a24bb318f3442d8ab518dfe3a20f000d6458d104a9694ac6d88728eee2782428d60cf03ac1a5
193be4cbb921cd0b495fd054b5bd0f530c1931a3f7eaf9f7af9e3f45c70f9e1d3ff8e9f8e1c3e3073f5a42ceaa6d9c84e5552fbffdeccfc71fa33f9e7ef3f2d1
17d57859c6fffac327bffcfc793510d26726ce8b2f9ffcf6ecc98baf3efdfdbb4715f04d814765f890c644a29be408edf3181433567125272371be15c308d3f2
8acd249438c19a4b05fd9e8a1cf4cd296699771c393ac4b5e01d01e5a30a787d72cf1178108989a2159c77a2d801ee72ce3a5c545a6147f32a99793849c26ae6
6252c6ed637c58c5bb8b13c7bfbd490a75330f4b47f16e441c31f7184e140e494214d273fc80900aedee52ead87597fa824b3e56e82e451d4c2b4d32a423279a
668bb6690c7e9956e90cfe766cb37b077538abd27a8b1cba48c80acc2a841f12e698f13a9e281c57911ce298950d7e03aba84ac8c154f8655c4f2af074481847
bd804859b5e696007d4b4edfc150b12addbecba6b18b148a1e54d1bc81392f23b7f84137c2715a851dd0242a633f900710a218ed715505dfe56e86e877f0034e
16bafb0e258ebb4faf06b769e888340b103d3311da9750aa9d0a1cd3e4efca31a3508f6d0c5c5c398602f8e2ebc71591f5b616e24dd893aa3261fb44f95d843b
5974bb5c04f4edafb95b7892ec1108f3f98de75dc97d5772bdff7cc95d94cf672db4b3da0a6557f70db629362d72bcb0431e53c6066acac80d699a6409fb44d0
8741bdce9c0e4971624a2378cceaba830b05366b90e0ea23aaa241845368b0eb9e2612ca8c742851ca251ceccc70256d8d87265dd96361531f186c3d9058edf2
c00eafe8e1fc5c509031bb4d680e9f39a3154de0accc56ae644441edd76156d7429d995bdd88664a9dc3ad50197c38af1a0c16d684060441db02565e85f3b966
0d0713cc48a0ed6ef7dedc2dc60b17e92219e180643ed27acffba86e9c94c78ab90980d8a9f0913ee49d62b512b79626fb06dccee2a432bbc60276b9f7dec44b
7904cfbca4f3f6443ab2a49c9c2c41476dafd55c6e7ac8c769db1bc399161ee314bc2e75cf8759081743be1236ec4f4d6693e5336fb672c5dc24a8c33585b5fb
9cc24e1d4885545b58463634cc5416022cd19cacfccb4d30eb45296023fd35a458598360f8d7a4003bbaae25e331f155d9d9a5116d3bfb9a95523e51440ca2e0
088dd844ec6370bf0e55d027a012ae264c45d02f708fa6ad6da6dce29c255df9f6cae0ec38666984b372ab5334cf640b37795cc860de4ae2816e95b21be5ceaf
8a49f90b52a51cc6ff3355f47e0237052b81f6800fd7b802239daf6d8f0b1571a8426944fdbe80c6c1d40e8816b88b8569082ab84c36ff0539d4ff6dce591a26
ade1c0a7f669880485fd484582903d284b26fa4e2156cff62e4b9265844c4495c495a9157b440e091bea1ab8aaf7760f4510eaa69a6465c0e04ec69ffb9e65d0
28d44d4e39df9c1a52ecbd3607fee9cec7263328e5d661d3d0e4f62f44acd855ed7ab33cdf7bcb8ae889599bd5c8b3029895b6825696f6af29c239b75a5bb1e6
345e6ee6c28117e73586c1a2214ae1be07e93fb0ff51e133fb65426fa843be0fb515c187064d0cc206a2fa926d3c902e907670048d931db4c1a44959d366ad93
b65abe595f70a75bf03d616c2dd959fc7d4e6317cd99cbcec9c58b34766661c7d6766ca1a9c1b327531486c6f941c638c67cd22a7f75e2a37be0e82db8df9f30
254d30c1372581a1f51c983c80e4b71ccdd28dbf000000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000007468656d652f74
68656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73848f4d0ac2301484f78277086f6fd3ba109126dd88d0add40384e4350d363f24
51eced0dae2c082e8761be9969bb979dc9136332de3168aa1a083ae995719ac16db8ec8e4052164e89d93b64b060828e6f37ed1567914b284d262452282e3198
720e274a939cd08a54f980ae38a38f56e422a3a641c8bbd048f7757da0f19b017cc524bd62107bd5001996509affb3fd381a89672f1f165dfe514173d9850528
a2c6cce0239baa4c04ca5bbabac4df000000ffff0300504b01022d0014000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c0200001300000000000000000000000000
000000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6c504b01022d0014000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c0000000360100000b000000000000000000000000
002b0100005f72656c732f2e72656c73504b01022d00140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c00000000000000000000000000140200007468
656d652f7468656d652f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c504b01022d001400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b000016000000000000000000
00000000d10200007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65312e786d6c504b01022d00140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000000000
00000000000000009b0900007468656d652f7468656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73504b050600000000050005005d010000960a00000000}
{\*\colorschememapping 3c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d22796573223f3e0d0a3c613a636c724d
617020786d6c6e733a613d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f64726177696e676d6c2f323030362f6d6169
6e22206267313d226c743122207478313d22646b3122206267323d226c743222207478323d22646b322220616363656e74313d22616363656e74312220616363
656e74323d22616363656e74322220616363656e74333d22616363656e74332220616363656e74343d22616363656e74342220616363656e74353d22616363656e74352220616363656e74363d22616363656e74362220686c696e6b3d22686c696e6b2220666f6c486c696e6b3d22666f6c486c696e6b222f3e}
{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax267\lsdlockeddef0\lsdsemihiddendef0\lsdunhideuseddef0\lsdqformatdef0\lsdprioritydef0{\lsdlockedexcept \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Normal;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 1;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 2;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 3;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 4;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 5;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 6;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 7;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 8;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 9;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 caption;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Title;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Subtitle;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Hyperlink;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Strong;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Emphasis;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Normal (Web);\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Placeholder Text;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority1 \lsdlocked0 No Spacing;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2;
\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List;
\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 1;
\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 1;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 1;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Revision;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority34 \lsdlocked0 List Paragraph;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority29 \lsdlocked0 Quote;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority30 \lsdlocked0 Intense Quote;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 1;
\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 1;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 1;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 1;
\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 1;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 2;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 2;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 2;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 2;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 2;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 2;
\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 3;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 3;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 3;
\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 3;
\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 3;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 3;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 3;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 4;
\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 4;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 4;
\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 4;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 4;
\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 4;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 4;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 5;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 5;
\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 5;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 5;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 5;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 5;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 5;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 5;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 5;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 6;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 6;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 6;
\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 6;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 6;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 6;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 6;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 6;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 6;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority19 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Emphasis;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority21 \lsdlocked0 Intense Emphasis;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority31 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority32 \lsdlocked0 Intense Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority33 \lsdlocked0 Book Title;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority37 \lsdlocked0 Bibliography;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 TOC Heading;}}{\*\datastore 0105000002000000180000004d73786d6c322e534158584d4c5265616465722e352e3000000000000000000000060000
d0cf11e0a1b11ae1000000000000000000000000000000003e000300feff090006000000000000000000000001000000010000000000000000100000feffffff00000000feffffff0000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fffffffffffffffffdfffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff52006f006f007400200045006e00740072007900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000500ffffffffffffffffffffffffec69d9888b8b3d4c859eaf6cd158be0f000000000000000000000000c0ed
b26a77f9d001feffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000105000000000000}}