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{\title \'93this is a quote, has said, of me saying \'91this is a quote\'92\'94}{\author senikuraciri_r}{\operator baleimatuku_l}{\creatim\yr2016\mo1\dy26\hr15\min49}{\revtim\yr2016\mo1\dy26\hr15\min49}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords3062}
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1985}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7149843\charrsid8918262 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262  31 FLR 136}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 COURT OF APPEAL OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 SUBAIYA MANI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 ST. FORT INVESTMENT LTD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 [COURT OF APPEAL (Speight, V. P., Roper, J. A.. O'Regan J.A.)]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Civil Jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
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Date of Hearing: 23 November, 1985\line Date of Judgment: 8 November, 1985}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
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\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Contract\~-\~claim for agent's commission-factors necessary to a finding of implied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 promise-finding that no common understanding can be implied is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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 past consideration-when it can become such consideration as will support a promise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
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\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 A. K. Singh\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 for the Appellant\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 B. N. Sweetman\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 for the Respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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Appeal by Subaiya Mani against a decision of the Supreme Court rejecting a claim against St. Fort Investment & Ors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
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In its Reasons for Judgment the Court of Appeal noted there was much conflict in witnesses' evidence as
 to the role played by appellant and the relationship if any between him and the third respondent Lawlor who acted for and on behalf of his co-shareholders, the other respondents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The Court set out in its Reasons for Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
the following outline of facts:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The Bay of Islands Company Limited ("the Company'') owned the Tradewinds Hotel at Lami together with certain land and other assets connected therewith.\~\~
The respondents were shareholders in the company. The shareholders had decided to sell their interest some three (3) or four (4) years prior to 1981.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Sometime in 1981, the shareholders had given an option to purchase their shares in the Company to certain New Zealand investors. The option was to expire at the end of August 1981.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 In 1981 Hanuman Parshad, a
 businessman from Hon Kong, became interested in investing in Fiji. Parshad had earlier met Vivekanand Sharma at various places overseas. In August, 1981 Parshad telephoned Sharma and asked to find him a hotel in Fiji which was for sale. As a result of th
is call Sharma contacted the Appellant, a Real Estate Agent, who then commenced making enquiries for possible properties to refer to Parshad.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The appellant had earlier heard rumours that the Tradewinds
 Hotel was for sale. He contacted the Hotel to check on its availability and was referred to the 2nd named respondent, who in turn informed him that her son Lawlor was the person to deal with. Lawlor was at that time away on a fishing trip.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 On 10th August, 1981, the Appellant met Lawlor at the Hotel. Indeed his first approach (as the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Judge found) was to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
rouse Lawlor from his bed late at night and endeavour to obtain a written authority to sell, which was refused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 On 11th August 1981, Parshad arrived in Fiji and checked in at the Tradewinds Hotel. The Appellant informed Lawlor of Parshad\rquote s arrival.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The next morning the Appellant, Parshad and Sharma went to Lawlor's office.\~\~Appellant had also taken Parshad to view another hotel near Nadi, but Parshad had not been interested.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
In the course of the next few days, negotiations and discussions took place between Parshad and Lawlor and Appellant was present at most or all of these meetings. This was not unnatural for he had been engaged by Sharma on behalf Parshad.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
On 17th August, 1981, Parshad, Lawlor, Sharma, and Appellant were present in the office of Mr Michael Benefield at Messrs Munro, Leys & Company. Agreement was imminent and the price was attractive to Lawlor. Appellant raised the question of his commission
 and Parshad said he would not pay it. This looked as if it would be a stumbling block and the Judge has found that Lawlor, fearing a break down in negotiations said to those present that he would look after the Appellant's commission.\~\~
The Judge has found that this undertaking was given not to the Appellant but to Parshad, and no amount was\~mentioned. Appellant has subsequently made demand but Lawlor has not paid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The trial Judge held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-698\li1418\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (a)\~\~\~\~\~\~\~That there had been no engagement by Lawlor of Appellant prior to 17th August;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (b)\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~
On 17th August there was a promise by Lawlor that he would pay Appellant, but no consideration was given at that time by the Appellant in exchange for the promise, and anything then said by the Appellant w
ould be defeated by the doctrine of past consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Counsel for the appellant submission was that the trial Judge found:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-698\li1418\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (a)\~\~\~\~\~\~ Appellant was at the meeting of 17th August and his presence was not refused there;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (b)\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~He was not a friend of' the parties but in estate agent interested in the transaction;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (c)\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~Lawlor undertook to pay Appellant's commission\_a matter which was being pressed\~upon\~
the meeting by Appellant and which Lawlor himself said in evidence was a matter he wished to have clarified.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The Court of Appeal in its reasons set out the 'crucial matters' (trial Judge\rquote s words) which formed part of conclusion, reached by the trial Judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The Appellant sought out Lawlor and begged to be given written authority to sell and was refused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The Appellant although rebuffed decided to stay in the negotiations in the hope that something to his advantage would emerge. The Appellant failed to establish the existence of an agency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 agreement between himself and the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 prior to the meeting of 17th August.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
On 17th August Parshad raised the question of commission and said he would not pay it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Fearing the loss of the sale Lawlor told Parshad he would pay the Commission to the Appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li50\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin50\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
There had been no request by Lawlor for the Appellant to play any part in the negotiations on his behalf and there was no understanding between them that he would pay anything "nor" said the Judge \'93could such be implied.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Held:
\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 An appellate court can draw inferences, including perhaps of an
 implied promise between parties, from established facts. The crucial meeting was that of August 1984.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~
There must be a matter of deciding that in their dealings (i.e. between the parties) from what had been said, from the way they reacted to each other, f
rom their conduct inter se, it was clear to each that they were acting on a common though unspoken understanding. A pronouncement that there was no such understanding made by the Judge who had seen and heard them given evidence is a conclusion of fact. Th
e Court could not reach a conclusion adverse to that finding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Findings of facts were fatal to there being held that the three conditions which must be satisfied so\~
that an act done before the giving of a promise to make\~a payment can be consideration for the promise had been established.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 See also\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Pao on v. Lau Yui Long (1980) A.C. 614}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
There was no engagement of Mani by Lawlor prior to 17 August and no consideration which would sustain the alleged promise of that date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Appeal dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Cases referred to:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Powell v. Streatham Manor Nursing Home\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1935)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 A.C. 243.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \line Lanleigh v. Brathwait\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1615) Hob. 105.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 re Casey's Parents, Stewart v. Casey\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1892)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Ch. 104\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Casey v. C.I.R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 . (1959)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 N.Z.L.R. 1052\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \line re McArdle\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1951) Ch. 669}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \line Pao On v. Lau Yiu Long\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1980) A.C. 614}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 SPEIGHT,\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Vice President.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
In an action in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Supreme Court sitting at Suva the Appellant (Mani) had claimed from the Respondents the sum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 of $124,500 alleging that he was entitled to that sum as commission earned by him for negotiating the 
sale and purchase of the Respondents' shares in Bay of Islands Hotel Company Limited by a Hong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Kong businessman Mr Hanuman Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Rooney J. heard the case, rejected the claim and gave judgment in favour of the Respondents. Mani now appeals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The transaction was not a particularly complicated one but there was much conflict in the evidence given by various witnesses as to the role played by the Appellant, and the relationship if any between him and the Third Respondent Gregory Lawlor who}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 acted 
for and on behalf on his co-shareholders, the other Respondents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The learned Judge, in a lengthy judgment detailed these conflicts, and obviously was much troubled as to where the truth lay for he said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\'93I am of the opinion that none of the Witnesses, with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 the exception of Jamnadas, has given evidence which is entirely truthful\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Jamnadas was a solicitor who had some brief part in the affair but his evidence was of limited scope and did not carry the matter one way or the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The following outline is taken (with some editing and addition) from Mr Singh's admirable written submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The Bay of Islands Company Limited ("the Company") owned the Tradewinds Hotel at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Lami together with certain land and other assets connected therewith. The respondents were shareholders in the company. The shareholders had decided to sell their interest some three (3) or four (4) years prior to 1981.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Sometime in 1981, the shareholders had given an option to purchase their shares in the Company to certain New Zealand and invest
ors. The option was to expire at the end of August, 1981.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
In 1981 Hanuman Parshad ("Parshad"), a businessman from Hong Kong, became interested in investing in Fiji. Parshad had earlier met Vivekanand Sharma ("Sharma") at various places overseas. In August,
 1981 Parshad telephoned Sharma and asked to find him a hotel in Fiji which was for sale. As a result of this call, Sharma contacted the Appellant, a Real Estate Agent, who then commenced making enquiries for possible properties to refer to Parshad.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The ap
pellant had earlier heard rumours that the Tradewinds Hotel was for sale. He contacted the Hotel to check on its availability and was referred to the 2nd named respondent, who in turn informed him that her son Lawlor was the person to deal with. Lawlor wa
s at that time away on a fishing trip.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
On 10th August. 1981, the Appellant met Lawlor at the Hotel. Indeed his first approach (as the Judge found) was to rouse Lawlor from his bed late at night and endeavour to obtain a written authority to sell, which was refused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 On 11th August, 1981, Parshad arrived in Fiji and checked in at the Tradewinds Hotel. The Appellant informed Lawlor of Parshad\rquote s arrival.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The next morning the Appellant, Parshad and Sharma went to Lawlor\rquote s office.\~\~Appellant had also taken to view
 another hotel near Nadi, but Parshad had not been interested.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
In the course of the next few days, negotiations and discussions took place between Parshad and Lawlor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 and Appellant was present at most or all of these meetings. This was not unnatural for he had been engaged by Sharma on behalf of Parshad.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 On 17th August. 1981, Parshad, Lawlor, Sharma and Appellant were present in the office of Mr Michael Benefield at Messrs Munro, Leys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
& Company. Agreement was imminent and the price was attractive to Lawlor. Appellant raised the question of his commission and Parshad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
said he would not pay it. This looked as if it would be a stumbling block and the Judge has found that Lawlor, fearing a break down in negotiations said to those present that he would look after t
he Appellant's commission. The Judge has found that this undertaking was given not to the Appellant but to Parshad, and no amount was mentioned. Appellant has subsequently made demand but Lawlor has not paid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The trial Judge held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
(a) that there had been no engagement\~by\~Lawlor of Appellant prior to\~17th August;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (b) On 17th August there was a promise by Lawlor that he would pay Appellant, but no consideration was given at that time by the Appellant in\~
exchange for the promise, and anything then said by the Appellant would be defeated by\~the doctrine of past consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
On appeal Mr Singh advances his submissions under two grounds:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li540\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
"1. That the learned trial Judge erred in law and in fact in holding that the Appellant had failed to establish the existence of an agency agreement prior to the meeting of the 17th August. 1981 in light of the evidence accepted by His Lordship;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 2. That the learned trial Judge erred in\~law and in fact in\~holding that\~the Respondent's (Lawlor's) undertaking to pay the Appellant's 
commission was gratuitous and not supported by any consideration."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Under Ground 1:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Mr Singh has carefully examined the evidence. He accepts as he must the specific findings of fact expressed in the judgment, but submits that this court is free to draw its 
own inferences based on those primary findings and he relies on the well-known authority of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Powell v. Streatham Manor Nursing Home\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1935) AC 243 \_ a case frequently cited and adopted by this Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Mr Singh's submission is that the judge has found:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
(a) Appellant was at the meeting of 17th August and his presence was not refused there;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (b) He was not a friend of the parties but an estate agent interested in the transaction;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (c) Lawlor undertook to pay Appellant's commission a matter which was being presse
d upon the meeting by Appellant and which Lawlor himself said in evidence was a matter he wished to have clarified.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
From the facts it is submitted that this Court should draw the inference that Lawlor's undertaking presupposed some arrangement or contract 
between him and the Appellant, and the undertaking was an admission evidencing the prior agreement, Mr Singh's submissions were made succinctly but with clarity. However we believe that they are attempting to persuade us to conclusions which are contrary 
to factual findings not merely to inferences so based.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The learned Judge spent many pages setting out the conflicting versions of events given by the witnesses on each side and said how difficult it was to find the exact truth and he expressly said that non
e of them (except Jamnadas) was totally truthful. But he then sets down such conclusions as he could reach with sufficient confidence to base a judgment. He commences that part of his conclusions (at p. 100) with the words: \'93I have no doubt that..."}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The crucial matters so found are (using the Judge's words):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li709\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The Appellant sought out Lawlor and begged to be given written authority to sell and was refused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li709\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The Appellant although rebuffed decided to stay in the negotiations in the hope that something to his advantage would emerge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The Appellant failed to establish the existence of an agency agreement between himself and the Respondent prior to the meeting of 17th August.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 On 17th August Parshad raised the question of commission and said he would not pay it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Fearing the loss of the sale Lawlor told Parshad he would pay the Commissions to the Appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
There had been no request by Lawlor for the Appellant to play any part in the negotiations on his behalf and there was no understanding between them that he would pay anything "nor " said the Judge "could such be implied."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Now it can be accepted that given established facts, an Appellate Court can draw inferences - and perhaps an \'93implied promise" could be a matter of inference. But in\~circumstances such as these t
he "implication" means something which both men would understand had arisen from the course of dealing between them. That must he a matter of deciding that in their dealings, from what had been said, from the way they reacted to each other, from their con
duct inter se, it was clear to each that they were acting on a common though unspoken understanding. A pronouncement that there was no such understanding made by the Judge who has seen and heard them give\~
evidence is as much a conclusion of fact as a finding of what words were spoken between them. This Court could not reach such a conclusion in the fact of the Judge's finding that there was:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~No prior understanding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Ground 2 traverses the same factual material but deals with the legal situation which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 can arise "past consideration cases".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Mr Singh has accurately discussed the scope of:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Lanleigh v. Braithwait\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1615) Hob. 105\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 re Casey's Patents,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Steward v. Casey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~(1892) 1 Ch. 104\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 re McArdle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~(1951) Ch. 669,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
and other cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The principles to be derived from these are set out with clarity in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Chitty on Contracts\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~Ed.) at paras. 162-165.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
In para. 165 it is said:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li900\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin900\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \'93Past act done\~at promisor's request}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
. Even an act done before the giving of a promise to make a payment can be consideration for the promise when thr
ee conditions are satisfied. First, the act must have been done at the request of the promisor; secondly, it must have been understood that payment would be made: and thirdly, the payment, if it had been promised in advance, must have been legally recover
able. In such a case the promisee is, quite apart from the subsequent promise, entitled to a quantum meruit for his services.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
The same matters have been recently summarised to the same effect by Lord Scarman in delivering the opinion of the Privy Council in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Pao}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 On v. Lau Yiu Long\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 (1980) AC 614.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
If we refer back to the factual matters discussed under Ground I we see that there were findings of fact fatal to the appellant on both the first and second requirements referred to in para. 165\_
namely, there was no request by the promissor and no understanding as to payment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Finally Mr Singh submitted that this was substantially one transaction, in the way in which that matter is discussed in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Chitty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~at para. 163.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 But here there were distinct stag
es in the transaction - a clear separation of events prior to the 17th of August, as against the matters which developed on that day, and this differs from the example given by\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Chitty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 \~of the\~handing over of a guarantee immediately after the purchase of goods.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
Finally one notes that in all cases the consideration. if it existed, must pass from the promissee. The consideration on the 17th August which is the only transaction which could sustain the claim on the facts as found, was the agreement by\~Parshad to 
buy the shares. We do not speculate what the result might have been had Appellant sued Parshad for payment for his activities in finding him a seller, and Parshad had claimed an indemnity arising out of his dealings with Lawlor on the 17th August.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
It will be seen that we are in broad agreement with the conclusion reached by Rooney J. There was no engagement of appellant by Lawlor prior to 17th August, and no consideration which would sustain the alleged promise of that date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 The appeal is dismissed with costs to be taxed if not agreed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10777442 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 Appeal dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10777442\charrsid8918262 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231\charrsid8918262 
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