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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 KRISHNA KIRAN NAIDU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 REGINAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par [COURT OF APPEAL. Speight. V.P., Mishra. J.A. O'Regan, J.A.]
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Date of Hearing: 4 July, 1984\line Delivery of Judgment: 27 July, 1984
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Criminal Law - Murder and attempted murder - properly joined in one indictment - offences arose out of the same incident - evidence to establish almost identical - transferred malice - act occurring independently of exercise of will - "accident".}{
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\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 S. M. Koya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 for the Appellant\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 J. Sabharwal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
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\par Appeal against conviction for Murder and Attempted Murder by husband of his 5 year old child and wife respectively under two counts in the same information.
\par Appellant and his wi
fe were estranged and living apart. He brought their child back to the matrimonial home to try to persuade his wife to return. She did so but with a bailiff with a court order for custody of the child. The appellant refused to give custody and, in anger, 
struck blows to his wife with a cane knife which caused fractures on the wife's arm or arms. The child, in the vicinity, also received a blow on the head and died.
\par Application was made for separate trials of the two offences but was refused. This was said to be wrongful exercise of the discretion and was one of grounds of appeal.
\par The appellant at the trial had as a defence to the charge of murder, raised the defence of accident. There was a conflict of evidence. Appellant said he was unaware of the presence
 of the child near him. He had run into the path of a blow aimed at his wife. Prosecution evidence was that after striking several blows at his wife he had turned and struck deliberately at the child. In dealing with the issue in his summing up the learne
d trial judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"It is laid down in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 that any person who of malice aforethought causes death of another person by an unlawful act or omission is guilty of murder. The term 
'malice aforethought is an old term which has remained part of our law and which may be misleading if not explained. malice aforethought is deemed to be established by evidence proving anyone or more of the following circumstances:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
(a) An intention to cause the death of or to do grievous harm to any person, whether such person is the person actually killed or not and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
(b) knowledge that the act or omission causing death will probably cause the death of or grievous harm to some person whether such person is 
the person actually killed or not although such knowledge is accompanied by indifference whether death or grievous bodily harm is caused or not, or by a wish that it may not be caused.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
For the purposes of this case you need only to confine yourselves to th
e first part of the definition. As I have said it is not in dispute that it is acknowledged by the accused that he caused the death of his son. So all that we are concerned with here is whether the prosecutions has proved beyond all doubt that malice afor
ethought was present at the time. Again it is a question of intention.
\par The appellant argued that s.9(1) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 applied and should have been, the subject of a specific direction. It stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"9(1) Subject to the express provisions of this Code relating to negligent acts and omissions, a person is not criminally responsible for an act or omission which occurs independently of the exercise of his will, or for an event which occurs by accident."

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
1. As to the indictment charging two offences, the offences arose out of the same incident and the evidence to establish them would be almost identical and coming from the same witnesses. This was a proper case for a joint trial. The trial Judge
 left open the possibility of a renewal of the application. There was no further application. The joint trial occasioned neither prejudice nor embarrassment to the appellant. The trial Judge's discretion was correctly exercised.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
2. As to the death of the child, s.9(l) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 had no application even if the appellant's version of the events was accepted. The wielding of the cane knife with intent to strike his wife \'85 was not an act which
 occurs independently of the exercise of the (appellant's) will.
\par "Accident" could not be raised by way of defence where a deliberate and unlawful act resulted in the death of a person other than the one to whom it had been directed. See e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 R. v. Mitchell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 (1983) 2 All E.R. 428 at p.431.
\par The position is no different if the assailant was unaware of the presence of the unintended victim.
\par The appellant's act in this case was a "willed" act. The intent was to inflict grievous bodily harm. Nothing about these sequence was accidental.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
Under Fiji Law and English cases which are considered binding the rule relating to transferred malice as enunciated by the learned Judge would be applicable to the version put forward by the applicant. Other criticisms of the summing
 up, and ill relation to verdicts alternative to attempted murder have not been reported.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
Appeal dismissed.
\par Cases referred to:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
R. v. Mitchell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
(1983) 2 All E.R. 428.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \line 
Sheik Hasuan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=9%20FLR%20110" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 9 F.L.R. 110.}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \line Timbu Kolian v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1968%5d%20HCA%2066" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 [1968] HCA 66}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=119%20CLR%2047" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 119 C.L.R. 47.}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 MISHRA. Judge of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
The appellant was convicted by the Supreme Court, Suva, of Murder and Attempted Murder under two counts in the same Information.
\par He appeals against his convictions.
\par The brief facts were:
\par The appellant's marriage had broken down and, some time before the commission of these offences, his wife Evangaline had left him and gone with their child, Roneel
, three years of age, to live with her grand parents. Some days later the appellant brought the child back in the hope that this would induce his wife to return to the matrimonial home.
\par She did, but with a court bailiff and an order requiring him to give up the custody of the child. He refused whereupon the bailiff threatened to arrest him.
\par Angered, the appellant picked up a long-handled cane knife and went after them. The bailiff ran back to the taxi that had brought them. Evangaline received several blows, all landing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
on her arms, some causing compound fractures of the bones. The child, Roneel, who was also in the vicinity, received a blow on the head and died. Evangaline was taken to the hospital and survived. The appellant was charged with the murder of 
Roneel and attempted murder of Evangaline.
\par Application was unsuccessfully made at the commencement for separate trials of the two offences. One of the grounds (ground 10) of Appeal complains that the Learned Judge erred in exercising his discretion against severance. We are unable to agree. The tw
o
 offences arose out of the same incident and the evidence to establish them would be almost identical coming from the same witnesses. Evangaline would he the main witness in each case. This made it a proper case for a joint trial. Even so he Learned judge
 said
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"On the other hand, should it appear at any later stage of the trial that the accused may be prejudiced by the joinder, the application may he reopened and separation may be ordered at any stage."'
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
Application was not renewed.
\par We do not consider any special feature of the joint trial indicated prejudice or embarrassment to the appellant and the judges discretion was properly exercised.
\par Sixteen grounds of appeal have been put forward covering nine typed pages and it will therefore, be unnecessarily cumbersome to set them down here in their entirety.
\par The first four, which may conveniently be dealt with together, relate to adequacy and correctness of the directions to the assessors on malice aforethought necessary to establish the offence of murder in the special circumstances of the case.
\par The appellant's defence was 'accident'. He was not, he said, aware of the presence of the child near him when he had, unknown to the appellant, run into the path of one of his blows aimed at his wife. The medical evidence
 indicated only one blow on the body of the deceased. The appellant's deep love for the child was not challenged.
\par The prosecution evidence, disputed by the defence, was that the appellant, after striking several blows upon Evangaline, had turned around and struck a deliberately aimed blow at the deceased.
\par In dealing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
with the issue the Judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"It is laid down in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 that any person who of malice aforethought causes the death of another person by an unlawful act or omission is guilty of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
murder. The term malice aforethought is an old term which has remained part of our law and which may be misleading if not explained. Malice aforethought is deemed to be established by evidence proving any one or more of the following circumstances:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
An intention to cause the death of or to do grievous harm to any person, whether such person is the person actually killed or not, and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 knowledge that the act or omission causing death or will probabl
y cause the death of or grievous harm to some person whether such person is the person actually killed or not, although such knowledge is accompanied, by indifference whether death or grievous bodily harm is cause or not, or by a wish that it may not be c
aused.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
For the purposes of this case you need only to confine yourselves to the first part of the definition. As I have said it is not in dispute and it is acknowledged by the accused that he caused the death of his son. So all what we are concerned with he
re is whether the prosecution has proved beyond all doubt that malice aforethought was present at the time. Again it is a question of intention."
\par For the purposes of this case you need only to confine yourselves to the first part of the definition. As I ha
ve said it is not in dispute and it is acknowledged by the accused that he caused the death of his son. So all what we are concerned with here is whether the prosecution has proved beyond all doubt that malice aforethought was present at the time. Again i
t is a question of intention."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
He then dealt in some detail with the prosecution evidence indicating a deliberate well aimed blow to the head and drew attention to discrepancies and contradictions. He did not, in as many words, say that, if they accepted th
e prosecution version it would be a clear case of murder but we have no doubt that would have been obvious to the assessors.
\par The Judge then went on to deal with the appellant's evidence. He said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"It is the contention of the accused that the striking of Roneel was an accident. That is to say, while he was chopping his wife with the knife, his son ran between them and received a knife wound meant for the accused's wife."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
After dealing with some other aspects of the appellant's evidence, the Judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 "If
 you accept as true or as something which may be true. the evidence of the accused as to the killing of Roneel, then you must consider what the position is in law. If, while the accused was striking his wife}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 he intended to cause her death}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 or to do grievous
 harm to her and if in the course of that action. he accidentally caused the death of his son then malice aforethought is deemed to be present. A man who shoots another intending to kill or cause grievous harm to him is guilty of murder of any other perso
n who is killed by his bullet. So the intention of the accused in the course of his attack on Evangaline is material to the charge of murder on the accused's own version of events."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
This direction, submits Counsel, was inadequate and erroneous. The Judge, according to him, should have asked the assessors to consider if the deceased's death was covered by section 9(1) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 which reads:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"9(1) Subject to the express provisions of this Code relating to negligent acts and omissions, a person is not criminally responsible for an act or omission which occurs independently of the exercise of his will, or for an event which occurs by accident."

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
This section in our view. has no application to th
e facts of the present case even if the version put forward by the appellant himself were accepted. If he was wielding a cane knife with the intent of causing death or grievous harm to his wife the act on his part did not occur independently of the exerci
se of his will. If by this act death was caused to someone other than his wife the position would be covered by the express provisions of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 which the Judge quoted in the passage cited above and which include the words "whether such person is the person actually killed or not".
\par No reason has been shown why these express words should be so construed as to limit their application to persons who, to the knowledge of the offender, were likely to be exposed to danger of harm.
\par Even in case of manslaughter where no such express words appear in the Code "accident" cannot be raised by way of defence where a deliberate and unlawful act results in the death of a person other than the one at which the act was directed. In}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 R. v. Mitchell}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
(1983) 2 All E.R. 428 at 431 the Court of Appeal Criminal Division said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"We can see no reason of policy for holding that an act calculated to harm A cannot be manslaughter if it in fact kills B. The criminality o
f the doer of the act is precisely the same whether it is A or B who dies. A person who throws a stone at A is just as guilty if, instead of hitting and killing A, it hits and kills B".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
The position, in our view, would be no different if the person throwing the stone was unaware of B's presence.
\par The Learned Judge's directions on the issue were clear and correct, and covered both the situations i.e. where the appellant directly aimed the blow at the deceased as well as where he aimed the blow at his wife and inadvertently struck the deceased.

\par The grounds fail.
\par Ground 5 complains of the following passage in the Learned Judge's summing-up.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"I propose to deal first with the second count on the Information. Namely, the attempted murder of Evangaline.
 It is essential that each count of the indictment he considered separately. However, in this case for reasons which I shall explain to you your view of the intention of the accused on the count of attempted murder may affect your assessment of his intent
ion on the count of murder, because the incident involving the wife of the accused preceded in time that involving his son."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
This, says counsel, made it impossible for the assessors to consider the two counts separately. In view of the defence put forward b
y the appellant, this objection is difficult to comprehend. Separate attack on the child was denied. The assault was on the wife alone, the injury to the child being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
last in time and accidental in nature. Evidentially, the two events were inextricably intertwined. The order in which the Judge dealt with the two offences was logical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
from the point of view of time sequence and his invitation to the assessors to consider the issue of intent in relation to the admitted assault on the wife was not only legitimate but necessary.
\par Ground 6 has also little to commend itself to us. Part of the defence case rested or, the argument that the appellant's deep love for his son would make it impossible for him to form an intent to harm him. The Learned Judge asked the asses
sors to accept his undoubted love for the child. He said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"I do not think that you should doubt that the accused loved his son. His attitude is confirmed by his wife. However, love is no protection against human passion. To some people love cannot be divor
ced from the idea of possession. Some people cannot endure the idea of being parted from the beloved, be it a man or woman, a child, a favoured animal, a painting or other object of art. There are people who would rather destroy the object of love than lo
s
e it and there have been many cases over the years in which husbands, wives lovers and even children have been destroyed as a result of thwarted or rejected love. It is for you to consider whether the accused, who was faced with the loss of his child is s
uch a person".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
We see nothing objectionable in the passage which was followed by a detailed discussion of the evidence of witnesses testifying to the manner in which the injury to the deceased was occasioned and the appellant's own evidence as to his knowle
dge and intent. The matter was then left fairly with the assessors. Taken in its entirety this part of the summing-up is, in our view, balanced and fair with no likelihood of prejudice occurring to the appellant from the paragraph complained of.
\par Grounds 7,
 8 and 9 deal with discrepancies and conflicts in the evidence of prosecution witnesses Evangaline the bailiff Bir Chand, the taxi driver Bhagauti Prasad and Makitalena all of whom were present at the scene the whole, or part, of the time. It is clear fro
m
 the record that these discrepancies were exhaustively dealt with by counsel in their addresses to the assessors and would have been fresh in their minds. It is not easy for a trial Judge to decide the precise extent to which he must go into the details o
f
 evidence without making the summing-up cumbersome and confusing. In our view the Learned Judge's references to, and treatment of, the conflicts and discrepancies were sufficiently comprehensive. In case of Evangaline, in addition to dealing with discrepa
ncies, he warned the assessors-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"Evangaline has suffered severely at the hands of the accused. Not only was she injured with the cane knife but she saw her son Roneel destroyed before her eyes. Such a tragedy is likely to leave behind a feeling of great bit
terness. It is for you to decide whether Evangaline has coloured her evidence and added things that did not happen in an effort to make things worse for her estranged husband."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
In case of Makitalena there was, apart from other discrepancies a significant d
ifference between her evidence and what she had told the police about the exact position of the child in relation to the appellant at the time was struck. About this the Judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"Again she was confronted with her previous statement and there is a certa
in measure of confusion in her testimony as to whether at the time she was struck Roneel had passed his father and was on his way to his mother. Again it is for you to decide on the reliability of this witness."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
This, taken by itself may appear somewhat cursory. Immediately before Makitalena's evidence, however, the Judge had dealt with the evidence of the taxi driver where he had said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"The taxi driver said that he saw the child run behind his father and that the accused turned and struck him with a knife.
 In cross-examination he said that the child was running whilst he was struck. A previous statement made by this witness to the police was put to him in which it was pointed out that he did not mention that he saw the accused turn before striking the chil
d. It is for you to decide whether such inconsistencies as may exist between what this witness said to the police and what he told the Court are material enough for you to doubt the reliability of his evidence."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
Both the witnesses had been cross-examined in
 detail and explanations they gave were fully before the assessors. The directions taken together would have left no doubt in the assessors' mind that the testimony of these two witnesses called for specially careful scrutiny. Materiality of the omission 
in one case and of the discrepancy in the other was. in our view, properly left to them.
\par Grounds 11 and 12 relate to the charge of attempted murder and together they allege first that the standard of proof was not put to the assessors with sufficient clarit
y and secondly, that the directions to them on finding the appellant guilty on lesser offences were inadequate.
\par Assault with the knife was admitted. So was the infliction of numerous injuries. The Judge told the assessors that there was no question of an o
utright acquittal. He stated clearly that the standard of proof required was one of satisfaction beyond reasonable doubt. He later stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"It is for you to decide whether on all the evidence you are satisfied that the accused, when he attacked his wife wi
th the cane knife (which can be described as a lethal weapon,) had at the time an intention to bring about her death. If you are not satisfied on this point or if you are doubtful, then the accused must be given the benefit of that doubt. In these circums
tances it would be in order for you to bring, in an alternative verdict."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
The words "beyond reasonable doubt" do not here follow "satisfied". Nor is there any specific direction requiring the assessors, in case of doubt, to Find the appellant not guilty of 
attempted murder but guilty of an alternative lesser offence. We are, however, convinced that the statement could not possibly have left any doubt in the assessors' minds as to their function.
\par As for alternative offences, the Judge referred to the medical 
evidence and expressed the opinion that they should find the injuries as amounting to serious harm. There were ten knife wounds all on the arms four of them having caused compound fractures of the bones. The Judge then said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"If you consider that to be the position and that the accused intended to cause grievous harm, then it will be in order for you to express the opinion he is guilty, of unlawful wounding with intent to do grievous harm contrary to section 244 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 , or in the further alternative causing grievous harm contrary to section 227."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
The passage is quite clear as to the specific lesser offences of which the appellant might have been found guilty. The grounds, therefore are not sustainable.
\par No much was urged in support of grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 13 and 15 and we say no more than to express the view that the Learned Judge's directions on the matters referred to were correct and adequate.
\par The remaining around 14 concerns the statement made by the appellant to the police a short time after the incident. No coercion or inducement was alleged but exclusion was urged as a matter of judicial discretion. The Learned Judge declined to exercise hi
s discretion in the manner suggested.
\par Reasons for complaint were Firstly that the interviewing officer, in the caution. had stated that he was enquiring into the matter in which the appellant had murdered his son Roneel and assaulted his wife causing her gr
ievous bodily harm: and secondly that at the end of the statement the officer had asked him if he wanted to tell him anything else where upon the appellant had remarked "I wanted to finish off my wife so she won't be there nor would there be any more trou
ble".
\par As to the first complaint it was urged that the use of word "murder" in the caution was objectionable, being likely to cause apprehension in the mind of the appellant in support of which proposition counsel cited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Sheik Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=9%20FLR%20110" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 (9 F.L.R. 110).}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
The Learned Judge, quite correctly found the facts of the two cases completely dissimilar. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Sheik Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 vigorous interrogation had taken place
 over a long period during which Hassan's Counsel were disallowed contact with him. The Court there found five distinct items of impropriety in the conduct of superior police officers who among other things had used the expression "murder" during the ques
tioning. It held that the cumulative effect of all these items amounted to harassment and oppression, Even there, it said,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"It is perhaps true that no single matter of objection set out above would in itself be sufficient to make the statement inadmissible."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
In the present case no actual harassment of any kind is alleged. The appellant was himself on his way to report the matter to the police and to hand in the knife. He never at any stage denied that he had caused the death of the deceased. The Learned Judg
e was correct in saying:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"There is no evidence in the present case that the accused was impressed by the words used by the Inspector. He launched forth into a lengthy statement and was on one occasion during a break in the proceedings reminded of the cauti
on administered to him at the outset"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
As for the question put by the interviewing officer towards the end of the interview the Judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"I know of no case in which has been held that a suspect who makes what amounts to a confession in the course of his 
narrative must be immediately treated under Judge's Rule III. The question as framed by the Inspector was innocuous and it was natural to put it in the circumstances. Whatever the accused said thereafter cannot in my view be declared inadmissible on the g
rounds that the question was unfair."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
We concur.
\par Ground 16, on severity of sentence for attempted murder, was not pursued.
\par The appeal is dismissed.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 ADDENDUM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
Since the completion of this judgment we have been, by consent of both counsel, referred to the te
xtbook Criminal Law of Queensland by R.E. Carter, particularly to section 23 of the Criminal Code of that state (which is in terms identical with those of section 9 of the Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 ) and t
he commentary thereunder. We do not find anything there which will persuade us to come to a view different from that expressed in the judgment. The appellant's act in this case was a "willed" act and the intent was to cause serious bodily harm. Nothing ab
out those two elements was accidental. What was unforeseen, if the defence version were accepted. was the sudden appearance of the child in front of the appellant. Under the definition of malice aforethought in the Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
it is immaterial that the blow aimed at the wife with the necessary intent fell upon the child. The directions on the issue were, therefore, in our view correct.
\par Dealing with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Timbu Kolian v. R.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.pa
clii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1968%5d%20HCA%2066" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 [1968] HCA 66}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025126 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=119%20CLR%2047" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 (119 C.L.R. 47)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid81753\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 a case decided under the Queensland Code, the learned authors of Criminal Law - Smith and Hogan (5th edition. footnote at p.62) say-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
"Under the Queensland Criminal Code transferred malice is inapplicable."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
We find it unnecessary to comment on that case. It might well be. however. (thought we express n
o view on it) that on the facts of this case where the appellant was aware of the presence of the child in the vicinity. the appellant's act. on a proper direction. could be held to be murder even under section 302 of the Queensland Code (which defines mu
rder).
\par In any case. under the Fiji law and the English cases, which our courts consider binding, there seems little doubt that the rule relating to transferred malice, as enunciated by the Learned Judge, would be applicable to the version put forward by the
 appellant.
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\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 Appeal dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10317850\charrsid10317850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15025126\charrsid15025126 
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