{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff31507\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f382\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f419\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f420\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f422\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f423\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f424\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f425\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f426\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f427\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f428\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid601617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ATTORNEY-GENERAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9788645 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13066699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9788645 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13066699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 SUVA CITY COUNCIL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3802331 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13066699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9788645 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13066699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 JOSEPH MICHAEL CHAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \scaps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14754740\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 court of appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 -Speight, J.A., Mishra, J.A., Ongley, J.A.]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Date of Hearing: 22 March 1983
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Deliver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y of Judgement: 28 March 1983}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 S. M. Koya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the First Appellant 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 V. Parmanandam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the Second Appellant 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 S. R. Shankar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the Responden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t Chand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (Contract-Negligence-House-faulty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14754740\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
undations-subsidence-liability of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  builder ven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dor therefor-liability of Council in failing to exercise control by its ow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n inspector over construction.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal against a decision given in the Su\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
preme Court at Suva whereby the appellants were held liable to the respondent Chand for damages suffered by him when his house collapsed after heavy rain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rst appellant was in the construction business, having built houses in Suva. The \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 second was the local authority contro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lling construction in the area.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The first appellant (builder) built a house, partly single and partly double storey on sloping land he owned. Some of the surface was natural. The rest had on it fill from ea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rth deposite\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d by road makers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Plans for the house were submitted to and approved by the second appellant (Council) wherein it was specified that all columns supporting the house would be imbedded 12" into solid soap-stone.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On the built up section, excavation for sev\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eral feet failed to strike soap-st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 one. Columns were then allowed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 with the approval of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
a b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uilding inspector employed by Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to rest on pads above natural grounds. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Erection was finished in 1978. A completion cer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tificate was issued by the Council. Early}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in 1979 cracks appeared in the walls. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 builder cons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14754740\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ulted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  an engineer but did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
not tell him about the piles not being on solid soap-stone. The engineer advised th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 racks were normal settling cracks. On his advice they were patched. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The house was put u\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p for sale. The respondent inspected it and also saw, at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the suggestion of the builder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 engineer who had inspected it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He purchased it for $45,000 and moved in.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  On 3 April 1980}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  after a period of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 heavy rain, the two storeyed part of the house sank down \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
and away from the rest of the structure leaving a large gap in the wall. That part of the house was found to be beyond repair.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15171558\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The respondent (buyer) sued the builder and Council for the damage caused to him. At the trial the only issue was as to liabilit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y, d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 amages being left for later con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sideration. Evidence included testimony by various engineers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Builder's Liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There was direct privity between buil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 der and purchas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 er. No recital of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 authority was neede}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d as to the duty owned both in c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ontract\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and tort.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The failure of the structure was, as the trial judge inferred, due to foundations having been allowed to rest on soil that moved instead of on soap-stone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
which would not have moved. The clause in the sale agreement refe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rred to by Council (below
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) read:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid349046\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The Vendor will forthwith at his own cost and expense make good any defects shrinkages or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 faults which may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
within a period of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ninety days from settl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ment date appear in the building erected on the said Lot 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid349046\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In the event of any d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 efects s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hrinkages or other faults ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pearing in the said building within a per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 iod of ninety days from s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ettlement date and such defects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 shrinkages or other defects are in the opinion of Cedric Power of Suva Civil Engineer attributable to settlement the Vendo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r will forthwith after written notice from t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he said Cedric Power carry out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t the Vendor's cost and expense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  all remedial work specified by said Cedric Power}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 under}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the direction and to the satisfaction of the said Cedric Powder. Cedric Power's fee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s are to b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e paid by Purchaser."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 did not extend to cover damage by deliberate failure by t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he builder to follow the plans }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 thereby creating a serious defect the existence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 which might not be dis}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 covered for very many years after the sale. The clause was inserted in\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  favour of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the purchaser. It could not operate as an ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 clusion clause for the builder.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 To an argument that the action of the bu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ilder was no more than mere com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11427854\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pliance w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ith the bu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ilding inspector's instruction and therefore the negligence if any was that of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the inference drawn by the trial judge was correct. The builder himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
decided to ignore specifications as to foundations so as to minimise costs. He "found an ally" in a building inspector n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ot too scrupulous in the perfor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mance of his duty. I\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n such circumstances the builder could not avoid responsibility for damage caus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ed to the buyer by structural failure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Council's Liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 building inspector had deliberately closed his eyes to a serious default by \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the builder. Council's liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
arose from the action of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9533770\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the building inspector e.g. he had not insisted on personal inspection of foundations before concrete was poured on them. It w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as argued that the Council should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  not have been held liable where a buil\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 der suffers detriment as a result of his own unlawful acts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li284\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid349046 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Court said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "It is now settled law that where a local authority is negligent in exercising control over construction which the law vests in it, it is liable to future owners if they suffer i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
njury or damage as a result."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal dismissed.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases Referred to: 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9533770\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Anns v. Merton London Borough Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (1978) A.C. 728}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8801003\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Governors of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Peabody Foundation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8801003\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  v. Sir Lindsay Parkinson }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8801003\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1983]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  3 All E.R. 417}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Dutton v. Bognor Regis U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8801003\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 .D.C. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8801003\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
[1972] 1 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 B. 373}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8801003\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hnson v. Mount Albert Borough }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8801003\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1977] 2 NZLR}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  530}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 MI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 SHRA Judge of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7803191 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Judgement of the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4675453\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 irst appellant is in const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid929896\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uction}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 business and has built several houses in Suva area for sale or letting. The second appellant is the local authority co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ntrolling construction in this area under an Act of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Parliament.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7803191\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 They appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  from a decision of the Supreme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Court. Suva holding them liable for damage suffered by the respo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ndent when his house }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 purc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hased from the first appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 partially collapsed after a p\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eriod of heavy rain. The t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 wo appeals were heard together.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The first appellant acquired a block of land in a large new sub-division at Tamavua from Hookers Ltd. It was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 situated on a slope part of it being natural ground}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and part fill from earth deposited b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y road-builders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Plans for the house sub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mitted by him and approved by the City Council spe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cified that all columns support}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing the house be embedded 12" into solid soa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pstone. Part of the house w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as to be single-storeyed and the rest would have two storeys. Th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e land on which the single-storeyed part was to stand presented no problem but on the other portion the first appellant (hereinafter called "the builder") dug several feet wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hout striking soap-stone. Colum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ns were then allowed to rest on natural ground abo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ve pads with the approval of a building inspector employed by the Council.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The house was completed in 1978 and a completion certificate was granted by the Council. A prospective buyer came to live in it as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a tenant. Early in 1979 cracks }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 appeare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d in the wa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
lls and he left without going through with the deal. The b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uilder consulted an engineer but did }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 not tell him about the piles not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  being on solid soapstone. The engineer advised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 him that the cracks were the res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ult of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  normal set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tling down of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the str\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ucture and the cracks on his advice were patched up and painted over. The b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
uilder then placed the house on the market.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He learnt from an advertisement in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  local paper that the responden}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (hereinafter called the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 buyer\'94\loch\f0 ) was looking for a ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 use and cont\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 acted him. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
latter inspected the house and at the builder's suggestion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 also saw the engineer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
who had reported on it. After}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  negotiations (ab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 which la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ter) he purchased it in September 1979 for $45,000 and moved in.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16474447\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On 3rd April}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1980}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 after a period of \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 heavy rain the two-storeyed portion of the house sank down and away from the rest of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the structure leaving a large gap in the wall. That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 part of the house was found to b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e beyond repair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The buyer sued the builder and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
uncil for the damage caused to h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 im. At the trial th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e only issue before t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  judge was t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
at of liability, th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e quantum of damage being, by agreement, left for later consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Builder's Liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There was direct privity between the builder and the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5836030\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 urchaser and no authority need b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e recited as to the clear duty owed both in contract and in tort.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Builder's Counsel argued the appeal under four distinct heads. He submitted that the learned Judge erred in-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10046908\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (i) finding the allegation of fraud proved against his client: 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (ii) holding th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 at the cause of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the damage was f}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ailure to base the columns on solid soapstone: 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (iii) not holding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the clause in the sale agr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eement concerning builder's res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ponsibility for d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 efects occuring within 90 days excluded his liability for damag}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e and 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (iv) not \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 holding that liability, if any was that of the Council alone whose inspector had approved the placin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 g of columns in natural ground.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10046908 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10046908\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We see nothing in the first allegation. The respondent had no}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  doubt stated in his pleadings as well as in evidence that\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uilder's son had assured him that the foundations were solid but he had also al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 leged that the builder himself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the sale agree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12479332\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ment was signed,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 told him that the house was of soun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d construction. The son was found by the j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 udge not to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 been act\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing as the builder's agent: but that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806747\charrsid3023693 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  by itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806747\charrsid3023693 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  could not prevent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the Judges from properly drawing the inference that the builder himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was also guilty of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  delib}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
erate misrepresentation. He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806747\charrsid3023693 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in our view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806747\charrsid3023693 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  was q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
uite justified in rejecting the b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uilder's denials, particularly in view of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
certain vital parts of his evidence which were found to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  be demonstrably false.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3167752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10046908 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10046908\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As for the main cause of the structural failure there was a great deal of expe}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rt evidence from engineers and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as generally happen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s with such evidence not altoge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ther without conflict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806747\charrsid3023693 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r Power who had seen the house b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 efore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806747\charrsid3023693 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d at the time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of, the sale,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 had given the opinion that the earlie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r cracks were due to normal set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tlement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of the structure and would prob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ably cease. He was not in\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  a position to examine the foundations or the nature of the ground around them. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Golder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Associates, geotechnical and mining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
engineers, relied on probes and test pits dug around the foundations. In their opinion the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 footings were in "clayey silt/ silty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  cla\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
y with soapstone fragments" and they could not say if this was fill or residual soil.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Another engineer Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Williams was of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the opinion that it could not categorically be stated that failure of the stru}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cture was caused by a landslide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mr Hill had actually dug up the foundations and inspected them closely. He is a civi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l engineer, with considerable e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 xperience of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 construction business in Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He expressed his opinion with considerable emphasis-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ause of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
failure was obvious-foundations \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 not in solid soapstone. Clay had become saturated and bearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 capacity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 clay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was substantially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 reduced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Had columns been embedded in soapstone I would not have expected building to fall." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As for the need for amendment to the plan in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 view}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the discove\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 red deficiency of the ground he said-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 first defendant had come to have plan amended because he could not find soapstone, it would have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 necessitated change of design."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Parmar. a city council engineer,  said all columns, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in the absence of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  soil inves\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tigation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 must be set 12" into solid soapstone, but added that permission might be gi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ven for columns to rest in "good}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  natural soil" if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 soapstone could not be found at a reasonable depth. He denied that he had amended the plans to permit this as alleged by \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the builder. He was not even in Fiji during}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that period. He would however, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 have allowed the amendment sought by the builder if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he had come to him. He admitted that he had not investigated the soil of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 that block at any time during constructio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n and was, for \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 his calculations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 relying on the report by Golder Associates.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The learned Judge did not regard Mr Parmar as an entirely independent witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s considerable expert evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 not seriously challe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ged, that there had been some soil-movement due to hea
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vy rain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518882\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The learned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Judge, however, accepted Mr Hill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s evidence that the failure of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the structure wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s due to the fact that the foun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dations had been allowed to rest in the soil that moved, instead of in soapstone which would not have moved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He said-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "I accept the evidence of Messrs Hill }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and Williams that the basic cau}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 se of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the damage to the building was the failure by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the builder}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to found the foundations 12" into soapstone resulting in the columns having inadequate support when the ground under it mov\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ed slightly towards Salato Road causing at least two colum}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ns to drop and move laterally.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We are satisfied that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on the evidence, this was a correct inference.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3167752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid10321397 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid528731\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (iii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The clause referred to by the buyer's counsel read}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3167752 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid528731\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Vendor will forthwith at his\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  own cost and expense make good any defects shrinkages or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
other faults which may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 within a period of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ninety}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
days from settlement date appear in the building erected on the said Lot 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10321397\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid528731\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In the event of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 any defects, shrinkages or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
other faults appearing in the said building within a period of ninety days from settlement date and such defe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cts, shrinkages or other defects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  are in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 opinion of Cedric Power of Suva}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Civil Engineer attributable to settlement the Vendor will forthwith aft\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 er written notice from the said Cedric Power carry out, at the Vendor's cost and expense all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 remedial work specified b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y the said Cedric Power under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the direction and to the satisfaction of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11811880\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the said Cedric Power }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cedric Power's fees are to b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e paid by Purchas\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 er."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The clause was the result of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Mr Power's inspecti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on and his opinion that the pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ces}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s of normal settlement would cea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 se within 90 days. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11811880\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "It would not exten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 d in my view," said the judge \'93\loch\f0 
to cover damage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 caused by a deliberate failure by the builder to \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
follow the plans which created a serious defect the existence of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 which might not be discovered for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 very many years after the sale.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We agree with that view. The clause was inserted in favour of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the purchaser and cannot operate as an exclusion clause for t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he protection of the builder in case of serious latent defects caused by his negligent acts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9767151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767151\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (iv) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The builder's last submission was that his action amounted to no more than mere compliance with the building inspector's instructions and the negligence, if \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
any, was therefore, the Council's not his. That, however, is not what the evidence indicates nor is it a fact found by the learned Judge. The bu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ilder claimed that the plan had.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 on his application, been properly amended by Mr Parmar, an assertion which the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 learned Judge held to be deliberate lie. We agree with his general inference that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10321397\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the builder himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 decided to ignore specifications as to \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
foundations so as to minimise costs and found an ally in a building inspector not too scrupulous in the performance of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 his duty. In such circumstances the builder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  cannot avoid res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ponsibility for damage caused to the buy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 er by failure of the structure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 appeal of the first appellant is dismisse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d with costs to the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16280121\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Council's Liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Learned Counsel for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the appellant Council also grouped several of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 his 9 grounds together for submissions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ground 9 which alleged that Malele, the building inspector, was acting outside the scope of his authority was withdrawn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Under grounds 1 and 2 Counsel submits that the learned Judge erred in holding the building inspector negligent in failing to ensure th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
at the foundations were in accordance with the specifications and also in failing to require the builder to break up the concrete covering to facilitate inspection of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the foundations instead of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accepting t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he builder's word. The learned Judge, says Couns}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 el,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 ignored the discretion enjoyed by the Council in matters of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 inspection. He cites }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Anns v. Merton London Borough}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1977 2 W.L.R. 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 024) where at p. 1035 Lord Wilberforce said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16280121\charrsid3023693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15534439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "The standard of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 care must be related to the duty to be performed-namely to ensur\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e compliance with the by-laws. It must be r}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 elated to the fact that the per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
son responsible for construction in accordance with the by-laws is the builder, and that the inspector's function is supervisory. It must be related to the fact that once the inspect\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
or has passed the foundations they will be covered up, with no subsequent opportunity for inspection. But this duty, heavily operational though it may be. is still a duty arising under the statute. There may be a discretionary element in its exercise-disc
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 etionary as to the time and manner of inspec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tion, and the techniques to be used. A plaintiff com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 plaining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 negligence must prove, the burden being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on him, that action taken was not within the limit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s of a discretion bona}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  fide exercised, before he can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 begin\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to rely upon a common law duty of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 care. But}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he can do this, he should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0  in principle, be able to sue.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8326851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The passage has a little application to the circumstances of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 this case. The learned Judge here found Malele an untruthful witness whose evidence relat\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing to the alleged alteration to the plan, he rejected entirely. It is difficult to see how any question on his part of any discretion being exercised in good faith could arise. There wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s no amendment to the plan in po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ssession of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the Council and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e builde\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r's assertion that Mr Parmar had approved alterations to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the plan was palpably false. Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e learned Judge, from this, inferred, as he was entitled to, that th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e inspector had deliberatel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y closed his eyes to a serious default on the part of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  builder.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ubmission, therefore, fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Council also complains of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 insufficient consideration given to the evidence of its engineer Mr Kangatheran. We have already dealt with the learned Judge's treatment of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 expert evidence and can add little to what has already \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 been said. Mr Kangatheran had had little to do with the inspection of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the site or}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 supervision of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the construction and the learned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Judge found himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
unable to derive much assistance from his evidence. We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 see no merit in the submission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In grounds 4 and 5\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the Council submits that the learned Judge, having held the builder to be in breach of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 regulation 16 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11878152\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the Towns (Building) Regulations which forbids deviations from the approved specifications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 erred in finding that the Coun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cil also was liable for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he damage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11878152\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We find nothing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in this submission. The Council\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s liability arises not so much from the action of the builder as from that of its own building inspector. No steps}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 were taken b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
him to check if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the plans had in fact been amended, nor did he insis\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
t on personal inspection of foundations before concrete was poured over them. He would appear to have assi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sted the builder in his default.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Grounds 6, 7 and 8 urge that the Council should not have been held liable where a builder suffers detriment as a res
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ult of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 his own unlawful facts-(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Governors of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Peabody Foundation v. Sir Lindsay Parkinson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11417224\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1983] 3 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  417). This, of course, might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  be true if the builder himself }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 had suffered damage and was suing the Council. The damage here ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s been caused to a purchase\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It is now settled law that where a local authority is negligent in exercising control over construction which the law vests in it, it is liable to future owners if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
they suffer injury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 damage as a result. (See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Dutton v. Bognor Regis U.D.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11417224\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1972] 1 QB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 373; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Johnson v. M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ount Albert Borough}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11417224\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1977] 2 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Z}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11417224\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 LR }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 530; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11878152\charrsid3023693 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Anns v. Merton London Borough Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11417224\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1978] AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 728.) 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11878152\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The appeal of the second appellant is also dismissed with costs to the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167752\charrsid3023693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8326851\charrsid3023693 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Both appeals dismissed. 
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