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\par [COURT of APPEAL-(Gould V. P. Marsack J. A. Speight J. A.)]
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\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Date of Hearing: 14 July 1982\line Delivery of Judgment: 30 July 1982
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\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Matrimonial Causes-Divorce in Fiji domicile-of choice may be acquired even though right to remain "precarious".
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\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Appeal from a decision of the Supreme Court refusing a decree of dissolution of marriage.
\par The appellant's petition was filed in the Magistrate's Court, the evidence taken there and forwarded with the Magistrate's opinion to the Supreme Court. Proceedings for dissolution were not to be institut
ed except by one domiciled in Fiji (Matrimonial Causes Act Cap. 51 s. 11(2). Included in the petitioner's evidence was a claim of domicile accepted by the Magistrate but not in the Supreme Court.
\par The facts accepted may be set out-
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"The parties were married
 in England on the 9 June 1943: they were both 20 years of age and it seems apparent that England was the domicile of origin of the petitioner though there is no direct evidence as to his birth. They cohabited in England until 1951 and then in cities in A
ustralia until October 1975 when they separated and have not since lived together. The appellant states that there is no likelihood of cohabitation being resumed. There were no children of the marriage.
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The appellant said he first arrived in Fiji 12 years a
go, this evidence being given in October 1981. However, he stated that he had been permanently in Fiji for five years, the record being silent as to his movements during the years unaccounted for. He is now living in a de facto relationship with one Barba
ra Gibson, who is a Fiji citizen, whom he intends to marry and by whom he has one child, born on the 4 June 1981.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 The petitioner has a work permit in Fiji. There is no evidence as to when it actually expires but he states that when it does he intends to apply for Fiji citizenship.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
The appellant received permission from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to invest in Fiji and has invested $60,000 in Lual holdings Limited, of which company he is one of two directors. Counsel for the appellant informed us fr
om the Bar that the appellant had since made a further substantial investment in Fiji."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 The learned Supreme Court Judge had not expressed dissatisfaction with the evidence as to domicile but gave "what he considered appropriate effects to the possible futu
re refusal of work permit renewals" and Fiji citizenship whereby the appellant could be liable to deportation proceedings. The learned Judge also said-in respect of one seeking to establish a domicile of choice ".... he must also have a right to lawfully 
remain here indefinitely." Holding that the petitioner had not established domicile, the Fiji Courts were without jurisdiction.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
: The learned Judge had put too high the onus on the appellant. The Court said-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
"If he genuinely forms such an intention, it may make no difference that his right to remain in the country selected is (to adopt a word favoured by the text books) precarious."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 The Court referred to authorities and text writers, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Halsbury's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 "Laws of England" (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\super\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Edition)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Dicey's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 "Conflict of Law" Volume 8 para. 437.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
".... a person may be held to have acquired a domicile of choice in a country despite provisions in the local law as to aliens or immigration making his right to remain there precarious. The Court will consider whether despite the po
ssibility of deportation, the propositus has decided to make the Country his permanent home, so far as it is within his power."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 The Court noted that it had been held that a domicile of choice cannot be acquired by illegal residence and said-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
"As to this principle .... there is no question of any breach or defiance of Fiji Law. The appellant is quite lawfully in Fiji and capable of forming the requisite intention, in spite of possible future difficulties in its implementation."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Appeal allowed.
\par Case remitted to the Supreme Court.
\par Cases referred to:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
Boldrini v. Boldrini and Martini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
[1932] P. 9.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 May v. May and Lehman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 [1943] 2 All E.R. 146.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Zanelli v. Zanelli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13910756 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281948%29%2064%20TLR%20556" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
(1948) 64 T.L.R. 556.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16410023\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Szechter (otherwise Karsov) v. Szechter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 [1971] P. 286.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Cruh v. Cruh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 [1945] 2 All E.R. 545.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 GOULD, Vice President:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
This is an appeal from a judgment of a Judge of the Supreme Court refusing a decree of dissolution of marriage. The respondent who was named as Sheila Mary Elizabeth Bellman (according to the marriage certificate that was her maiden name) has no
t appeared at any stage of the proceedings, and in fact was served pursuant to an order for substituted service.
\par The petitioner adopted a procedure available in Fiji whereby the petition is filed in the Magistrate's Court and the evidence is taken by a Mag
istrate, who then forwards to the Supreme Court a certified copy thereof. He also forwards a statement of his opinion as to the decree, if any, to which the petitioner is entitled: the Supreme Court has wide powers to deal with the matter, and unless it t
hinks fit to make any other order it decides the case and directs what decree shall be pronounced by the Magistrate.
\par That was the procedure adopted in this case. By section 11(2) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13910756 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/mca197/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Matrimonial Causes Act}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16410023\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
(Cap. 51 Edition 1978) proceedings for dissolution of marriage in Fiji are not to be instituted except by a person domiciled in Fiji. The appellant gave evidence that he was so domiciled and as this question has assumed importance in the pr
oceedings we find it convenient to summarize at this stage the whole of the relevant evidence given.
\par The parties were married in England on the 9 June 1943; they were both 20 years of age and it seems apparent that England was the domicile of origin of the
 petitioner though there is no direct evidence as to his birth. They cohabited in England until 1951 and then in cities in Australia until October 1975, when they separated and have not since lived together. The appellant stated that there is no likelihoo
d of cohabitation being resumed. There were no children of the marriage.
\par The appellant's evidence touching the matter of domicile was that he first arrived in Fiji 12 years ago, this evidence being given in October 1981. However, he stated that he had been 
permanently in Fiji for five years, the record being silent as to his movements during the years unaccounted for. He is now living in a de facto relationship with one Barbara Gibson, who is a Fiji citizen, whom he intends to marry and by whom he has one c
hild, born on the 4th June 1981.
\par The petitioner has a work permit in Fiji. There is no evidence as to when it actually expires but he states that when it does he intends to apply for Fiji citizenship. As to this we observe in passing that one of the matters
 that a Commonwealth citizen, applying under section 5(1 ) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13910756 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/fca178/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Fiji Citizenship Act}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16410023\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 (Cap. 87) for Fiji citizenship, must satisfy the Minister upon, is lawful residence in Fiji for seven years immediately preceding the application.
\par To continue with the evidence, the appellant received permission from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to invest in Fiji and has invested $60,000 in Lual Holdings Limited, of which company he is one of two 
directors. Counsel for the appellant informed us from the Bar that the appellant had since made a further substantial investment in Fiji.
\par The appellant asked that the discretion of the Court in relation to his adultery with Barbara Gibson he exercised in his favour.
\par The learned Magistrate made and duly forwarded to the Supreme Court the following findings and recommendations:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
"FINDINGS:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 1. Parties were married on 9.6.43.
\par 2. The Petitioner is domiciled in Fiji
\par .3. There are no children of the marriage.
\par 4. The parties separated in October 1975 and have lived separately and apart continuously since then and there is no likelihood of cohabitation being resumed.
\par 5. An affidavit of substituted service of the petition has been filed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
RECOMMENDATIONS:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Respectfully recommend:
\par 1. The discretion of the Court be exercised in the Petitioner's favour notwithstanding his adultery during marriage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
2. The marriage be dissolved."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
In the Supreme Court the learned Judge gave careful consideration to the record of the evidence and found himself unable to agree that the appellant was domiciled in Fiji, with the result that the Fiji courts were without jurisdiction in the matter. He th
e
refore dismissed the petition. As we read his judgment we are of opinion that in so doing he was not expressing dissatisfaction with the strength of the evidence as to the appellant's intention to reside in Fiji permanently or for an unlimited time (so as
 
to acquire a domicile of choice there) but giving what he considered appropriate effect to the possible future refusal of work permit renewals and the prospect of refusal of Fiji citizenship, rendering the appellant the possible subject of deportation pro
ceedings.
\par Having quoted from Joske}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
On Marriage and Divorce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
(4th Edn) pp. 216-7 his judgment continues:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
"The petitioner lives in Fiji under a work permit issued to him under the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13910756 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ia138/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Immigration Act}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16410023\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 u
nder which he has a right to remain in Fiji for a limited period only. After the expiration of his work permit the petitioner cannot law fully remain in Fiji unless his work permit is extended or he applies for and is granted Fiji citizenship, both of whi
ch are matters over which the petitioner has no control as they rest in the discretion of the Immigration authorities.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 In my view not only must a person have an intention to stay in this country permanently and indefinitely in order to acquire a domicile of
 choice but he must also have the right to lawfully remain here indefinitely. On the other hand where a person is resident in another country and has a right to remain there indefinitely but is liable to deportation in certain circumstances, for example u
pon the commission of an offence, such person may acquire a domicile of choice there.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
Since the petitioner\rquote s right to stay in Fiji under his work permit is at present for a definite and limited period only I am satisfied that he cannot acquire a domicile of
 choice here. Accordingly I find that he is not domiciled in Fiji and this court has no jurisdiction to deal with this petition. The petition is accordingly dismissed."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
In saying that "he must also have a right to lawfully remain here indefinitely" the learned Judge was, we think with respect, putting too high the onus on the appellant. As the learned Judge pointed out, a domicile of choice is acquired by a man by volunt
a
rily fixing his sole or chief residence and true home in a particular place with a present definite intention of residing there permanently or for an unlimited time, with no intention of returning to his former domicile. If he genuinely forms such an inte
ntion it may make no difference that his right to remain in the country selected is (to adopt a word favoured by the text books) precarious. Paragraph 437 of Volume 8 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Halsbury's Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 (4th Edn) (Title: Conflict of Laws) reads:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
"437. Persons lia
ble to deportation. A person may be held to have acquired a domicile of choice in a country despite provisions in the local laws as to aliens or immigration making his right to remain there precarious. The court will consider whether, despite the possibil
i
ty of deportation, the propositus has decided to make that country his permanent home, so far as it is within his power. Similarly, a domicile once acquired will not necessarily be affected by the making of a deportation order, and may survive actual depo
rtation if the propositus intents to return."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 We list without examining in detail the authorities quoted in respect of this paragraph:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Boldrini v. Boldrini and Martini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 [1932] P.9;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 May v. May and Lehmann}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 [1943] 2 All E.R.146;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Zanelli v. Zanelli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13910756 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281948%29%2064%20TLR%20556" \\
o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 (1948) 64 T.L.R. 556}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16410023\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Szechter (otherwise Karsov) v. Szechter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 [1971] P.286, 294;}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Cruh v. Cruh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 [1945] 2 All E.R. 545.
\par In Dicey\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Conflict of Laws}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 (10th Edn) p 122 Rule 12, it is put:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
"A person may lack the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
animus manendi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
because his residence in a country, though freely chosen, is precarious, that is, liable to be terminated against his will. This danger may well negative the necessary intent as a matter of fact,
 but it does not, as a matter of law prevent the acquisition of a domicile of choice."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9833867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Attention is drawn especially in the text to the case of a person liable to be deported or whose residence permit is liable to be terminated.
\par In the present case we do not read the findings of the courts below as indicating any lack of the necessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 animus manendi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 on the part of the appellant but as findings that he was prevented by the state of the law from forming such an intention. This is a wrong approach in law.
\par The 
penultimate paragraph of the passage of the judgment in the Supreme Court which we have quoted is perhaps difficult to follow. Perhaps in referring to the right to lawfully remain indefinitely the learned Judge had in mind that it has been held that a dom
icile of choice cannot be acquired by illegal residence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Dicey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
(op.cit. pp.111-2 Rule 10) continues to say that the reason for this rule is that a court cannot allow a person to acquire a domicile in defiance of the law which that court itself administers. 
We need only say as to this principle that there is here no question of any breach or defiance of Fiji law. The appellant is quite lawfully in Fiji and capable of forming the requisite intention in spite of possible future difficulties in its implementati
on. This point causes no difficulty.
\par For the reasons we have given we allow the appeal. As we are satisfied that the only impediment to the learned Judge's finding that the requirements of Fiji domicile were satisfied, was a mistaken view of the law of that
 subject, we do not need to remit the case to the Supreme Court for further consideration. Being satisfied that the Court has the necessary jurisdiction, the case is remitted to the learned Judge with the direction that the recommendation of the learned M
agistrate that the discretion of the Court be exercised in the appellant's favour and a decree nisi pronounced, be implemented.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 Appeal allowed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9833867\charrsid9833867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 
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