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{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid14942841 IN THE PRIVY COUNCIL}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13901974\charrsid14942841 OF FIJI}{ \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid14942841 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2693077 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid2693077 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8211419 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14942841 ATTORNEY-}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid8211419 GENERAL}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid2693077 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2693077 {\f0\fs24\insrsid13901974\charrsid2693077 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8211419 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid16460372 v. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2693077 {\f0\fs24\insrsid13901974\charrsid2693077 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8211419 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid8211419 DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8211419 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 JUDGMENT OF THE LORDS OF THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL, DELIVERED THE 4TH OCTOBER 1982}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419\charrsid991577 \par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Present }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419\charrsid991577 at the}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Hearing: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 LORD FRASER }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13901974 OF TULLYBELTON, LORD SCAR }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419 MAN, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 LORD LOWRY}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6558748 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 L}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419 O}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 RD BRIDGE OF HARWICH, LORD BRIGHTMAN } {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419\charrsid991577 \par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419\charrsid991577 Constitution}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 -}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Directions by Attorney-}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419\charrsid991577 General}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 -}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 no interference with office no }{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 ascendancy}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 over Director }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 of}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 Public}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid11535135 Prosecutions}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 -}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13313770 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11535135 ac}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid11535135 tion} {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 could}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 be brought in own name or }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 official}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 title. }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8211419\charrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Appeal by the Attorney-General against certain orders made in respect of a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 direction given by the Governor}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13313770 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 General}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 purporting to have been made in accordance with S.76(1) of the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 assigning to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the Attorney-General certain responsibility in relation to the office }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 Director}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 Public Prosecutions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 . The Director of Public Prosecutions, sought a declaration t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 ha}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 h}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 e dec1arati}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 on }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 was unconstitutional. The Attorney-General had sought to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 maintain}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 that the direction was valid and constitutional. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 A second issue is}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 w}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 hether}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the respondent was }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 entitled}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 to bring the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 present}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 proceedings against the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 C}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 rown in the name of his office, or should have sought them in his own name. The Court of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Appea}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 l from whom}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the appeal }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 was brought}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 had dismissed an appeal from the Court of first instance which by majority had held the direction was unconstitutional. The Board n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ted }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 it was not concerned with }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 whether}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the direction was necessary or expedient. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2693077 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 The Board }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 shortly}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 set out the }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 history}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 of the Constitution of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 Fij}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 with execut}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ve authority being vested in Her Majesty a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 d saving exceptions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 to be exercised by the Governor-General. Section 73(1) provides as follows:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 - \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 "73.-(1) There shall be a Prime Minister}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 an }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 Attorney}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 -General and such other offices of Minister of the Government}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 not exceeding such number, if any}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 as Parliament may prescribe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 , as may be establ}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ish}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ed by the Governor-General, act}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ing in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister."' \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Section 76(}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ) was in the following terms:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 "76.-(1) The Governor-General}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 may}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by directions in }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid991577 writing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 assign to the Prime Minister or any other Minister responsibility for the conduct (subject to the provisions of }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 this Constitution and any }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 other law}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 of any}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 business}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 Government}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 includ}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ing }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 responsibility}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 for the administration of any department of the Government." }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The direction in question was given pursuant to s.76. Their Lordships noted s.82 as to the effect of assignment of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 re}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 s}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 pons}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 bilities}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 to Ministers:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 -}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "82. Where any Minister has been charged with responsibility for the administration of any department of the Government, he shall exercise general }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 direction}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 over that department and, subject to such direction and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1182156 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 any department in the charge }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Minister (including the office }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prime Minister or any other Minister) shall be under the supervision }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Permanent Secretary o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 r}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of some other supervising officer whose office shall be a public office: ......" \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The main section dealing with the office of D.P.P. was s.85 including (}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 relevantly}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11152999 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "85.-(1) There shall be a Director }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 of Public}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions whose office shall be a public office. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1200\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (2) Power to make appointments to the office of Director of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 P}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 u}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 lic Prosecutions shall vest in Judicial and Legal Services Commission: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (3) A person shall not be qualified to hold or act in the office }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 of Director}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of Public Prosecutions unless he is qualified for appointment as a judge }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Supreme Court. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (4) The Director }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135\charrsid11023163 of Public}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions shall have power in any case in which he considers it desirable so to do}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li1430\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1430\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11152999 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) to institute and undertake criminal proceedings before any court of law.... }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14942841\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li1430\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1430\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid15076544 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) to take over and continue any such criminal proceedings that may have }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 been}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 instituted by any other person or authority}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 ;}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14942841\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li1430\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1430\itap0\pararsid14942841 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544\charrsid15076544 c}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) to discontinue at any stage before judgment is delivered any such criminal proceedings instituted or undertaken }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 himself or any other person or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 authority} {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2693077 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (5) The powers }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Director }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of Public}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions under the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid11023163 preceding}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 subsection may be exercised }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 him in person or through other persons acting in accordance with his general or specific instructions. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (6) The powers conferred upon the Director of Public Prosecutions by paragraph (}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid15076544 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) and (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544\charrsid15076544 c}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of subsection}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (4) }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of this}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 section shall be vested in him to the exclusion of any other person or authority. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (7) In the exercise of the powers conferred upon him by this section the Director }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of Public}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions shall not }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 subject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 to the direction or }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 control of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 any person or authority ....." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Subsections above contained the constitutional provisions upon }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 which}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the resp}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 ondent primarily relied. Their }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Lordships agreed this }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 amounted}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 to a constitutional guarantee of independence from any direction }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid991577 or}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 in }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 exercise by the D.P.P. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of his}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 powers under other }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 subsections}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 of s.85; and }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 further}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 safeguarded by s.l09(2) relating to removal }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of office}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 D.P.P., and s.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 24 as to salaries.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 On the other hand the Attorney}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 -General held a }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid991577 political}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 office, the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 principal }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 legal adviser to the Government }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 s}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 .76(2). }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544\charrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 On 25 January 1981 the Governor-General }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid991577 gave the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 directions in writing pursuant to s.76(1)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 and published in the }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Gazette }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 to all }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid991577 Min}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 isterial }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 officers assigning to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 their}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 responsibility for particular business }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid991577 of Government}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 and responsibilities }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 for the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 administration }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid991577 of particular}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Ministries and departments. For the Attorney-General this included: \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 \par }\pard \ql \li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid2778754 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid991577 "SCHEDULE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2778754\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 Column 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 Column 2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr \brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2778754\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 (Business of the Government)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 (Ministry and Departments of the Government)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2778754\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid991577\yts58 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \trowd \irow2\irowband2 \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\pararsid2778754\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 ) "Courts (legislation governing);}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 Criminal law and procedure;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid11023163 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 Evidence;....}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2778754\yts58 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 Ministry of the Attorney-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 General together with - Office}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 of the Director of Public Prosecutions (subject to section 85 of the Constitution);}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6883645 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \trowd \irow3\irowband3 \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\pararsid2778754\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 (b) }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 All written law associated with or arising from the subject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 matter specified in paragraph}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 (a).}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2778754\yts58 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 The Judicial Department (subject to Chapter VII of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754\charrsid2778754 Constitution)."}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2778754 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\lastrow \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Before the Board the respondent accepted that the office of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 D.P.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 P. was "a busi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ness of Government" (s.76(1)) and also a "department of the Government"}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 these concessions, their Lordships considered, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 were correctly made.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 It followed that the assignment of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 responsibility in respect of th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 e office of D.P.P. was permissible in principle provided there was no encroachmen} {\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 t upon D.P.P.'s powers in s.85(}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 4) and (3),}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 thus offending s.85(7)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 "(7) In the exercise }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 powers conferred upon him by this section the Director }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid991577 of Public}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Prosecutions shall not be subject to the direction or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3353843 ny other person or authority." }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 \par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Held: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Their Lordships stated-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 "The issue is .... whether the direction distinguished with sufficient clarity the areas in which the D.P.P. was not subject to ministerial }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 from those in which the administration of his department w}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 as and could properly be subjec}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ted to such }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 . The distinction was evidently to be made by the words "subject to section 85 of the Constitution in the direction." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 The direction did not give to the Attorney-General ascendancy over the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid991577 D.P.P.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The method adopted in the direction making a comprehensive assignment subject to s.85 appeared to their Lordships to be a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 perfectly}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 proper method of exercising the Governor}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 General}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s power under s.76(1). }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The second issue }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544 i.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e. as to whether the D.P.P. was entitled to sue by the name }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 of his }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 office did not arise because of the answer to the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 first}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 question. \par \par Appeal allowed. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid7608654 Cases referred to: \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 \par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid3353843 Chuan }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid8942922 v}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid8942922 Pu}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid8942922 blic Prosecutor}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid7608654 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid15076544 [19}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544\charrsid15076544 81}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid15076544 ] A}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15076544\charrsid15076544 C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid15076544 648}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6558748 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid15076544 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid7608654 \par Minister }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid7608654 of Home}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid7608654 Affairs v Fisher }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid15076544 [1980] A}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid15076544 C}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid15076544 319}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6558748 .}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid7608654 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7608654 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid7608654 Reasons for Judgment \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 This appeal raises two issues relating to the Constitution of Fiji. The first is whether a direction }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 by the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Governor-General,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 bear}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 ing to have been made in accord}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ance with section 76(1) of the Constitution}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 , }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 assigning to the Attorney-General }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 certain}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 responsibility in relation to the office of the D}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 irector of Public Prosecutions }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 ("}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 D.P.P.") is unconstitutional. The D.P.P., respondent in the appeal, seeks a declaration }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 that the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 direction was unconstitutional. The Attorney-General,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 he appellant, maintains that it was valid and constitutional. The second issue is whether the respondent is entitled to bring the present proceedings against the Crown, as he has done, in the name }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of his}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 office}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 or whether}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 he ought }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 to have brought them in his per}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 sonal name. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 In the Supreme Court}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Fij}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 i}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the proceedings were heard by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 hree1earned}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 judges sitting together}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 instead of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 a single judge as usual}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 because}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of the nature and importance of the question. The majority (Tuivaga C.J. and Williams }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 J}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 .) held that the direction was unconstitutional and granted a declaration to that effect. Mishra}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 J}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . dissented. Th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 e}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Court of Appeal (Gould V-P.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3353843 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Spring }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 J}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 A}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 . and Chilwell J.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 A}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) dismissed an appeal from the majority decision. The matter now comes before this Board. }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Their Lordships think it right to make two preliminary }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 observations}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . First}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 they were informed }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 counsel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and have seen from perusal }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 documents which ar}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 before}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 them}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 that unfortunate personal differences arose }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 between}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 former holders of the offices of Attorney-General and D.P.P. in Fiji in or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 about}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 1979. The former Attorney-General concerned ceased to hold office more than a year }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 before}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the direction now in question was made}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and happily there are no such personal differences }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 between}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the present holders }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 se important offices. Their Lordships are }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 of course}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 in no way concerned to enquire into the differences formerly existing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 or to}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 take notice }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 m in any way}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 except as a matter of history which may partly explain }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 why}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the present proceedings came to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e instituted. }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Secondly, their Lordships are not concerned with questions of whether the issue of the direction was necessary or expedient. These are political questions which are }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 not justifi}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid8942922 ci}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 able}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . Further, their Lordships recognise that there is a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 possibility}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 , as Mishra }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 J}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . pointed out in his dissenting judgment in the Supreme Court, that the power assigned to the Attorney-General might be abused, just as there is a }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 possibility}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ny power being abused. As a general proposition, that is true, but it has }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 nothing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 do with}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 this appeal. The sole question for}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 the courts, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and now for}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 this Board}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 is whether the direction was validly made in accordance with the Constitution. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The present Constitution of Fiji came into effect on 10th October 1979}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7019968 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 see section 4(1) of the Fiji Independence Order 197 0. It is framed on the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 Westminster}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 model. The Constitution is the Supreme Law of Fiji}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 - }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 section 2. Provision is made for a Governor-General who is to be appointed by Her Majesty and is to be Her Majesty}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s representative in Fiji}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 section 27. Executive authority is vested in Her Majesty and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 save as otherwise provided in the Constitution}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 it may be exercised on her }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 behalf by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the Governor-General}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 either directly or through officers subordinate to him}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 section 72. Section 73(1) provides as follows:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "73.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) There shall be a Prime Minister, an Attorney-General and such other offices of Minister of the Government, not exceeding such number}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 if any}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 as Parliament }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 may prescribe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 as maybe established }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 by the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Governor-General}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 acting in accordance with the advice of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 the Prime Minister."}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The assignment }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 of responsibilities}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 to particular Minist}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 er is dealt with by section 76(}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 1) which is in the following terms:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "76.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (1) The Governor-General}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 may}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 by directions in writing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 assign to the Prime Minister or any other Minister responsibility for the conduct (subject to the provisions of this Constitution and an}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 y }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 other}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 law) }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 y }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 business }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Government}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 including responsibility of the administration of any department of the Government." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 It was under this subsection that the direction in question was made. The effect }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ssignment of responsibilities to Ministers is dealt with by section 82 which provides as follows:-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 "8}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 2. Where any Minister has been charged with }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 responsibility}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 for the administration of any department of the Government}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 he shall exercise general direction and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 over that department and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 subject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 to such direction and control}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 any depa}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 rt}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ment in the ch arge of a Minister (including the office of the Prime Minister or any other Minister) shall }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e under the supervision }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of a }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Permanent Secretary or of some other supervising officer whose office shall }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 public}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 office}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7019968 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ....."}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The Constitution makes specific }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 provision}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 for certain }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 public}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 offices including that o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 D.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 .}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . The main section }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 deali}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ng}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 with}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the office of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 D.P.P. is section 85 w}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 hich includes the following provisions rele}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 v}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ant to this appeal:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "85.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7019968 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 -(1) There shall }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e a Director }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of Public}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions whose office shall }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 e a public office.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \fi-1\li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (2) Power to make appointments to the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 office}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of Director of Public Prosecutions shall vest in the Judicial and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 l}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 egal Ser}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 v}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ices Commission: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (3) A pers}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 on shall not }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7019968 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 e qualified to ho}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ld or}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ct in the office of Director of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 Public}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions unless he is qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (4) The Director of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Pu}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 bl}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ic Prosecutions shall have power in any case in which he considers it de}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 sirable}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 so to do}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4478851\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li1430\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1430\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid4877323 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11155726 to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 institute and undertake criminal proceedings }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 before}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 any court of law .... }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid6883645\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li1430\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1430\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid4877323 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) to take over and continue any such criminal proceedings that a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11155726 m}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 y have }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 been}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 instituted }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 any other person or authority}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid6883645\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li1430\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1430\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid4877323 c}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) to discontinue at any stage }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 before}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 judgment is delivered any }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 such criminal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 proceedings i}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 stituted or undertaken }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 himself or}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 any other }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 pe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 rson or authority. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (5) The powers }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 Director}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 Public}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 under the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 preceding }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 subsection}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 may }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e exercised }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 him in person or through other persons acting in accordance with his general or specific instructions. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (6) The powers conferred upon the Director of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 Public}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Prosecutions }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 paragraphs (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323\charrsid4877323 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) and (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid4877323 c}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of subsection}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (4) }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of this}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 section shall }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4877323 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e vested in him to the exclusion of any other person or authority ...... \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (7) In the exercise of the powers conferred upon him }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 this section the Director}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Public Prosecutions shall not }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 be}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 subject to the direction or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of any other person or authority". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Subsection (7) of section 85 contains the constitutional provision on which the respondent primarily relies in this appeal. Their Lordships agree with the Court of Appeal that this subsection amounts to a }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 constitutional}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 guarantee }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 of independence}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 from the direction or }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ny person in the exercise }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7608654 by the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 D.P.P. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of his}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 powers }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 under the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 preceding subsections }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 of section}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 85.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11155726 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Similar}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11155726 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 constitutional guarantees are given to the Supervisor of Elections (section 43(4}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ),}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the Auditor-General (section 126(4}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11155726 )}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and the Ombudsman (section 177(1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11155726 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . The independence }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 D.P.P., and certain other similarly protected offices, may }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e removed from office only for ina}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 b}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ility or mis}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ehaviour}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and only }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 after an}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid11023163 elaborate}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 procedure has }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 been}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 followed. Another is section 124 which provides that the salaries }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 holders }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 offices therein specified}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 including that of Governor-Genera}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 l}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11606988 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 judge and D.P.P are to be charged on the Consolidated Fund and that the salary and tenure of office of any such holder shall not }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11606988 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e alt ered to his disadvantage after his appointment. The Attorney-General on the other hand}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 although he must }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e a person qualified to practice as a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106\charrsid11023163 barrister}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and solicitor in Fiji (section 73(3)(}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11606988 a}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11606988 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 holds a political office and he is the principal legal advise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 r }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 to the Government (section 76(2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . He is entitied to attend and take part in the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 p}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 roceedings of either House of Parliament}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 notwithstanding that he is not a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 member}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of that House (section 60). }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 On 28th January 1981 the Governor-General, acting on the advice of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 he Prime Minister, gave directions in writing pursuant to section 76(1) of the Constitution to the holders of all 18 Ministerial offices then existing, assigning to each of them responsibi lity for the conduct of particular business of the Government and responsibility for the administration of particular Ministries and departments of the Government. In each case the business and the Ministries and departments for which each Minister was to be responsible was set out in a schedule to the direction and subjected to such limitations or qualifications as were therein specified. These directions were published in the }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11606988 Fiji }{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106\charrsid11606988 Royal}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11606988 Gazette}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 on 6th February 1981, although there was no constitutional or statutory requirement that they should be so published. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The direction to the Attorney-General and its schedule were laid out in the same fo}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 rm}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 as the directions and schedules addressed to other Ministers}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and it included the following provisions: \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 \par }\pard \ql \li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid4027784 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid991577 "SCHEDULE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4027784 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9597234\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 Column 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell } {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 Column 2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr \brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9597234\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 (Business of the Government)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 (Ministry and Departments of the Government)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9597234\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \trowd \irow2\irowband2 \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\pararsid9597234\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 ) "Courts (legislation governing);}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 Criminal law and procedure;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid11023163 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 Evidence;....}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9597234\yts58 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 Ministry of the Attorney-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 General together with - Office}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 of the Director of Public Prosecutions (subject to section 85 of the Constitution);}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6883645 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \trowd \irow3\irowband3 \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard\plain \ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\pararsid9597234\yts58 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 (b) }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 All written law associated with or arising from the subject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 matter specified in paragraph}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 (a).}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9597234\yts58 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 The Judicial Department (subject to Chapter VII of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784\charrsid2778754 Constitution)."}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4027784 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\lastrow \ts58\trgaph108\trleft504\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3731\clshdrawnil \cellx3919\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3732\clshdrawnil \cellx7355\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid991577 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 It appears that no formal assig}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11606988 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ment }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid1185106\charrsid991577 of responsibilities}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 to the various Ministers had ever been made until that time, and that the directions given on 28th January 1981 were intended to define more accurately and clearly the various areas of Government bu siness within the responsibility of each Minister. The respondent does not allege that the direction to the Attorney-General was made with any improper motive. It formed part of the general definition of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 departmental responsibilities. Among the other departments, responsibility for the administration }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106\charrsid991577 of which}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 was assigned to the Attorney-General at that time, in addition to the office of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 D.P.P. were the offices of the Registrar-General, of the Registrar of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Titles, and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Commissioner}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 of}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 Stamp Duties as well as the J}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 udicial}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Department. In so far as the office of D.P.P. and the Judicial Department were concerned the assig}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1185106 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ments were subject to reservations as already mentioned. The respondent had not been consulted about the direction to the Attorney-Gener al, so far as it affected his department, before it was published, and he immediately complained to the Prime Minister's office th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 at the direction was unconstitu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 tional. Eventually he initiated the proceedings which have led to this appeal. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 On the first issue}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the majority }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Supreme Court held that the direction was unconstitutional. One }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 reasons for their decision was that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid991577 they}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 held the office of D.P.P. was not a department of the Government within the me}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ning of section 76(}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 1}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ) }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Constitution. On appeal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the Court }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 of a}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ppeal held}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 and the respondent now accepts}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 that the office of}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 D.P.P. was a "business }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Government" within the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 meaning of section 76(1}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 and counsel for the D.P.P. conceded before the Board}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 rightly in their Lordships' view}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid991577 it was}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 also a "department }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 Government". It follows therefore that assignment of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 responsibility}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 n respect of that office is per}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 missi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 le in principle}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 provided that the assignment}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 does not offend against subsec}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 tion (7) of section 85 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 encroaching upon the powers conferred on the D.P.P. by sub-sections (4) and (5) }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid991577 of section}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 85. The issue is therefore na}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 rrowed to the question of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 whether}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the direction distinguished with sufficient }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid991577 clarity}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the areas in which the D.P.P. was not }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 subject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ed to mi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 isterial }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 from those i}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 which the administration of his department was}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 and could properly }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 b}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 subject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 ed to such }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 . The distinction was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid991577 evident}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ly}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 intended to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 b}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 e made }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 the words "subject to section 85 of the Cons}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 titution" in the direction.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid991577\charrsid991577 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid991577 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 Part of the argument for the D.P.P. was to the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11344433 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 ffect that those words did }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11344433 n}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 ot make the distinction clearly enough. A further part was that, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11344433 if full}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 effect is given to the provisions of section 85(7), there is no substance in the direction, because the D.P .P. had no powers that would not be within the protection of the subsection. With regard to the latter point, it is to be observed that the responsibility which may be assigned under section 76(}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11344433 1}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 ) is "subject to the provisions }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696\charrsid11344433 of this}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 Constitution }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 and an}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11344433 y}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 other law}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 " (emphasis added). A responsibility vested in the D.P.P. under a law other than the Constitution (for example the Criminal Procedure Code section 12}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11344433 8}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 ) would not be incapable }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11344433 of being}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11344433 assigned under section 76(1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 ), unless the particular law so prov ided, or the responsibility was incidental to his principal functions under section 85 of the Constitution.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 But his functions under the Constitution and his non-assignable responsibilities under other laws are not exhaustive of all his responsibilities. There are other areas of his responsibility which might fall under the "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 general direction and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 " of the Attorney-General by virtue of the assignment and of section 82,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 without contravening section 85(7). }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 For example}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 his dep artment will require supply from public funds, and communications with the Cabinet and Parliament to explain and justify estimates for the office, as well as a responsibility for provision of appropriate accommodation and facilities, might be proper matte rs to be under the general direction and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Attorney-General without eroding the }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 independence}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of the D.P.P. Responsibility for approving and reviewing the establishment }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 department is vested in the Public Service Commission}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11344433 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11344433 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Public Service Act, section 5(1 )(}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11344433 d}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ) -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ut matters concerning the economical and efficient deployment of staff might fall under the general direction and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 Attorney}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 -General. Their Lordships say "might"}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ecause they wish to avoid any appearance }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 d}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 rawing up a list of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 matters for which responsibility has been assigned}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and also to allow for the possibility that circumstances might arise in which a government behaved so unreasonably}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 for example by exercising such excessive financial pressure on the D.P.P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s department}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 that the inference would be that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 they}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 were really seeking to interfere with his independence. There is}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of course}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 no }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 suggestion }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 that such a possibility has been realised. }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The Court of Appeal considered whether these financial and administrative matters were what was contemplated as the area in which the Attorney-General was to exercise general direction and }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . They expressed the view, in the opinion of the Court delivered }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Chilwell }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 J.}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 A.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11344433 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 as follows: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "Applying ordinary principles }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 of construction}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 we would answer that question in the affirmative because so long as the assignment, by its wording}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 does cover something material other than the exclusive and protected powers there is room for it to take effect and we would have said that it is not for the Court to determine the relevance of that material as a matter of degree." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Their Lordships are in entire agreement with the Court }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16399023 A}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ppeal so far. But with the greatest respect their Lordships are unable to agree with the immediately following passage in the opinion, in which the learned judges conclude that the assignment is invalid because it is one which, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 \par \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "to persons untrained in constitutional law and the interpratation of constitutions has every appearance of giving the Attorney-General ascendancy over the D.P.P. in the exercise of the latter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s exclusive and protected powers." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The Court }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5975654 A}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ppea}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 l}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 sought to support that view }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 referring to the judgment }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Board delivered }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Lord Diplock in }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid10578742 Ong A}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid10578742 h Chuan}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid10578742 v. }{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794\charrsid10578742 Public}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid10578742 Prosecutor}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 [1981] A}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 .C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . 648, 669}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 which repeats the well-known passage in the }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid10578742 Minister of Home Affairs }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid10578742 v}{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid10578742 . Fisher}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 [1980] A.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 . 319, to the effect that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "the way to interpret a Constitution on the Westminster m}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 o}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 del is to treat it not as if it were }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 an}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Act of Parliament }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16399023 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ut as }{ \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid10578742 sui generis}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 calling for principles of interpretation }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 of its}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 own}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 suitable}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 to its character ..... without necessary acceptance of all the presumptions that are relevant to legislation of private law}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Their Lordships fully accept that a constitutio n should be dealt with in that way and should receive a generous interpretation. But that does not require the courts, when construing a constitution, to reject the plain ordinary meaning of words. Proper construction }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of a }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 constitution, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742\charrsid11023163 or}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10578742 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ny other doc ument, would be impossible if the court could not assume that the reader was reasonably intelligent and that he would read with reasonable care. Their Lordships are, with respect, quite unable to accept the view that a person of reasonable intelligence, r eading the Governor-General}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s direction to the Attorney-General dated 28th January 1981 with reasonable care, even if he was untrained in constitutional law, would understand that the direction gave to the Attorney-General ascendancy over the D.P.P. The wor ds "subject to section 85 of the Constitution" would immediately put such a reader on his enquiry, and reference to section 85 would explain the independence reserved to the D.P.P. and excluded from the assignment. The method adopted in this direction of making a comprehensive assignment, subject to section 85, appears to their Lordships to be a perfectly proper method of exercising the Governor-General}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s power under section 76(1). The alternative would have been to set out a list of administrative matters in the D.P.P.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s department for which the Attorney-General was to become responsible. That would have involved going into considerable detail and might well have led to uncertainty and inconvenience. In any event whether the method adopted was the only one, or the best one, is not in question. The only question is whether it was validly within the Constitution and their Lordships have no doubt that it was. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Having regard to their Lordships}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 view on the first issue the second issue does not}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 strictly speaking}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 arise. But counsel on }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 both}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 sides represented that the second issue was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 of general}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 importance}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 affecting the holders of other }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 public}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 offices which were protected }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 constitutional}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 guarantees of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 independence. On }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 behalf}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 the} {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ir respecti}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 v}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 e clients}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 both}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 counsel asked for guidance}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16399023 on the question whether and D.P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 .P. was entitled to sue by the name of his office. In response to that request their Lordships will briefly indicate their }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 view.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 \par \par The proceedings which have led to this appeal were instituted by the respondent under section 97(1) of the Constitution}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 , which}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 provides as follows: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "97.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16399023 - }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 (1) Subject to the provisions of ...... this Constitution, if any person alleges that any provision of this Constitution (other than Chapter II) has been contravened and that his interests are being or are likely to be affected by such contravention, then, without prej}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 udice to any other action wi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 th respect to the same matter which is lawfully available that person may apply to the Supreme Court for a declaration and for relief under this section." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The draf}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ts}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 man }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 of that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 subsection appears to have had in mind primarily the case of a private individual who claims that his interests are being affected }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 contravention}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 Constitution. That}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 view is}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 confirmed }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the fact that the section does not }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16399023\charrsid11023163 apply to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 contraventions of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 hapter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 II }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the} {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 which is the chapter dealing with protection }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 of fundamental}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 rights and freedoms }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 individual. I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 n the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16399023\charrsid11023163 pr}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid16399023 es}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16399023\charrsid11023163 ent}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 case the respondent is not alleging that his personal interests are being, or are likely to be}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 affected. His allegations relate to the independence of his office of D.P.P }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ut counsel }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 for the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 appellant accepted that they were about the respondent}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 s "interests"}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 within the meaning}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 section. That being}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the nature }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5858696 of his}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 complaint}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 it would seem appropriate that he should be entitled to bring the proceedings in the name of his office, unless there is clear reason to the contrary. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 There is no difficulty in construing the word "person" in section 97(1) as including the holder of an office. Compare section 136 which provides that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid6883645 {\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 "No provision of this Constitution that any }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid4484458 person}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 or authority shall not be subject to the direction and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 of any other }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid4484458 person}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 authority}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ....... (Emphasis added). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11023163 {\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The word "person" in section 136 must include the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 holder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 n office since there are no provisions in the Constitution prohibiting direction and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 ny named individual by any other named }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 individual, but}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 there are several provisions prohibiting }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 holder }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 of one}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 office by the holder }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 nother office. In the opinion of their Lordships the word "person" should be construed in the same way in section 97(1). }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 The only}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 reason that was suggested }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14622794 why}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 the D.P.P. should not be enti}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 tled to apply under section 97(}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 1) using the name of his office was that he might thereby cause the costs of his application to fall on public funds instead of falling on himself personally and possibly that he might use public facilities improperly or extr avagantly. Their Lordships are not impressed by this argument. In the present case the first issue raised by the respondent was a serious one, particularly in light of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 h}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 istory in Fiji, and there was good reason in the public interest for submitting it for decision by the Court. In the unlikely event of some office holder in future applying for a declaration under section 97(1) unreasonably, or conducting the proceedings extravagantly, any expense which he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 might}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 thereby improperly incur could be recovered from him personally by ordinary methods of departmental financial }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 and, in their Lordships}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11023163\charrsid11023163 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 view, such }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11535135 control}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 would not be affected by considerations of whether the office holder concerned had applied in his personal name or in the name of his office. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par While}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 their Lordships are accordingly of opinion that it was permissible for the respondent in the present case to make the application in the name of his office, they do not consider that it would necessarily be incompetent for a person in the positio n of the respondent to apply either in his personal name, or in some such style as "A.B. being the D.P.P.". If he were to apply in either of these ways, there might be some inconvenience if he died, or demitted office, while the proceedings were in progre ss, because proceedings under section 97(1) have to be founded on the allegation that "his interests }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid4484458 are being}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 or are likely to be affected". Where the allegation relates to the interests of an office, it could hardly be maintained after the applicant had ceased to hold }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4484458\charrsid11023163 the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 office. In such cases, it will therefore probably be more convenient, as a general rule, to apply in the name of the office than in the personal name of the office holder. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 For these reasons their Lordships will humbly advise Her M}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 ajesty that the appeal should }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 be allowed and that the Declarat}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4484458 ions made by the Supreme Court o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 n Fiji on 10th April 1981 and by the Court of Appeal of Fiji on 5th August 1981 should be set aside. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid11023163 The Order of the Court of Appeal on the latter date that costs in the Court of Appeal should be awarded to the respondent will be set aside and there will be no order as to costs either in the Court of}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13463634 Appeal or before this Board.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13463634\charrsid11023163 \par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3885822\charrsid13463634 Appeal allowed. \par }}