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{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f382\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}
{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f399\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\f400\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f402\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f403\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f406\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\f407\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\f409\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}
{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f419\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}
{\f420\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f422\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f423\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f424\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}
{\f425\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f426\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}{\f427\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f428\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
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{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
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\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105 [1981] 27 FLR 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 COURT OF APPEAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15669405\charrsid15669405  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15669405 OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15669405\charrsid8848105 FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid12139896 Criminal Jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 ALIPATE VOKAI & 21 OTHERS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 REGINAM
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 ould V. P .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  Marsack, J.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  Spring J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 
\par Date of Hearing: 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  1981 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 Date of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 udgment: 25 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  1981 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 Criminal Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 Trade Dispute Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 Joinder of charges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 joinder of parties}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 onus of proof of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12023661 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 
 'excuse'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 honest and reasonable belief but mistaken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 
onus to introduce }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105 ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 idence thereof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 Sahu Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  for the Appellants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 Sur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8848105\charrsid8848105 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid8848105 
sh Chandra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  for the Respondent 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8848105 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 Appeal against convictions of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 
2 persons in respect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 of charges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 of Breach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 Contract }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 of Service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 
 affecting an Essential Service brought under S.14(1) and S.37 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 
 Trade Disputes Act (the Act.) The appellants had appealed to the Supreme Court against their convictions and on 15 May 1981 their appeals were dismissed. Their present appeal was restricted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 by}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  S.22(1) of the Court of Appeal Act (Cap. 12) to grounds involving a question of law only. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 Accused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 numbered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  1}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 9 inclusive were charged and convicted on count 1. Accused 11 was convicted on count 2. Accused 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  14 and 15 were convicted on count 3. Accused 16 on count}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 4. Accused 17 on count 5. Accused 18 and 19 on count 6. Accused 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 
, 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  and 22 on count 7 and accused 23 on count 8. The charge against accused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  was dropped. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 The Trade Disputes Act S.14(1) reads: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx236\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1842555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 
"Any person who wilfully breaks his contract of service, knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that the probable consequences of his so doing, either alone or in combination with others, will be: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li236\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx236\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin236\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx236\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1842555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 (a) to deprive the public, or any section }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  public wholly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 or to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  a great extent of an essential service, or substantially to diminish the enjoyment of that service by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 
 the public or by any section o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 f the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  public; or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx236\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1842555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx236\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1842555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 (b) to endanger human life }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 or cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  serious bodily injury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid12139896 
or to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896  expose valuable property whether real or personal, to destruction, deterioration or serious damage, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12023661 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx649\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10815005 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12023661 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx236\tx810\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1842555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid12139896 shall be guilty of an offence." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par Notice of appeal contained 6 grounds which were: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 . That the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 learned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  appellate judge erred in law in not upholding the appellants and dismissing the charges against the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid14173037 appellants in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  as much as there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid14173037 no proper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 proof that the prosecutions of the appellants were commenced by or upon the directions of the Director of Public Prosecutions in as much as specific objections were raised as to such requirements by the appellants at the com
mencement of the hearing of the case in the Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 s Court." }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1842555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
2. That the learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding the Appellants and dismissing the charges against the Appellants in as much as the charges were defective in substance an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 d 
in form and more particularly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1842555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
(a) Several appellants were wrongly joined together in one count; 
\par (b) That the charges did not disclose any offence known in law; 
\par (c) The charges were defective for duplicity; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 (d) There were misjoinders of counts in one information. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 That the learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding that appellants in that the appellants could not be convicted as there was no evidence as to the terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid14173037 of contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 employment allegedly breached by the appellants. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 4. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 That the learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding the appellants contention that the learned trial magistrate erred in law in n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 o}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 t dealing with the evidence against each appellant separately. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13859269 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 5. Tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 t the learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding the appellants in that, that the learned trial magistrate did not properly and/or adequately consider the defence case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13859269 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 6. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 That the learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding that the learned Trial Magistrate did not adequately and/or properly direct himself and/or consider the question of burden }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 of proofs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  as to the issues involved" 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16140769 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 : The court dealt with ground 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  dismissed it in terms which need not be repeated here. The Court noted, as was said by the Supreme Court, that w
hether a prosecution has shown prima facie that the requisite consent to launch it has been given that is not disproved simply by taking formal objection. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Ground 2 was argued as raising questions as to whether there had been improper joinder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 or whether
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  the counts were bad for duplicity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Criminal Procedure Code (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 Ca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
p. 21) S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 120}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  S.l21 were referred to by the learned judges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  as setting out a basis on which more than one offence and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 ffences aga
inst more than one person may be joined. They pointed out that duplicity only arises when a person is charged in one count with two distinct offences. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 As to the allegation that there had been a wrongful joinder the court interpreted the words "Charge" or Information in S.l20 and S.l21 as including "count". They referred to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16140769 Attorney-General v. Hari Pratap (Privy Council) Appeal No. 10 of 1969)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 on appeal from this court. See also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16140769 .P.P. v. Me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 rr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4412436 iman (1972) 56 Cr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16140769  Ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4412436 p R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16140769  766 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16140769 p. 796}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  the citation from which the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 said exactly covered the counts to which objection had been taken. . 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 Ground 3 alleged there was no evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid16140769 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid16140769 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  contracts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 of service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  of the appellants. The court found evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 of this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  in the statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 of accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  made in Court that they were absenting themselves from work: and their reasons therefor. A similar inference arose from the evidence of executives of e.g. Power Station and Mines}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 Ground 4 which alleged that the magistrate was in error in not dealing with each appellant separately was dismissed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 Grounds 5and 6 were taken together. As argued they "resolved themselves into a question of onus in two respects". }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 Section 17 of the Act reads: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 "No person shall be guilty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 an offence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 under the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 of section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  l4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 f this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 if twenty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 
-eight days have elapsed since the date on which the strike or lock out was accepted by the Permanent Secretary and the dispute has not within that time been settled or directed by the Minister to be referred to a Tribunal for settlement." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 The court referred to Criminal Procedure Code S.l44(A) and the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 Edwards}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4412436  (1974) 59 Cr App R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  213. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16140769\charrsid16140769 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 The court said that s.17 created an exemption, exemption or excuse and s.l44 made it clear accordingly. The Magistrate's decision w
as upheld as being correct. i.e. that the onus of availing themselves of the protection given by s.17 lay upon the appellants. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid16140769 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 The second argument in this area related to the possibility of an honest and reasonable belief though mistaken as to a state }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid16140769 of things}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 
 (consistent with innocence) would mean there was no criminal responsibility. As the Magistrate did not believe the appellants concerning their alleged mistaken belief and a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid16140769 
belief was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769  a persona}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 l, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid16140769 
ubjective matter the person relying on it should adduce evidence to show its existence. Lacking that evidence the defence would not be available. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid16140769 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs24\cf1\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Appeal dismissed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Cases referred to: 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid15102517 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 . v. Walker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid10249924 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid16672762\charrsid13859269 1934}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid10249924 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid16672762\charrsid13859269  24 Cr App R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 117}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Attorney-General v. Hari Pratap }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 (Privy Council Appeal No. 10 of 1969). }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid15160587\charrsid13859269  HYPERLINK "http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=uk/cases/UKPC/1970/1970_17.html&query=&method=boolean" \\
o "Privy Council - View Full Text on BAILII" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid1328014\charrsid13859269 {\*\datafield 
10d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bde00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006200610069006c00690069002e006f00720067002f006300670069002d00620069006e002f006d00610072006b00750070002e006300670069003f00
64006f0063003d0075006b002f00630061007300650073002f0055004b00500043002f0031003900370030002f0031003900370030005f00310037002e00680074006d006c002600710075006500720079003d0026006d006500740068006f0064003d0062006f006f006c00650061006e000000795881f43b1d7f48af2c82
5dc485276300000000a5ab000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\f0\ul\cf0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid15160587\charrsid13859269 [1970] UKPC 17}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\sectlinegrid299\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10109791\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15669405\charrsid13859269 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid15102517 P }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 v. Merriman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid10249924 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid15160587\charrsid13859269 1972}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid10249924 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid15160587\charrsid13859269  56 Cr App R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid10630869 766}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 A.J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 
C. Patel Bros. v. Prices and Incomes Board }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid15160587\charrsid13859269  HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl/fj/cases/FJSC/1978/
145.html?query=" \\o "Supreme Court of Fiji - View Full Text on PacLII" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid1328014\charrsid13859269 {\*\datafield 
10d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90baa00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000610063006c00690069002e006f00720067002f006300670069002d00620069006e002f0064006900730070002e0070006c002f0066006a002f00
630061007300650073002f0046004a00530043002f0031003900370038002f003100340035002e00680074006d006c003f00710075006500720079003d000000795881f43b1d7f48af2c825dc485276300000000a5ab000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs47\f0\ul\cf0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid15160587\charrsid13859269 [1978] FJSC 145}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\sectlinegrid299\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10109791\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf0\insrsid15669405\charrsid13859269 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid12526199\charrsid13859269 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Edwards}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\cf17\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid14499980\charrsid13859269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs49\f0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid14822929 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs49\f0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid14499980\charrsid13859269 1974}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs49\f0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid14822929 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs49\f0\lang9\langfe2057\langnp9\insrsid14499980\charrsid13859269  59 Cr App R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  213}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Hira v. Reg. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid4412436\charrsid13859269 [1967]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid5908634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\insrsid4412436\charrsid13859269 13 FLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 . 176}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid15669405\charrsid13859269 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Dhansukhlal v. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf18\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf18\insrsid4412436\charrsid13859269  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid4412436\charrsid13859269 [1978]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf18\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid4412436\charrsid13859269 24 FLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  126}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid15669405\charrsid13859269 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 GO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 LD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf18\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Vice President. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Judgment of the Court
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Some 22 persons were convicted by the Magistrate's Court on charges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 of Breach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf19\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 Contract of Service affecting an Essential Service}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  brought under sections 14(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf19\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 37 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid4132688\charrsid13859269 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  Trade Disputes Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 (then known as the Trade Disputes Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 1973)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 fines }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf19\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf19\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf19\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 $20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 on each per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 on were imposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf18\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 They appealed to the Supreme Court against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf19\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 conviction }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf19\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 the 15th May}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 , thei}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 r appeals were dismissed. They }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 now bring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12139896\charrsid13859269 the present appeal to this Court and on it are restricted by section 22(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4132688\charrsid13859269 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid12139896\charrsid13859269  Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf0\insrsid9397017\charrsid13859269 of Appeal Act to grounds of appeal which involve a question of law only. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf0\insrsid9896248\charrsid13859269 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 By}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 way of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 summary, accuseds 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 (inc.) were charged and convicted on Count }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
 (accused 10 was dropped). Accused 11 was convicted on Count 2, accuseds 12, 13, 14 and 15 on Count 3, accused 16 on Count 4, accused 17 on Count 5, accuseds 18 and 19 on Count 6, accuseds 20, 21 and 22 on Count 7 and accused 23 on Count 8. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 The appellants have been represented in all courts by their present counsel Mr Sahu Khan. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 For the better understanding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid9896248 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  charges it will be well to set out section 14(1) of the Trade Disputes Act: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 "14(1) Any person who wilfully breaks his contract }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 of service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 , knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that the probable consequences }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  so doing, either alone or in combination with others, will be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 (a) to deprive the public, or any secti
on of the public wholly or to a great extent of an essential service, or substantially to diminish the enjoyment of that service by the public or by any section of the public; or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4412436 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 (b) to endanger human life or cause serious bodily injury or to expose valuable property whether real or personal, to destruction, deterioration or serious damage, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5270926 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 shall be guilty of an offence." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 By way of example we take Count }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
, charging accuseds 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 FIRST COUNT
\par STATEMENT OF OFFENCE
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 Breach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 of contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  affecting an essential service contrary to section 14(1)(a) and 37 of the Trade Disputes Act, 1973. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 PARTICULARS OF OFFENCE
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
ALIPATE VOKAl, TOMASI NALIUTU, AISAKE DOKO, SAMUELA RARALEVU, TIMOCI NAITUKU, SERUPEPELI KALIKADINA, SAVERIO TUMAILAGI, KITIONE KABU, TOMASI KOROI between the 24th day of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 April, 1980 and the twenty-sixth day of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 May, 1980 at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
Vatukoula in the Western Division wilfully broke their contracts of service having reasonable cause to believe that the probable consequences }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid9896248 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 ir so doing in combination with others would be to deprive the public to a great extent of an esential service, namely the supply of electricity."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 The particulars }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid9896248 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid9896248 other charges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  were similar. In Counts 1 and 2 the e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9896248 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 sential service relied upon was the supply of electricity, in Count 3 electricity and water, in Counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5270926  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
and 5 the supply of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
water, in Counts 6 and 7 sanitary services and in Count 8 mine pumping. It should perhaps be noted that the phrase "having reasonable cause to believe that the prob
able consequences of their so doing in combination with others" is used in all the counts, those which charge one individual as well as those which charge a number. Reference to the evidence may be become necessary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9896248\charrsid14173037 when we deal with particular grounds of appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 The Notice of Appeal contains six grounds which read: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
. That the Learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding the Appellants and dismissing the charges against the Appellants inasmuch as there was no proper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 that the prosecutions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid9896248 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  Appellants were commenced by or upon the directions of the Director of P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 blic Prosecutions inasmuch as specific objections were raised as to such requirements by the Appellants at the commencement of the hearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid9896248 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  cas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  in the Magistrate's Court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
2. That the Learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding the Appellants and dismissing the charges against the Appellants inasmuch as the charges were defective in substance and in form and more parti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 cularly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5270926 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
(a) Several Appellants were wrongly joined together in one Count; 
\par (b) That the charges did not disclose any offence known in law; 
\par (c) The charges were defective for duplicity; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 (d) There were misjoinders of counts in one information. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
3. That the Learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding that Appellants in that the Appellants could not be convicted as there was no evidence as to the terms of contract of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  e}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 mployment allegedly breached by the Appellants. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 4. That the Learned A
ppellate Judge erred in law in not upholding the Appellants contention that the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law in not dealing with the evidence against each Appellant separately. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
5. That the Learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding the Appellants in that, that the Learned Trial Magistrate did not properly and/ or adequately consider the defence case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4412436 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid9896248 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
6. That the Learned Appellate Judge erred in law in not upholding that the Learned Trial Magistrate did not adequately and/or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 prope}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 rl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 y 
direct himself and/or consider the question of burden of proofs as to the issues involved." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 Ground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  arises from section 40 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid9896248 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 
 Trade Disputes Act, 1973 (we will refer to it as "the Act" and continue to refer to section numbers from that edition) whic
h enacts that no prosecution for an offence under the Act shall be commenced except "by or upon the directions of the Director of Public Prosecutions". In the Magistrate's Court Mr Dyfed Williams appeared for the prosecution; it is well known that he has 
b
een conducting prosecutions in Fiji Courts for a substantial number of years. After the pleas had been taken; he tendered the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions. It was signed by D. Williams, Acting Director of Public Prosecutions and dated 26
th May, 1980. The trial commenced on the 3rdJuly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  1980. On objection by Mr Sahu Khan, Mr Williams tendered a copy }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688\charrsid9896248 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid6755280 
Fiji Royal Gazette}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  No. 29 of 1980 showing the appointment of Mr D. Williams as Acting Director of Public Prosecutions as from the 22nd April, 198}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2112981 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 Mr Sahu Khan is recorded as tak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 ing the following objections: (a) Do not accept the D.P.P.s appointment in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid6755280 Gazette}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 , (b) Mr Williams not properly appoi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 nted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2112981  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2112981  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 he is not a Fijian citizen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2112981  -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 section 85(2) of the Constitution, (c) The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid6755280 
Gazette}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248  must be proved by evidence. The learned magistrate overruled these objections. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9896248 Objection No. 2 has never been pursued and Mr Sahu Khan acknowledged in this Court that it was invalid. The remaining objections were particularly technical. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par We think it a pity that so patently unmeritorious a matter should have been brought to the stage of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
a second appeal. As the learned judge pointed out, under section 55 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 Interpretation Act the consent tendered was prima facie evidence that it was the consent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Director }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 of Public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Prosecutions without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 signature. If indeed it was necessary to prove Mr Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  acting appointment in our opinion }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 it was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  validly done by tendering in evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 at an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  appropriate time the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 relevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  copy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid6755280 Gazette}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  which was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  by section 63 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Interpretation Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 admissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 in evidence without any proof }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 of publication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 or printing and was directed by that section to be accepted as evidence of (inter alia) appointments. To any extent that the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid6755280 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid6755280 ira v. Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4412436  [1967] 13 FLR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 176, mentioned by counsel for the appellants may be thought to contain dicta to the contrary, it is clearly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 distinguishable}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 Court dealt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 with a similar ground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  to the present one, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid6755280 Dhansukhlal v. Reg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4412436 . [1978] 24 FLR 126}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  and do not need to repeat what we said there. Mr Sahu Khan, however, relies upon a passage in that judgment which reads: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 It is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  acknowledged, however, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280\charrsid14173037 if objections}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  were taken as to the authenticity of the authorization to prosecute signed by the D.P.P.
 or the validity of the authorization was called in question for some other good or sufficient reason then the Crown must be in a position to formally prove the authorizat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6755280 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 on to prosecute. Nothing of that sort arose in this case." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par In whatever circumstances those words may apply, we agree with the learned judge in the Supreme Court that where the prosecution has shown, by virtue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  statute, a prima facie case that the requisite consent has been duly given, that case is not rebutted simply by taking formal objection. There is no merit in this ground. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 We have set out Ground 2. As argued, it raised the questions whether there was improper joinder or whether the counts were bad for duplicity. The sections }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Criminal Procedure Code relevant to these topics are 120 and 121. They read: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
"120.(1) Any offences, whether felonies or misdemeanours}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 may be charged together in the same charge or information }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid14173037 if the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 offences charged are founded on the same facts or form, or are part of, a series of offences of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  same or a similar character.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
(2) Where more than one offence is charged in a charge or information, a description }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid14173037 of each}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 offence so charged shall be set out in a separate paragraph of the charge or information called a count. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 (3) Where, before trial, or at any stage of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 a trial, the court is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid14173037 of opinion}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  that a person accused may be embarrassed in his defence by reason }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid14173037 of being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  charged with more than one offence in the same charge or information, o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  that for any other reason it is desirable to direct that the person be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
tried}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 separately for any one or more offences charged in a charge o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 r }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 information, the court may order a separate trial of any count or counts of such charge or information. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
121. The following persons may be joined in one charge or information .and may be tried together, namely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
(a) persons accused of the same offence committed in the course of the same transaction; 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 (b) persons accused of an offence and persons accused of abetment, or of an attempt to commit such offence; 
\par (c) persons accused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 of different}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  offences provided that all offences are founded on the same facts}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  or form or are part of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 a series of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 offences }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  same or a similar character; 
\par (d) persons accused of different offences committed in the course of the same transaction." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 We are in agreement with the learned judge in the Supreme Court that there was no duplicity; as he states, duplicity only arises when a person is charge
d in one count with two distinct offences. Even in count }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2112981 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 it is obvious that each person is being charged with breaking his own contract }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 of service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
. It would not be within his power to break the contract }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 of somebody}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  else. The element }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 of combination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  mentioned in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 articulars has reference to the question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 "reasonable cause to believe" of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 dividual and does not involve him in more than one offence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 The other aspect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  matter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 the allegation that there was wrongful joinder of more than one person in a single count, is more complex. It applies to Counts 1,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  3, 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 and 7 only. Section 120 applies to cover cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 of duplicity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 but subsection (2) in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 ur }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 view is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 intended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  to apply to more
 than one offence by the same person, leaving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  join}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
der of persons to be covered by section 121. The justification for the joinder in the present case would fall within subparagraphs (c) and/or (d) and we do not find any convincing reason why the words "char
ge or information" as used in the section should be construed as excluding the meaning, where appropriate, of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
"a count" in such a charge or information. The elasticity which can be given to the meaning of such phrases is well illustrated by the judgment of their Lordships of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 Atto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1326754 rney }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 General v. Hari Pratap }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 (Privy Council Appeal No. 10 of 1969) on appeal from this Court. In our opinion section 121(c) and (d) are to be construed in the light }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  words used by Lord Diplock in the House }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1326754\charrsid9397017 of Lords}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 D.P.P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4412436  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4412436  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 Merriman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4412436 
(1972) 56 Cr App R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 766 at 796 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
"Where a number of acts of a similar nature committed by one or more defendants were connected with one another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1326754 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 in the time and place }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 commission or by their common purpose, in such a way that they could fairly be regarded as forming part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  same transaction or criminal enterprise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 it was the practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  as early as the eighteenth century}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 
,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  to charge them in a single count of an indictment. Where such a count was laid against more than one defendant, the jury could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 find each}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 m guilty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 of one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 offence only; but a failure by the prosecution to prove the allegation, formerly expressly stated in the indictment but now only implicit in their joinder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 in the same count, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 hat the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  unlawful acts of each were done jointly in aid }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566\charrsid9397017 of one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  did not render the indictment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 ex post facto }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 bad or invalidate the jury's verdict against those found guilty. To quote Hawkins again: 'On such }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5987566 indictment... ...some of the de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
fendants may be acquitted and others convicted; for the law regards the charge as several against each}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
 thought the words of it purport only a joint charge against all." }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid9397017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 That appears to us exactly to cover the counts to which objection is taken here and in our opinion it was open to the learned magistrate to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid9397017 convict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  or acquit any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  persons included in the charges in question. We therefore reject this ground of appeal. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 Ground 3 alleges that there was no evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  contracts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid9397017 of service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  appellants. If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 can be est}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 
blished }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid9397017 it can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017  be said to raise a question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12477764 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017\charrsid9397017 law as, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
to prove its case, the prosecution had to establish a breach of those contracts. Mr Sahu Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
s argument was that there was no evidence 
to show under what circircumstances a worker could leave his employment, particularly when it appeared that the categories of service differed. The learned judge in the Supreme Court found that there was enough evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  appellants worked for Emperor Gold Mines Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
the name of the employer is not mentioned anywhere in the charges or particulars. That finding, however, hardly goes far enough. The challenge is to the lack of evidence of the terms of that employment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Mr Chandra, for the respondent, put it as a matter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 of inference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  that the contracts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 of service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 were broken. The contracts may have been in writing or oral and the mere fact that the appellants had absented themselves from work raised the assumption that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  under the terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 of service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 , t
hey were supposed to be working at the particular times. We think that a more effectual base for this inference is provided by the statements (not on oath) which all the appellants made in court and in the same terms. They stated their reasons for decidin
g not to go to work. They received a message that they could go on strike if they voted for it. They believed all the formalities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 of strike}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  had been complied with on their behalf. There was a dispute (over the recognition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  National Union }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 of Mine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Worke
rs) and they decided not to go to work until the dispute was settled. The fact that the appellants regarded themselves as going on strike is a firm indication that they were absenting themselves at a time when they ought, as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 ir normal employment, to have been working. In the prosecution case, a similar inference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764 arises from the evidence of Mr J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 . S. Morrison, power station superintendent and Mr R. L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
oyd, a superintendent of the mechanical section of the mines, as to the dates of absence of the appellants from their work; it was clearly intended to convey that those absences occurred when the persons concerned should have been working. In our}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 this was the only aspect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 of service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  that required to be proved, and we consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 to have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 sufficiently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  covered by the evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12477764\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
Ground 4 claims that the magistrate erred in law in not dealing with the evidence against each appellant separately. In the Supreme Court the learned judge dealt with the same argument as follows: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
"What had to be proved was that each appellant worked for E.G.M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 that his employment related to an essential service, that he withdrew his service in circimstances amounting to a breach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 of contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  and that an essential service was endangered. The learne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 magistrate in ruling that there was a case to answer cons
idered each count, to which essential service it was directed and to each accused. He stated that there was prima facie evidence that the essential services were endangered. He said from time to time that there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 was evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  when referring to various submissions. I would not be prepared to assume that the learned magistrate made such statements without paying careful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 regard to the evidence he had recorded. In fact where he found the evidence to be insufficient he said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 he found no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 to answer in regard to accused 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 n count}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 9 and accuseds 25 to 30 on count 10. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Following his ruling each }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  17 appellants made an unsworn statement a foolscap sheet in length and c
ontaining 11 short paragraphs. They were already written and were read out as they were handed in. Except for the odd word the statements are identical. In every statement the maker admitted that he worked for the Company and most stated that they lived i
n a company house. In every statement at paragraph 7 refers to the strike saying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
I stayed away from wo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 k for two reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 , and explains that they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 thought formalities}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  had been complied with which they made their withdrawal of labour legal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14711362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 There could be 
little point in the magistrate referring 23 times to the same statement and in relating the same piece }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 of prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  evidence separately for each accused. He considered the evidence against the appellants in finding a case to answer. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 In Dhinsukhalal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 s case (supra), at p. 1019 of the typescript, the F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
.A. dealt with a similar ground of appeal. They noted that separate defences were not advanced by any of the appellants; and that the evidence showed that each appellant had the common intention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 of withdrawing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  his labour. They said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Had the magistrate gone through the evidence in respect of each appellant separately it would have been repetitive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 " 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 The learned judge dismissed the ground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid14173037 of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  and we do not think he erred in law in doing so. In this Cou
rt Mr Sahu Khan pointed out certain aspects of the dates charged for the offences. In Count 1 it was "between the 24th April, 1980 and the 26th May, 1980, Count 2 between the 25th May, 1980 and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247\charrsid11096247 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
May, 1980, Count 3 between the 23rd and 26th May, 1980, Count 4 between the 29th April, 1980 and the 26th May, 1980, Count 6 between the 23rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397017  and 26th May, 1980, Count 7 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 tween the 24th April, 1980 and the 26th May, 1980 and Count 8 between the 23rd and 26th May, 1980". 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Sahu Khan argued th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11096247 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 the magist
rate considered all the evidence as a whole and made no reference to the differences between the various counts. As to this we think all that we can say is that if the various appellants had made points relying upon the differences in dates, or adverted t
o them in their statements the magistrate might have been expected to deal with them and no doubt would have done so. Short of the introduction of a further appeal on fact based on the element }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of combination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  with others (which is not open to the appellants)
 we do not find anything in this ground which can avail the appellants. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
Grounds 5 and 6 were taken together and resolved themselves into a question of onus in two respects. The first was that the magistrate was mistaken in holding that the onus of availing themselves }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  protection given by section 17 of the Act lay upon the appellants. Section 17 reads: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 "17. No person shall be g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 uil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 ty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 offence under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 the provisions of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 section 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 f this Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 if twenty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
-eight days have elapsed since the date on which the strike }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 or lock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 out was accepted by the Permanent Secretary and the dispute has not within that time been settled or directed by the Minister to be referred to a Tribunal for settlement." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
\par In his judgment the learned judge in the Supreme Court took the view that section 17 was in the nature of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 proviso intended to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
protect those involved in an industrial dispute. It was inserted for the protection of the persons charged be they employer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 employee and it is for them to produce the necessary evidence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  Mr Sahu Khan poi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 nted out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 that Williams }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid16717240 A.J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16717240 C. Patel Bros. v. Prices}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16717240 and Incomes Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  (Cr. Ap. 110/78}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 S.C.) (after considering the effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  144A }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  Crimina}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10636031 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  Pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
cedure Code) had come to a different conclusion in relation to the legislation then before him. That legislation was, however, an order under the counter inflation legislation and in no way resembles that now before the Court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Section 144A (inserted in the Criminal Pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 cedure Code in 1969) is now section 144 of the 1978 Editi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 on of the Laws, and reads:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 "1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 44. Any exception, exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification, whether it does }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 or does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 accompany in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  the same section the description }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  offence i
n the Act creating such offence, and whether or not specified or negatived in the charge or complaint, may be proved by the defendant or accused, but no proof in relation thereto shall be required on the part of the complainant or prosecution."}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 This section was enacted before the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid16717240 Edwards}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 (1974) 59 Cr. App. R. 213 which considered this subject with great care. We think it desirable to quote the following passage from the judgment of the Court of Appeal, at p. 221}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  \endash }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 "In our judgment this l
ine of authority establishes that over the. ce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 nturie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 s the common law, as a result }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of experience}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  and the need to ensure that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  j}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 ust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 ce }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  done both to the community and to defendants, has evolved an exception to the fundamental rule of our criminal law that t
he prosecution must prove every element }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 offence charged. This exception, like so much else in the common law was hammered out on the anvil }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of pleading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 . It is limited to offences arising under enactments which prohibit the doing of an act save in specified circumstances or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 persons of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 specified classes or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 with specified qualifications or with the licence or permission of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
specified authorities. Whenever the prosecution seeks to rely on this exception, the court must construe the enactment under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 which the charge is laid. If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 the true construction is that the enactment
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
prohibits the doing of acts, subject to provisos, exemptions and the like, then the prosecution can rely upon the exception. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
In our judgment its application does not depend upon either the fact, or the presumption, that the defendant has peculiar knowledge enabling him to prove the positive of any negative averment. As Wigmore pointed out in his great }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid16717240 Treatise on Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 , this 
concept of peculiar knowledge furnishes no working rule (1905 ed., Vol. 4, p. 3525). If it did, defendants would have to prove lack of intent. What does provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 
 a working rule is what the common la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 w evolved from a rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of pleading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 . We have striven to ident
ify it in this judgment. Like nearly all rules it could be applied oppressively; but the Courts have ample powers to curb and discourage oppressive prosecutors and do not hesitate to use them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3025379 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
Two consequences follow from the view we have taken as to the evolution and nature of this exception. First, as it comes into operation upon an e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 actment being construed in a particular way, there is no need for the prosecution to prove a prima facie case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of lack}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 of excuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
, qualification or the like; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 , w
hat shifts is the onus: it is for the defendant to prove that he was entitled to do the prohibited act. What rests on him is the legal or, as it is sometimes called, the persuasive burden of proof. It is not the evidential burden." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 In our opinion section
 14, under which the charges here are laid, prohibits the doing of an act and renders it an offence. Section 17 obviously creates either an exception, exemption or excuse (perhaps the latter is the better word) and section 144 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Criminal Procedure Cod
e makes it quite clear that it is not material that the excuse is not created by the same but a separate section. The magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 s opinion was, in our view, correct. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 The second limb }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 argument on this ground arises from the fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 that one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717240\charrsid14173037 element}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  offence under section 14 is that the breaking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 contract must have been done wilfully. The magistrate considered this aspect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  matter and accepted}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10636031  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid7365331 Reg. v. Wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid7365331 ter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  (1934) Cr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1195976  App R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  117}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  122 the statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 "wilfully means the act is done deliberately and intentionally but so that the mind }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  person who does the act goes with it.". }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 There has been no challenge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 the appellants to this interpretation. Later, the magistrate said: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 "Learned counsel has al
so submitted that the accused persons acted under a mistaken of fact i.e. believing in a state of things which if they existed would a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 solve them of any criminal liability. With respect there is nothing in the evidence which would make this belief tenable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 ona fide and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 honestly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
. No notice was in fact given at all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  the Union or the individua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 l }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 accused pe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 sons who each have stated that they acted independently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 of other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  accused persons in the belief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 bona fide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Union having complied with the requirements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  28 days notice and had in such a belief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
withdrawn his service. I am not satisfied that the accused persons or anyone of the them held any such belief honestly. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 I am satisfied that each }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  accused persons was aware }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  provisions of section 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 said Act and each had failed to comply with the provisions of the requisite notice." 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7692768 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Mr Sahu Khan contended that in the sentence saying he was "not satisfied" that the accused persons }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 or anyone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 m held any such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 belief honestly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
, the magistrate place the onus upon the appellants to show that they had not acted wilfully. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 What the magistrate was doing was dealing with the claim that the appellants had acted under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 a mistaken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 fact. Section 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  Penal Code (Cap. 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 Ed. 1978) provides that "a person who does ......}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 an act under an honest and reasonable, but mistaken, belief in the existence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 of any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  state }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 of things}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 ...." is not criminally }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 responsible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037  (with certain limitations). The magistrate was repeating what he had just said
, that there was nothing in the evidence which would make the alleged belief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
tenable, bona fide and honestly, and was saying that he did not believe the assertion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4132688 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 
 appellants concerning their alleged mistake. He was, in our opinion, adjudicating upon the whole of the evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 In any event a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 elief}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 a personal and subjective matter, and it must be upon the person relying on i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 to adduce at least sufficient evidence to show the existence of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 a material issue. In the present case the magistrate was not satisfied that this had been done and we do not think that he can be said to have misdirected himself as to onus in saying so. If}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 we are wrong in this, we are satisfied that the magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14173037\charrsid14173037 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 s choice of words did not manifest a wrong approach on his part and no miscarriage of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7365331  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 justice resulted; we would accordingly apply section 22(6) of the Court of Appeal Act. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid14173037 For the reasons we have given the appeal is dismissed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12139896 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7365331\charrsid14173037 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12139896\charrsid7365331 Appeals dismissed. 
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