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\b\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid14882654  OF FIJI}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid14882654 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 Criminal Jurisdiction}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 APAKUKI SAUKURU}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid11354451 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 v}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 REGINAM}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid11354451 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 [COURT OF A}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 PEAL}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 G}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 o}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 uld V. P., Marsack}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 J.A.,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  Henry J. A.]
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par Date of Hearing: 2 November 1981 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Delivery of Judgment: 27 November 1981 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 (Criminal}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663  l}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 aw}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663 -}{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 murder }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663 -}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 in}{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 tent - question is did accuse}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1407295\charrsid12259663 d}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  f}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 orm the }{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 intention }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 not did he have the capacity to do so}{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 judge differing from assessors}{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 necessity to give cogent reasons.) 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 E. Vula}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  for Appellant 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 A. Seru}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  for Respondent 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Appeal against convicti}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 on on 3 July 1981 for murder.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The trial was before a judge and three assessors. On 2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14626568\charrsid12259663  J}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 uly 1981 the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 learned judge
}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  summed up to the assessors. When }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 their opinions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 were given one said that appellant was not guilty and the other two found he was not guilty of murde}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 r but guilty of manslaughter.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
On 3 July 1981 the Trial Judge delivered a written judgement in which he did not accept the opinions of the assessors. He found the appellant guilty of murder. He imposed the statutory penalty of imprisonment for life. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The course taken was}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  by the Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3020175\charrsid12259663 1}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ) S. 299 (2)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  open to the trial judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid12259663 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  there is a provision which in relevant parts read: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid12259663 "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 .....When the judge does not agree with the majority opinion }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  he shall give his reasons which shall }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 e written down and be pronounced in open court}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 for differing with such majority opinion." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 This procedure was followed here. 
\par 
\par The facts on which the prosecution was based included that on 2Novem}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 er 1980 at 11 a.m. Sharju Prasad was found unconscious in the vicinity of the Old South Seas }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 Club}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 . He had injuries occasioned }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  4 or 5 }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 blows}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to the head. He died several days later. The }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 was seen with Sharju Prasad earlier. He pushed him into one }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 Club}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 rooms. In due course appellant was apprehended. He made a confession admitting to the killing though he said he had not meant to do so. The appellant challe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
ged this state}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 ment in his}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  evidence on oath}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 or that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  part }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of it}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  which included the confession. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Gould V. P. who delivered judgment for the court }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 observed}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  that if the assessors accepted the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
s statement there as ample evidence to justify a verdict of manslaughter. This report refers to that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 part of the appeal }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 
whereby}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the court considered the trial judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s differing with the assessors and entering a conviction of murder. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Gould V. P. referred to authorities which have discussed this topic viz }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Ram Ba}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid874469 li}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 
 v. Reg}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1960) F.L.R. 80 (upheld, P.C. Appeal No. 18 of 1961.)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14093406\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid874469 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid874469 N}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 arend Prasad v. Reginam}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1971) 17 F.L.R. 200 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid874469 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Shiu Prasad v. Reginam}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1972) 18 F.L.R. 68 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The issue to which the trial judge in his judgment had given most attention was the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 matter of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663  the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s intention}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 the matter on which he was differing from the (majority of) assessors. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Gould V. P. set out in his Reasons a precis of the findings of the learned trial judge. This included the Judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
s reason e.g. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 (e)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
The statement showed he was sober enough to f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 orm}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the intention to steal, to formulate a scheme for luring the deceased
 to a deserted place and to form the intention to overcome the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s resistance .... 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid874469 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Nevertheless from a careful consideration of all the evidence and the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663  }
{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 accused}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s statement ........ I am satisfied that notwithstanding the effects of drink, the acc
used was aware that the numerous }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 heavy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  blows he was inflicting on the deceased would probably cause }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 grievous}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 bodily}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  harm. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Held}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 : 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid874469 .....}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
though an accused person may have a clear memory of events, the question to be answered was not his capacity to fo}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid12259663 rm}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  an intent but simply whether he did or did not }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12718423\charrsid12259663 form}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  such an intent ........... }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 See R. v. G}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid874469 ar}{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 lick}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1981) 72 Cr. App. R 291 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 " ...... when a judge adopts what the Privy Council called a strong line and overrules unanimous assessors, we agree with the decid
ed cases that his reasons must be cogent ..... and his own approach to the relevant law should be impecable. As to the first we consider this ..... a case in which ................................. a mere summation }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  evidence was insufficient, and as to the second, we have already suggested that the emphasis placed throughout the case on the appellant}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s ability to remember events was such as to make that factor alone decisive of the question }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of intent}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ; in our opinion this is not correct. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The court concluded the judge was not justified in overruling the assessors. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Appeal upheld. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Conviction for manslaughter substituted. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Sentence of 10 years imprisonment imposed. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Cases Referred to: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Broad}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid874469 hurst}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469  v R}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5405561\charrsid12259663 [1964] AC}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  441}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14093406\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Appana v Reginam}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 F}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 CA 71}{\f0\fs24\insrsid874469\charrsid12259663 , 72}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and 73/80)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14093406\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Ram Lal v The Queen}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (Cr App 3/1958)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14093406\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 

\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Ram Ba}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid874469 li v }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid874469\charrsid874469 R}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1960) 7 FLR 80}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14093406\charrsid12259663 .}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Narend Prasad v Reginam}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1971) 17 FLR 200}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14093406\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid874469 Shiu Prasad v. Reginam}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1972) 18 FLR }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7105505 70}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12607558 R v Garlick}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  72 Cr App R 291}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14093406\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Go}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 uld}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 , Vice President, 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12607558 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Judgment
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The appellant was tried }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 the Supreme Court of Fiji at Lautoka on a charge of murdering Sarju Prasad (s/o Baldeo) on the 15th }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 November}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  1980. The trial was }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 before}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  a judge and three assessors and on the 2nd July 1981, the learned judge summed up to the assessors, one }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of whom}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  then gave the opinion that the appellant was not guilty and the other two were }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of opinion}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  that he was not guilty }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of murder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 but}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 guilty of manslaughter. On the 3rd July 1981, the learned judge delivered a written judgment in which he did not accept the opinions of the assessors and found the appellant guilty of murder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  he imposed the statutory penalty of imprisonment for life. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Under the system of criminal trials in the Supreme Court of Fiji the judge sits with assessors, whose opinions at the close of the case are to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 b}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 e stated orally}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and recorded. By section 299(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 21}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Revised Laws }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 of Fiji - }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Ed. 1978) the judge is then required to give judgment but}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "in doing so shall not be }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ound to conform to the opinions }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1397657 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ". A proviso to section 299(2) reads (in part): 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
........ when the judge does not agree with the majority opinion of the assessors}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  he shall given his reasons}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  which shall }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 e written down and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
e pronounced in open court}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  for differing with such majority opinion." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 This procedure was followed here and the learned judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s "reasons" were }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 
incorporated}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  in his written judgment. We will have occasion }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 later to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 refer to decided cases which provide some guidance in the proper exercise of these particular judicial powers. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
The evidence against the appellant as presented by the prosecution fell within very small compass, though once a confession signed by the appellant is accepted (involving the rejection of his case as presented in
 court) it amounted to a strong case. The deceased was an Indian 52 or 54 years }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 of age}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
. He was found injured but still alive on the 2nd November 1980, at 11 a.m. by police constable Jone Latianara lying unconscious in some ruined buildings known as the old
 South Seas Club. He was taken to hospital where he died several days later. He had a number of injuries to the head with haematoma all over the scalp and temporal }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 muscles}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 
 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 mild haemorrhage between covers of the brain, left side }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of brain}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  swollen and fluid in brain, haemorrhage on left of brain with haematoma 5 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 c}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
ms, in diameter. There was fluid in the lungs and haematoma }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 pericardium, in the liver and in the abdomen. The medical evidence indicated four or five blows to the skull, several to the abdome
n and several to the chest. The injuries could have been caused by severe blows by a fist. The brain injuries could not have been caused by a fall. The cause of death was a collection of blood on the left side of the brain increasing within the skull. 

\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 An important witness for the prosecution was Sereana Ciba}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  a barmaid who lived at 5 Leka Street near the old South Sea}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  Club. A group of people had been drinking at a tree seat not far}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
away and at about 5 p.m. she saw}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 the appellant, with an Indian male}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  appr
oach the ruins }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  South Seas }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 Club}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 and push the Indian into one of the ruined rooms. She saw the appellant }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 p}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ut his hand into the Indian}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 pocket}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 . She raised a call }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of "police}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
" and the appellant began to push the Indian back to where they had come from. She went to bed that night at about 10 p.m. -11 p.m. There was no rowdiness from the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 old}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 S}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 outh Seas Club but noise }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11076649\charrsid12259663 of drinking}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  there were a lot of drunks round the area. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The next aspect of the prosecution}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s evidence comprises a statement. Ex. P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6253882\charrsid12259663 1}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 which the appellant made to P. I. Govind Raju at the police station on the 19th November 1980. We would mention here that when Inspector Raju went into the witness box, counsel for the appellant is recorded as saying (in the absence of the assessors) tha
t }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 he was}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  told }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 that the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 appellant was}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 under the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  influence of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7043080\charrsid12259663 liquor when}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  he made the statement, and referred to prejudicial effect. No specific application for a trial seems to have been made and the learned judge ruled that it was a matter for the assessors
 and the evidence would continue in the usual way. No ground of appeal has been formulated or point taken before this Court arising out of this episode. 
\par 
\par The statement made by the appellant, who described himself as a professional boxer and also a casual dock worker, was detailed and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7043080\charrsid12259663 lengthy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
. The first part of it was agreed to be correct by the appellant when he gave evidence}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
and we will convey the content of that part by quoting a portion of the learned judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s summing up. It reads: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "In it the accused says he had $5.00 between 10}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
a.m. and 11 a.m. on Saturday 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
st November 1980 and joined a group of males in consuming a carton of beer. After 11 a.m. they pooled money and consumed another carton. The accused contributed $2.00. Then they drank }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 at the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  Lautoka hotel and the accused joined another group and paid $1.00}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
towards another carton which they drank under a tree. Then the deceased joined them and gave accused $20.00 to purchase a carton of beer and accused says he gave back the change. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid800837 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 At that stage }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 according to}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the accused}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s statement he had spent at least $3.00 of his own }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 money}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and could not have had more than $2.00 left. If the accused had any money left he was letting other people do the paying and sticking to his $2.00. It must have been around this time that P.W.}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid2708280\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 . Sereana saw the accused with the deceased near the ruins }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  South Seas Club}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid2708280\charrsid12259663 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  that is }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 if you}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 accept her evidence. She says it was about 5.00 p.m. and the accused said they finished that carton by 6.00 p.m. or 7.00 p.m. and went back to the Lautoka Hotel.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 His statement shows the accused had three or four more glass}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 es}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 beer}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  which other people purchased. Once again the accused is relying upon others to }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 buy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  his beer. Was that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 because}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  he had no money left}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid2708280\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  Do you think he still had }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2708280\charrsid12259663 $}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 2.00 in his pocket?}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Ex. P.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2708280\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  -}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid2708280\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 shows at }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 8}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 00}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  p.m. the deceased and the accused went to the beer garden of the Lautoka hotel but did not pay to enter and did not stay there. Accused refused the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s invitation to accompany him home and for curry and th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  deceased departed saying he was tak}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 ing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  a taxi home." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The last part of the appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s statement was made after the interro}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 g}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ating inspector had referred to an earlier statement of the appellant and alleged sta}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 te}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ments }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  others. We quot}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  it verbatim: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16666388\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid800837 "Q: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 Furthermore your friend Sitiveni alias Greeno ha}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663  made a statement to us that one Mafi told him that you punched that Indian man.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
What do you say about all this?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 A: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 Silent for about 30 seconds and said }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 I can}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 t take it anymore, I must tell the truth and
 clear out my conscience, I did not mean to kill that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 Indian}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
 man when I went to the Whiskey Town I realised I had no money. I want to borrow money from the Indian man. I came out from the Whiskey Town and went to look for the Indian man I saw him going towards the Taxi Stand. He was at Naviti Street near BP}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
s I call him he came to me. I told him I fixed one girl for him at the Old South Seas Club where he had drank. He came with me. I took him inside one room inside the old South Seas Club and asked him for
 money. He said to bring the girl first. I got annoyed and punched. I gave him many punches he fell down and I knocked him. He knocked out. I searched his pocket and took out some money. He had $10 note and some loose change left. I took them all out I do
n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
t know how much loose change he had with. I took out his shirt, it got torn and left the place. I wrapped the shirt around my head so no one can know me. When I reach the steps beside t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6691058\charrsid12259663 
he M.H. I threw the shirt away }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 and went to spent all the money there. I am very sorry now I did not know this Indian man gonna die. I only wanted to take his money but don}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 t want to kill him. This was all about 9.30 p.m. I feel sorry for this man. I was feeling g}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 u}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 ilty all the time. I prayed that he should be well but now that he died I am very sorry for him. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 Q: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 How did you know that this Indian man had money left with him? 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 A: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 Yes he shouted me }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
beer,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  when he said he was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 going to get }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 taxi to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663  go}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  home I know he had money. He showed me some m}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 oney}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663  me}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  when }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6691058\charrsid12259663 w}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 e left the South Seas Club. He h}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 ad }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
$10 note. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 Q: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 Do you want to say anything else? 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 A: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
Whatever I told is the truth. I am honest I am sorry for the Indian man."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid16666388\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 The appellant gave evidence on oath and chal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 lenged the portion of the state}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
ment which we have just quoted. He said the deceased took a taxi to go home and that was the last he saw}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 him. He himself}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 went home by taxi about 10.30 p.m.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 the fare was $}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  and he had to }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 borrow}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  $1 from his wife at home to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 e }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
able}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  to pay it. His }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 w}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 ife Lusiana Tanai confirmed this in evidence}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  putting the time of his arrival at 11.30 p.m.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6691058\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  or}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 before midnight. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 The defence called}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6691058\charrsid12259663  one Ane Lupe Tuifagalele (D.W. 4}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
) who lived opposite the old South Seas Club. She said that about 6.30 a.m. on Sunda}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 y }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 the 2nd }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 November }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 that is the day following the material day}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  she went looking fo}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 r }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 firewood in the vicinity of the Club. She looked into every room but did not enter an}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 y}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6691058\charrsid12259663 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  she saw no one }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 ly}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 ing there. Her companion Siteri did enter the rooms but she did not give eviden}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 c}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 e. 
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 Another defence witness Vasit}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  Baravilala (D.W. 5) claimed to have seen an Indian man}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  with two Fijians and a girl Alena late at night (}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 presumably,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  though not }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 s}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 tated t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 e}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  the Saturday night in question). She was shown a photograph and said }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 t conta}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 in}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 ed a p}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 cture }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 of the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  Indian she saw. There is no evidence }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 about}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  this }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 but}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  the learned judge made this adverse comment in his summing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 up: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 "She was shown a photo }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 of the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 s }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 body}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
 and she said he was the man. The photo was not put in }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 but}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  I am directing that it he placed now among the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 exhibits}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  as Ex. D. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6691058\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 . D.W. 5 says she saw a man, whom she did not know}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6691058\charrsid12259663 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  it was night although the streets there are lighted as you know. She had no occasion to pay attention to his appearance. Now she claims to recognise the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 bruised}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  face of the corpse as the face }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  man whom she saw for an instant }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 about}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 8 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 months}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
 ago. Do you think she could remember}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 for}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  8}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  months the face }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  man whom she casually passed in the street; a man whom she did n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 ot}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  know and has 
never seen since}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 ?"}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 O}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  the same lines a further witness Maleli Satala}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  (D.W.6) said that on the Satur}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 day night in question he saw an elderly Indian 
male, two Fijians and the girl Alena lying down near his house in Namoli Village. Counsel for the accused (Mr Vula, who appears also in this Court) obtained an adjournment to trace Alena, but having done so, be elected not to call her. }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 Iletia Mbeka Voginiso (D.W.3) also gave evidence of having seen the appellant on the Saturday night in question at 9 p.m. and at later time at the Sports and Social Club. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 On this evidence it is clear that if the assessors accepted the statement of the appellant at its fac
e value there was ample evidence to justify the majority verdict of manslaughter. All that the appellant could say was that he had been drinking beer }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 before}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
 he made it and as the learned judge pointed out he agreed that the first six pages were correct. On the appeal there has been no attack on this aspect }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
 matter. It was open to the assessors to reject the whole or part }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  evidence }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  witnesses called by the appellant and there is indeed very little }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of it}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  which}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  if}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 ccepted}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  would be inconsis
tent with the appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 s having been able to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 commit the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  assault in question.}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 Mr Vula formulate}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 d}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 his}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
 grounds of appeal as follows (a fifth ground was abandoned): 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 "1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid7354219 T}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 hat the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  Learned }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 Trial Judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  erred in usurping the role }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  Assessors as Tribunal of Fact in overruling their unanimous finding of not guilty of murder hence there was a gross miscarriage }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of justice.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 2.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid800837  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
That the Learned Trial Judge erred in not adequately warning the assessors as to the extent to which they may accept or reject his Lordship}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 s comments on the facts. 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 3. That the Learned Trial Ju}{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 d}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 ge }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 did}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  not adequately or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 correctly}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 dire}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 ct the Assessors that quite apart from the other issues raised at the trial, the question whether in the particular the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 
cumulative}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663  effect of the Appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 
s intoxication and the required specific intent to commit murder was negatived or there was a reasonable doubt about it. Consequently there has been a substantial miscarriage of justice. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 4. That the Learned Trial Judge erred in not
 adequately warning the Assessors that if they have any reasonable doubt about the truth of the Confession, then they ought to give the benefit of that doubt to the appellant." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Mr Vula argued Grounds }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and 2 together and the burden }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 of his}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  submission was that the learned jud}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 g}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 e had failed to wa}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 rn}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the assessors sufficiently that on questions }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 of fact}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 it was}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14579646\charrsid12259663 e }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 own }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 view that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 mattered and that any expression of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 pinion }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  him was no binding }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 n them. Counsel quoted the case of }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid9250191 Broadhurst }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid9250191 v.}{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid9250191  R.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  [1964] A.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14579646\charrsid12259663 C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
. 441 which was cited (and distinguished) in a case before this Court }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid9250191 Appana }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid9250191 v.}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid9250191  Reginam}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (Criminal) Appeals Nos. 71, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 72 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 and 73/80). 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The learned Judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  directio}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 n}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  on thi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 subject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 commences with his opening word}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 . "You are judges of fact. I wil}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 l}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  advis}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  you as to the law which you wi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 l}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
l accept from me." This concise passage might be t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 h}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 ought}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to be unduly brief}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 unless augmented. However a little later the direction includes advice as to the treatment }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 the assessors of the evidence of witnesses which would indicate the task is for them. Lower down is the passage which counsel submits is inadequate}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16276589\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "I will remind }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 you}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  o}
{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the salient features of the evidence and will make comments for your guidance. Howe
ver, I am not inviting you to come to you particular conclusion. It is your independent opinions that are wanted, but I may offer the benefit of my experience in your approach to the evidence." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 It is argued that this }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 d}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 oes not make it }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 clear that}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the assessors are not bound to accept an opinion of the learned judge, though that seems to us clear enough from the phrase.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  "}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 It is your independent opinions that are wanted." 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Counsel gave examples of the possibility of prejudice. One is: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
"If you accept the evidence of the doctor the deceased had received a severe beating up punches being rained upon his head}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  chest and abdomen knocking him unconscio}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 us."}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The point there is}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of course}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 that it is assessors acceptance of the evidence of the doctor which is important. The rest seems to us a logical deduction. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The next example given was not a question }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of opinion}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 but an accidental error by the judge. He quoted the alleged confession as stating the appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s estimate }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  time of the assault as about 8.30 p.m. whereas it in fact reads 9.30 p.m. Though, if meticulous }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 timing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 was an issue this might have a bearing on the evidence of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 D.W.3 that he met the appellant about 9 p.m}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 .,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  as we see the ca}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 e it was not one in which exact timing meant anything at all. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Counsel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s next example of possible prejudice is a comment concerning the possibility of}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 D.W}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
A being mistaken when she failed to see any person in the ruins early on Sunday morning. The judge said "If}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s prostrate form were placed in the ruins after 6.30 a.m. someone would have had to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 carry}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 him there. It would be a very risky operation in daylight." We fail to find cause for c}{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 mplaint here}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1145416\charrsid12259663 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  it seems a statement of the obvious. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Exception was also taken to this passage: }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "It is for you to bring your commonsense and experience as men }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 
of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  world to bear upon these matters and to arrive at a common sense conclusion. The accused does not not have to satisfy you that it is untrue}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1145416\charrsid12259663 ;}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the onus is upon the prosecut}{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 ion to satisfy you to its truth."}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 It was argued that the reference to common sense as men }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 world implied that the defence evidence which had been under discussion should }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 e reject}{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 e}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 d. We are un}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 able}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to agree with this }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 submission}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 . 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Concerning the amount of money the app}{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 el}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 lant had when he arrived home }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 objection}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  was taken to his passage in the summing up}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16276589\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid156855\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 "If the accused had robbed the deceased he may have had enough money to pay the $2.00 taxi fare}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid2163041\charrsid12259663 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
 the defence state that he did not have the taxi money and therefore could not have robbed the deceased. This is a matter for you. Of course it would depend on where the accused went and what he spent after the alleged robbery. It might not take long to s
pend $10.00 or so at late night dances in clubs. It could also depend on what time accused did in fact go home}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2163041\charrsid12259663 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
 you have to decide to what extent you accept the evidence of the accused and his de facto wife." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
\par It will be noticed that the words "That is a matter for you" appear in the middle of that passage. We find nothing objectionable in the mention of possibilities the assessors obviously had to consider.
\par 
\par Counsel also complained that some of the queries put by the learned judge appeared to indicate the required answer - an example was: 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
"Looking at the confession does it appear to be the confession of the man who assaulted the deceased or is it a very ingenious fabrication by Inspector Raju? 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 What reason would Inspector Raju have for fabricating a confession? W}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid2163041\charrsid12259663 h}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 y}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  fill several pages with questions before coming to the point where he includes a fabricated confession?" 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
\par We agree that this shows the learned judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 s own view but not, in our opinion, beyond what is permissible on such a topic. 
\par 
\par As to Ground 3 Mr Vula indicated that though in terms this ground was limited to the summing up he intended it to include a reference to the judgment. The various passages he relied on were as follows. From the summing up: 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 (1) "A person}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
s intentions are unlikely to be announced if they involve murder or other serious crime. Usually the wrong doer will try to carry out his crime where no one can see him. Consequently there is usually no direct evidence in such cases of an accused}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 s intention and his intention can only be deduced from his behaviour and actions before during and after the alleged crime.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663  
}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 It is for the prosecution to prove that the accused intended to kill or cause grievous harm to the deceased and it is not for the accused to satisfy you that there was no such intention.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 Alcohol affects a person}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 s mind and under the influence of drink he may execute some acti}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2163041\charrsid12259663 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
n without intending the consequences which in fact result from it.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 Section 13(4) of the 
Penal Code states that intoxication shall be taken into account to assist in determining whether an accused had formed a specific intention in the absence of which he would not be guilty of the offence charged.
\par }\pard \ql \li-1156\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-1156\itap0\pararsid800837 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 As I have pointed out murder requires the sp
ecific intention to kill or to cause grievous harm to the victim. There is evidence that the accused had been drinking up to the moment of the alleged crime and you may conclude his behaviour was affected by drink. You have to determine whether, in spite 
of what he had had to drink, the accused had the intention to cause death or grievous harm to the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 (2)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid800837  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 "}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 The accused in his statement to the police says that he had been drinking. He seems to have commenced }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 about}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 1 00 a.m. and continued on and of
f until 8.30 p.m. when he allegedly beat up the deceased. In that time he could have consumed enough alcohol to affect him mentally and have some effect on his ability to form a specific intention. As indicated in the }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 statutory}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 definition}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  of malice afore}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 ought}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  the accused does not have to say to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 himself }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid2163041\charrsid12259663 I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  have decided to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 kill}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  or}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
 am going to cause him serious injury}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4459971 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  to have a specific intention. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 If the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
 accused beat the deceased into unconsciousness with the fists and muscles of a professional boxer and then kicked his head as he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 lay on}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  the ground would he, in spite 
}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  beer, know that he was likely to cause grievous harm? You can scarcely bash a man on the head with an iron hammer and say at the same time }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 I have no intention }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 of causing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  grievous harm}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 . A drunken intention is still an intention. The fact that drink causes a man to give way readily to greed and violence does not mean that he does not in
tend to rob and assault. The question for you to decide is whether the accused by reason }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  drink he had taken mi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 g}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 ht not have had the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 necessary}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 intent to}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  cause }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 g}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 rievous harm. The onus is n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 ot}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
 on the accused to satisfy you that he had so }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 m}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 uch to drink. I
t is for the prosecution to make you sure that in spite of the beer he had drunk the accused had the necessary intent." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 From the judgment: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 (1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 )}{\f0\fs24\insrsid800837  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3305365 "}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3305365  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 regarded }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2163041\charrsid12259663 D. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
Inspector Raju as a truthful witness and it appears the majority of the assessors }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 did so}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 . The long account given by the accused }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 albeit}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14318427\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  question and answer reveals }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 considerable}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  clarity of recollection on the part of the accused. Thus he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 remembered}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  that the doorman at the Lautoka Hotel Beer Garden chased the deceased and the accused on the evening in question}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2163041\charrsid12259663 ; }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6502542\charrsid12259663 t}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 hat}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 bought}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 beer}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  for}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 Tui Vitogo at the Sports and Social C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 lub}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid6502542\charrsid12259663 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  and such like. His reference to remov}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3305365 ing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '
}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 s shirt and putting it around his own head as a disguise i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  consistent with the prosecution evidence of P.W.}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  Sere}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 na that the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663  I}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 ndian had a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 rown shirt and of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663  P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
.W.2 Jone that on the following morning he had no shirt. On read}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 ng accused}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
s statement one would expect wi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 sses to say something like the evidence of}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 P}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 W.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6502542\charrsid12259663 s}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  1 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 2 as to the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
s shirt or}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663  absence}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 of it}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 I}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  am also mindful of my observations in the summing up. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid800837 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
 am sure that the confession made by accused to Det. Inspector Raju was true. The detail in the statement leads me to conclude that the accused}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 s recollection }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 of that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  fateful day}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 s events indicate that he was very aware }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 of what}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  he was doing and where he was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6502542\charrsid12259663 g}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 o}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 ing and what he wanted. There is no suggestion of his }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 being}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663  so drunk that he could not recollect who he was with }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 ncluding the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid800837 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
The statement shows that he was sober enough to form the intention to steal from the deceased; he was sober enough to for
mulate a scheme for luring the deceased to a deserted kind of place where he could rob him. I find he was sober enough to form the intention of overcoming the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 s resistence to any attempt to rob him." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 (2) "Nevertheless from a careful consideration of all the evidence and the accused}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
s statement Ex. P.1 in particular I am satisfied that notwithstanding the effects of drink the accused was aware that the numerous heavy blows he was inflicting on the deceased would probably cause grievous harm." }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid14044343\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Counsel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
s submission was that the opinions of the majority of the assessors showed that they had decided that the appellant did not have the intent to cause }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 grievous}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 bodily harm. Subject to the comment that they may well have been left in doubt, we agree, though in Fiji section 202 }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid3305365 (b)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of the Penal Code (Cap. 17}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid6502542\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6502542\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
1978 Ed.) provides that knowledge that the act or omission will probably cause grie}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 v}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 ou}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
s bodily harm is enough to constitute malice aforet}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 h}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ought. But in our opinion an attack upon the directions give
n to the assessors becomes pointless in the light of the fact that the majority of them returned an opinion of manslaughter. That renders it obvious, not only that they accepted the appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s confession as being factual, but also that they appreciated the learned judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
s direction concerning drink in relation to intent. His reference to manslaughter was in fact contained in the last sentence of the summing up. It reads: 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "Should you come to the conclusion that by reason }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6502542\charrsid12259663 of drink}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the accused did not have the required intent then the opinion you would return is one of manslaughter. The latter offence occurs when a person in the course }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 n unlawful act intending to hurt }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 another without}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  intending }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 grievous}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  harm causes the death of that person. Manslaughter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  unlike murder requires }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 no}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  specific intention to kill or cause }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 grievous}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  harm." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par The majority opinion of the assessors showed that they had appreciated the directions and were at least left in doubt whether}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  by reason of drink}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the appellant had had}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  at the material time}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the intent to cause }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 grievous}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 bodily harm. We would pause at this point to say that had the judgment }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  court been in accordance with the majority opinion }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  one of manslaughter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  none of the grounds of appeal argued so far would have justified this Court in interfering with it. The last few lines }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 passage from the summing up that we have marked (2) contain }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 sufficient}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  direction on the onus on the prosecution and Mr}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3305365  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Vula}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s argument on the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 intrusion}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 of the learned judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s opinion on matters of detail was not in our opinion of weight to result in a complete acquittal. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 It }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 becomes}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  necessary}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  however}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to consider the fact that the learned judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  contrary to the opinions }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  convicted the appellant }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of murder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 . Though the first ground }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 pp}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 al appears to cover}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 his aspect }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}
{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  matter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 in terms}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5405561\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 Mr Vula did not at first seek to rely upon it}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 conceding that the learned judge had the necessary power under the Criminal Procedure Code to do what he did. Nevertheless he later sought to rely on authorities to which attention was called }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 by}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the Court and which we will now consider. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid3305365 The earliest ca}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid3305365 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid3305365 e appears to have been }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 Ram Lal}{
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid7370073  v}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 . The Queen}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid3305365  (Cr. App. 3/1958) in which the following passages appear. We quote them from the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid3305365  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid3305365 judgment in }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 Ram Bali v. Reg}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid3305365 . (1960) 7 F.L.R. 80 at 83}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16276589\charrsid3305365 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
In order to justify a Court in differing from the unanimous opinion of the assessors who were in a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 favourable}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  position to assess the reactions }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  man of the class and race they would find the accused to be}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
there must be very good reasons reflected in the evide}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 nce before that Court.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ...... }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid800837 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 A }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 trial judge}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  would require to find very good reasons indeed}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  reflected in th
e evidence, before being justified in differing from an unanimous opinion }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors on such a question of fact}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 .}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 With reference to that passage, however, it was said in }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 Ram Bali}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid7370073 '}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid7370073 s}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  case, at p.83}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16276589\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "It will be observed that, in both }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 se passages}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 the Court was careful to limit its propositions to the particular sort of question which arose in that case, namely, the probable reactions to alleged provocation }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 man }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  particular class and race}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and this present Court does not doubt t
hat, on such a question}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the Judge ought not to differ from a unanimous opinion }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ssessors unless he can find}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
and can find }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 reflected in the evidence}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 very good reasons for so doing. But it would be wrong to erect this into a general proposition appl
icable in all cases. In general}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  it is enough if}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  as in the present case}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the Judge proceeds}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
on cogent and carefully reasoned grounds based on the evidence before him and his views as to credibility of witnesses and other relevant consideration." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The Privy Council in P. C. Appeal No. 18 of 1961 upheld the action of the trial judge in Ram Bal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s case and sustained the conviction, saying}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 This was a strong course to take }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 but there}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  is no reason to think}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  
}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 the learned Judge did not pay full head to the views of the assessors or to the striking circumstance that they were unanimous in }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 favour}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 cquittal. Nor is there reason to think that he was unmindful of the value of their opinions or of their }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 qualifications}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to assess the testimony of the various witn
esses in a case of this nature. In his summing-up he had said that their opinions would carry great weight with him. The decision of the learned Judge was based upon his own emphatic conclusions in regard to the evidence}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li284\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid800837 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 T}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 heir Lordships can discern no error in the approach }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  learned Judge in arriving at his positive and affirmative conclusions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 ;}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 it is manifest that his acceptance }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of certain}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  witnesses and his rejection }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of others}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  made him satisfied }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 beyond}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  even }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
the slightest shadow of doubt}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of the guilt of the appellant.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 In }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 Narend Prasad v. Reginam}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1971) 17 F.L.R. 200 this Court having quoted that }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 passage}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of the Privy Council}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s judgment}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  said}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  at p.220: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The judgment }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 or the}
{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  Privy Council upheld }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  action }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 trial Judge and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 sustained}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the conviction. We are }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 opinion that the passages quoted from their judgment would apply with equal force to the case }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 before}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 this Court. We are satisfied that ample reasons did exist for the action }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  learned trial Judge in differing from the opinion of the assessors}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and that proper }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 consideration}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  had }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 
been}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  gi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ve}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 n }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 him to all the factors involved}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 " 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid7672919\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The same authorities were referred to in }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 Shiu Prasad v. }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid7370073 R}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 eginam}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  (1972) 18 F.L.R. 68, and at page 71 this Court said: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "As regards the second ground }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ppeal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  it is true that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 if a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 Judge is to differ from the opinions }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors h}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 must have cogent reasons for}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  doing so}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and those reasons must be founded upon the weight }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  evidence in the case and must }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of course}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  also be reflected in his judgment.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16582978\charrsid12259663 "}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 And later, referring to the }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 Ram Bali}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  case: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "That is the case here. Those }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 emphatic conclusions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  expressed in his judgment are }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 all}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the reasons which a trial Judge requires for differing from the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 opinions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of assessors}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid1855396\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  The learned Judge, in his }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 lengthy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 summing up to the assessors, stressed that he would give weight to their opinions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and we have no doubt that he considered them }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 carefully}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 In the present case there is a slight distinction to be noted. Though the assessors were unanimous in their opinion that the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 appellant}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  should be acquitted }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of murder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 they were not unanimously of the opinion that he should be acquitted altogether. Therefore there was not such a violent clash }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 of opinion}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 between the learned judge and the majority }{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663 of the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors. Mr}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7370073  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
Vula on the other hand took the point that the learned judge had not said in his summing up that the opinion of the assessors would carry great weight with him as was done in the cases quoted. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The judgment of the learned judge commences with the statement that the majority}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  view of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid68409\charrsid12259663  the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  assessors indicates that they regard the confession as }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 being true}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 , but that having regard to the amount }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of beer}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  he had consumed the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  did not have the intent to kill or cause }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 grievous}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  harm}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 Subject to the comment that the assessors may only have been left in doubt, we think this conclusion is justified and accounts for the fact that the judgment}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
pays scant regard to the evidence relied on by the defence to support appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s denial that he in fact committed the assault. The issu}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to which the learned judge accordingly devoted the bulk of his attention}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 rightly so in our opinion}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  was the question on which he was about to differ from the majority of the assessors}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the matter of the appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s intent. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Having said that he did not concur in their opinions he continued by indicating}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16276589\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 (a)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  That he was satisfied Sereana (P}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid10748207\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 W}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10748207\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 1) was truthful and that appellant was at about 5 p}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 m}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  interested in the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s pockets, 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid7370073 b}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 )}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  That appellant had had a consider}{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 able}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  amount of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8276726\charrsid12259663 beer}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to drink }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 between}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  11 a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 m}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and 8.30 p.m. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 (c)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 Inspector Raju was truthful and the statement revealed considerable clarity of recollection of incidents. His reference to removing the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 shirt and using it as a disguise was consistent with }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ther prosecution evidence. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid7370073 (d)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  The confession was true. Appellant}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s recollection of detail leads to the conclusion that his recollection indicated that he was very }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 aware}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of what he was doing and where he was going and what he wanted. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid8879905 (}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid8879905 e}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid8879905 )}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  The statement showed that he was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 sober}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  enough to form the intention to steal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to formulate a scheme for luring the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  to a deserted place}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10748207\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and to form the intention to overcome the deceased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s resistence. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Finally (on this topic) the judgment reads: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 do not suppose that the accused in a perfectly sober state would have wanted to steal or that he would have used his boxer}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s fists to beat up and rob the deceased. }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  accept that the effect of the beer aggravated his dismay at having no money to attend the dances which attracted him; the effect }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of beer}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  no doubt weakened his resistence to the temptation to steal from a person whom he knew had money. No doubt drink dulled his conscience at the time.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Nevertheless from a careful consideration of all the evidence and the accused}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s statement Ex. P.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  in }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 particular I}
{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  am satisfied that notwithstanding the effects }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of drink}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 the accused was aware that the numerous heavy blows he was inflicting on the deceased would probably cause }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12791324\charrsid12259663 grievous}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  harm." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 Though the last few words in the last quoted passage put the test correctly, the judgment read as a whole gives the impression that the learned judge is }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 equating the}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  ability to remember events with the presence or absence }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of intent}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 . We quoted those passages from the judgment earlier.}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 The same idea is conveyed by this passage in the summing up which follows the second passage we quoted from it above: 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }\pard \ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid5465309 {\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 "There is no independent witness to enlighten you as to the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 d}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 egree of the accused}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s sobriety at the material time. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 If you}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  accept his statement Ex. P.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 1}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  it may suggest that no inconvenient gaps occur in his recollections }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  evening. It details his movements from about 9.00 a.m. until he went home. It describes the deceased giving money to accused and the amount}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the purchase }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of boiled}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 eggs, movements between clubs and pubs and that accused found himself without money and still }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 wanting to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  visit clubs or night clubs. It reveals the accused}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s plan to lure the deceased to the ruins with the pretext }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  prostitute}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s charms for the purpose of robbing him. The assault and robbery are }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 described}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 in detail with the amount in notes }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 $10.00 and loose change.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 If the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  accused}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s recollections of that evening are so clear how drunk was h}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 e?}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  It is a matter for }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16717360\charrsid12259663 you}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 ." 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12259663 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 All is no }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 doubt}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  part of the evidence going to intent}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 but}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  as the case of }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid8879905 Garlick}{\f0\fs24\insrsid86297\charrsid12259663  (198}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 1) 72 Cr. App. R. 291}{\f0\fs24\insrsid86297\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  shows}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 though an accused person may have a clear memory }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of events}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  the question to }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
e answered was not his capacity to form an intent}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  but simply whether he did }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 or did}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  not form such an intent. That was a case }{\f0\fs24\insrsid468469\charrsid12259663 of a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
lmost parallel facts to the present one in which also the appellant had a clear recollection }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 of events,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  and a verdict }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8868117\charrsid12259663 
of murder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  was reduced to one of manslaughter }{\f0\fs24\insrsid675769\charrsid12259663 by}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  reason of lack of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 clarity}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  of the direction on this subject. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 We do not deal this case on the ground o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid86297\charrsid12259663 f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
 specific misdirection. But on the decided cases the learned judge was required to give congent reasons for differing from the assessors. His direction to them ran on the same lines as his judgment, emphasising the clarity of the appellant}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 s recollection; he left it to the assessors to give the appellant the benefit of the doubt, though he used the formula "sure of the guilt"}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid86297\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 -}{\f0\fs24\insrsid86297\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
"If you do not feel sure then it is your duty to acquit him." When they seemingly acted on this approach there is no apparent reaso
n for anyone to say that they failed to appreciate the evidence. The line of division between their view and that of the learned judge must have been fine indeed. As it appears to us, it was not}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 ,}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663  a case where there was evidence of differing categories and cogency in which the learned judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
s long experience of such matters gave him an advantage. 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par What we are leading up to is the question \endash  if the majority of the assessors thought there was a doubt, has the learned judge given emphatic conclusions, reflected in the evidence, for excluding that doubt.}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 He has not purported to say why he differed \endash  merely that he disagreed. He has summarized the evidence. In many, probably most, }{
\f0\fs24\insrsid8879905\charrsid12259663 cases that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663  could be sufficient, particularly if there could be seen aspects of the 
evidence which the assessors have clearly failed to appreciate. That is not the case here \endash  all of the evidence was summed up to the assessors and the divergence is hardly more than one personal opinion as to the inferences which ought to be drawn.
}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 The learned judge and the majority of the assessors must have had similar views of the appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 s credibility.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15670415\charrsid12259663 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
\par We are most reluctant to apply the principle we have been discussing and certainly do not wish to extend it in any way, but when a judge adopts what t
he Privy Council called a strong line and overrules unanimous assessors, we agree with the decided cases that his reasons must be cogent and his own approach to the relevant law should be impeccable. As to the first we consider this a case in which we con
sider that a mere summation of the evidence was insufficient, and as to the second, we have already suggested that the emphasis placed throughout the case on the appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{
\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 s ability to remember events was such as to make that factor alone decisive of the question of intent; in our opinion that was not correct.
\par 
\par We therefore conclude that the learned judge was not justified in overruling the assessors in the case and it follows that we allow the appeal, set aside the conviction of murder, and substitute a con
viction of manslaughter contrary to section 198 of the Penal Code (Cap. 17). There is no need for us to make any reference to Ground 4 of the Notice of Appeal.
\par 
\par The sentence of life imprisonment is set aside, but the offence remains a grave one and we impose a sentence of ten years}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12259663\charrsid12259663 '}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid12259663 
 imprisonment to run from the same date as that of the original sentence.
\par 
\par }{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid13856840 Appeal allowed; Conviction for murder set aside, conviction for manslaughter substituted; sentence of imprisonment for 10 years imposed.}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12519217\charrsid5718437 
\par }}