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\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1393741 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741 [1979] 25 FLR 240}{
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SUPREME COURT, (Grant, C., J.) 14 September 1979]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249878 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid16208657 Criminal Law}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid16208657 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid16208657 Liquor Act}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid16208657 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid16208657 principal in second degree convicted of aiding and abetting.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 
\par Conviction }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 selling}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  li}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 quor,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 contrary}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 to}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 provisions}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  govern}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 ing}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  off-}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 licence r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 eferred to in Liquor Ordinance s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
.47. The Court found that the first accused was vicariously liable as a principal in the first degree. The appellant sought leave to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 appeal against his conviction. Appel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741 lant alleged he was not a licens}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741\charrsid13249878 ee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  within the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 meaning o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 f the Liquor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  Ordinan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 ce. By s.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 47 only the licensee can be convic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 ted as a pr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 
incipal in the first degree. However,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  by s.21 of the Penal Code, the Magistrate held}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 the appellant was a principal in the second degree and therefore liable as an aider and abetter.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid16208657 Held:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  He was rightly convicted under the pro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741 
visions of the Penal Code s.21(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 ). Such an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13238624 aider and abetter may actually b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 e charged as one who actually committed the offence.
\par 
\par Although it was not necessary that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 an aider and abetter knew an off}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid13249878 ence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 
 was being}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  committed, it was necessary, even in a case of strict liability to prove he was aware of the circumstances which constituted the offence.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 Le}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 ave to appeal refused.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 Cases referred to:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16208657\charrsid1518181 Griffith}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181\charrsid1518181 s v. Stu}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid1518181 debaker}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181\charrsid1518181  Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741 . (1924) 1 KB. 102.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181\charrsid1518181 Ross v}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid1518181  Moss}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  (1965) 3 All E.R. 145.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid1393741 GRANT, C. J.:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1518181 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741\charrsid1393741 JUDGMENT}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid1393741 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249878 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 On the 12th July 1979 at Suva Magistrates Court the applicant together with his mother (hereinafter}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
called the first accused) were jointly convicted after trial of selling liquor in contravention of the provisions governing an off-licence contrary to section 47 of the Liquor Ordinance, the first accused being fined $30 and the appli}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 cant $10.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
\par 
\par Subsection 1(}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid1518181 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
) of section 47 of the Liquor Ordinance provides that liquor may be sold at the premises specified in an off-licence between 8 a.m. and 6p.m. on week days, and subsection 3 provides that any licensee who sells liquor at licensed premises in contraventio
n thereof shall be guilty of an offence.
\par 
\par The brief facts as found by the trial Magistrate are that on Friday the 9th March 1979}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  at approximately 7.30p.m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393741 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  the applicant sold three}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  bottles of beer at a shop in respect of which the first ac}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 cused, his m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 other, was the holder of an off-licenc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 e.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 There is no doubt t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 hat the first accused was v}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
icariously liable as a principal in the first degree for the sale of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 liquor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 in contravention of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 provisions governing the off-licence and no appeal against her conviction has been presented.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 However leave to appeal is sought unde}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 r the provisions of section 290(}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 2) of the Criminal Procedure Code on behalf}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  the applicant, on the grounds that h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 e was not a licensee within the Liquor Ordinance and therefore one of the esse
ntial ingredients of the offence was missing.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
Certainly by the wording of subsection 3 of section 47 of the Liquor Ordinance it is only the licensee who can be liable as a principal in the first degree; but the trial Magistrate held that the applicant was
 a principal in the second degree and rightly convicted him of aiding and abetting}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 the licensee under the provisions of section 2
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5076681 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 (1)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid1518181 (c)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  of the Penal Code, which is declaratory of the common law and which pro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540194 v}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 ides that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 every person who aids}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  a abets another person in comm}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 itting}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 an offence is deemed to have taken part }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181 in its c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
ommission and to be guilty of the offence, and may be charged with actually committing it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 The application of this prin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11144579 ciple is well illustrated by }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11144579\charrsid5076681 Gri}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677\charrsid5076681 ff}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11144579\charrsid5076681 i}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid5076681 ths}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677\charrsid5076681  v.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid5076681  S}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677\charrsid5076681 tu}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid5076681 debakers Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
 (1924) 1 K.B. 102 and }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid5076681 Ross v. Moss}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  (1965) 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677  All }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 E.R. 145, in th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677 e former a servant of a licensee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
, and in the latter a licensee's father and two other persons, being convicted of aiding abetting the licensee in contravening the provisions governing the licence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1518181\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
The legal position is so clear that I see no reason to enlarge upon it other than to point out that, although for the purpose of establishing guilt as a principal in the second degree it is n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677 
ot necessary to prove that the a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 ider and abettor knew an offence was being committed (ignorance of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 the law being no defence) it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 is necessary, even in a cas}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5076681 e such as this to a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 iding and abetting an offence of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 strict liability, to prove that he was aware of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
the circumstances which constituted the offence. The trial Magistrate found that these circumstances were within the knowledge of the applicant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 and this }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677 finding has not been challenged.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
 Indeed on the facts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677  of the case it is not open to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878  challenge, particula
rly as the applicant falsely denied selling the beer, a denial he would no}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677 t have made had he not known of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 
the existence of an off-licence restricted to the sale of liquor to 6 p.m.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5076681 No good cause having been she}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid13249878 wn for leave to appeal to be gr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677 anted, the app
eal is disallowed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677\charrsid13249878 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid14293677 Leave to appeal refused}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14293677\charrsid14293677 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553599\charrsid5076681 
\par }}