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{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\f340\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f341\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\f345\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f346\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f347\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\f348\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f360\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f361\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f363\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}
{\f364\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f365\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f366\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f367\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}
{\f368\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f681\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}
{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f687\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f688\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f700\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\f701\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f703\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f704\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f707\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\f708\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\f710\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f711\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f713\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f714\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f717\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f718\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gould V. P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., Marsack J. A., Spring J. A.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 13th July. 3rd August}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9444157 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1978}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9444157 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5919365 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 practice and procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 information}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 effect of technical breach of procedure
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 14) ss. 257(2), 257(3).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal law \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  evidence an\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d proof \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  lies told by an accused to the police \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  how far capable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of being evidence of guilt \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  whether any relevant distinction between lies told in and lies told out of Court.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal law practice and procedure \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  trial in the Supreme Court \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  Assessors \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Judge overruling majority opinion 
\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  procedure to be followed \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 14), ss. 25(1), 251(2).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On appeal against conviction and sentence in the Supreme Court for Arson:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Held:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There was a tendency to relax the technicalities of cri\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
minal pleading and the only really essential question was whether injustice had resulted.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2. \tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Lies told by an accused might be evidence of guilt but are not themselves enough to support a conviction.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3. \tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Where evidence of lies is not advanced by way of cor\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
roboration and where lies are first told out of Court and then repeated in evidence then there is no relevant distinction to be drawn but a proper direction by the Judge to the Assessors is always required.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 4. \tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Where the basic reason for a Judge overruling\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the opinion of the Assessors is his own conclusion derived from the evidence then that is a reason complying with S. 281(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code. Whether the reason is adequate depends on all the circumstances of the case.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5919365 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases referred to:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Gokal and Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  56 Cr. App. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  348
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Radley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  58 Cr. App. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  394
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Harris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  62 Cr. App. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  28
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Chapman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1973] 2 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  624
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Boardman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1974] 2 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  958
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Na}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 waz Khan v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1967] 1 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  80
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Wattam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 36 Cr. App. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  72
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Dehar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1969] NZLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  763
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3823670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Collings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1967] N. Z. L. R. 104
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Broadhurst v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1964] AC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 441
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Narend Prasad & Lum Sik v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Fiji Cr. Apps. 14 & 16/71 (unrep.)

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Bharat v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1959] 3 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  292
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ram Bali v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Privy Council Appeal No. 18/61 (unrep.)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Shiu Prasad v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  F. C. A. Cr. App. 5/72 (unrep.)
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal against conviction and sentence in the Supreme Court.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3823670\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 S. M. Koy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the first appellant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3823670 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 K. C Ramrakha and A. Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the second appellant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676203\charrsid3873812 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid3873812 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the respondent
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3873812 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Judgement of the Court (read by GOULD V. P.):
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Damodar Naidu alias Dama the first\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  appellant, was referred to as the second accused at the trial in the Supreme Court, whereas Shiu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Raj Singh, the second appellant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 was the first accused. We will continue to refer to them as the second accused and the first accused respectively. They were \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
both charged with arson. When the trial in the Supreme Court opened Madhwan Naidu alias Madhi, a brother of the second accused, was the third accused.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11418866 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
There were four counts against the first and second accused. They all related to one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and were identic\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 al except that each count char}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ged the setting of fire in rela}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion to a building in different ownership: thus count 1 alleged that they set fire to a building the property of R.B. Naidu & Sons Limited, count 2 a bui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lding the property of Helen Sue,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  count 3 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  building the property of Ak}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 har s/o Salamat and count 4 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
building the property of Lum Yuen. There were then four conspiracy counts (counts 4-8) following the same pattern, in which the thi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rd accused was charged with con}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 spiring with the first and second ac\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cused wilfully and unlawfully to set fire to a building the property of the same owners respectively. We are no longer concerned with counts 4-8 as the third accused was acquitted. Counts 1-4were amalgamated (to use a neutral word) into count 1 (based on 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  same total particulars) in cir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cumstances to which we will advert later, and the first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and second accused were con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 victed on that count and sentenced, the first accused to 7 years' imprisonment, and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 second to 10 years'. It is to b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e noted that these co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nvictions were entered by the learned judge, in exercise of his undoubted powers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to that end, although the unani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mous advice of the assessors was for acquittal in each case. The first and second accused have brought these appeals against their convictions a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd sentences.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It is common ground that in the early hours of the morning of the 9th May, 1977, at Rakiraki, a block of shops and/or similar business premises was destroyed by fire. They faced on to the main street of the town and had domestic premises at t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he rear they were close together though there was a lane at one point. A store, of which the second accused was the manager (he referred to it as R. B. Naidu's store, R. B. Naidu being his father) was at one end of the block and the fire commenced at the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
end at "Tim's Restaurant" spreading rapidly. The first accused was also employed at Naidu's store. Further facts will emerge when the grounds of appeal are being considered.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 At the hearing of the appeal the second accused was represented by Mr. S. M.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Koya, who had filed the notices of appeal on behal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of each accused. Mr. K. C. Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
rakha, however, represented the first accused, adopting some of the grounds filed by Mr. Koya and his argument thereon, and adding one further ground.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid11418866 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The first ground of app\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
eal is taken on behalf of the second accused only and is that a submission of no case to answer, made at the end of the prosecution's case, ought not to have been rejected. Though a similar ground of appeal was included in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11418866 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the first accused's notice. Mr. R\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
amrakha did not pursue it, no doubt having regard to the fact that the evidence tendered and admitted against the first accused included a confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid11418866 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mr. Koya summarised the evidence against the second accused thus:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ulc1\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a). \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He was Managing Director of R. B.\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Naidu & Sons Limited, though the extent of his participation in the ownership was not clear.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ulc1\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b). \tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Some time before 1976 the Naidu premises were, insured with the New Zealand Insurance Company Limited. In December 1976, the insurance on the building was i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ncreased from $16,000 to $50,000. There was insurance of $55,000 on the stock.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ulc1\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (c). \tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
About five days before the fire Rajendra Prasad, an insurance clerk in the New Zealand Insurance Company Limite\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d, who was familiar with the two policies concerned, said that he was spoken to on the telephone by a person who said he was "Naidu" of R. D. Naidu & Sons, and who enquired when the policies were due and if the premiums had been paid. The person requested
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 him to check to make sure the information was correct and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 witness did so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ulc1\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (d). \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The three accused were seen on the Naidu premises late on the night of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 8th with lights still burning, at a time when all three said in statements to the police they were in bed and asleep.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ulc1\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (e). \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
After the fire broke out there was evidence t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hat the second accused made lit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tle or no attempt to rescue his stocks. The witness Ahme\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d Ismail alias Babu was perhaps the main witness in this respect. At the request of the second accused he helped to shift a heavy safe. He then asked if second accused needed any more help, pointing out that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he Naidu shop was not yet attac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and they cou\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ld move the stock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14305124 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he rep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ly was simply' Thanks for help}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing with the safe." He pointed out a tractor tyre worth $300 which was on the verandah}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the answer was "Just leave it." The same witness said that the second accused requested him to tell the police\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 that he had seen the second accused put papers in the safe before moving it and he refused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ulc1\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (f). \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
There was evidence of lies told, in the main to the police, by the second accused. These included }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 an assertion that after dinner on the night of the fire\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  he and his wife retired to bed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 his wife was in fact staying elsewhere with her mother; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 an assertion that the third accused had switched off the store's power plant at about 10.30 pm; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  an assertion that he was unaware of the increase of the insura\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nce cover on the building; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 an assertion that the value of the stock and chattels on the premises on the night in question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was approximately $96,500; there was so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
me prosecution evidence of shor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tages of common goods on the night in question. Mr. Koya's a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
rgument was that these were the lies which were discernable on the evidence at the close of the prosecution case. We would add that the night of the fire was one on which a number of employees of the Naidu shop were away, as usual for the weekend.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid14305124 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14305124 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The lear\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ned judge in ruling that the three accused had a case to answer did not go into detail, but merely said that he was satisfied that tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t was the case. In this court }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mr. I. Khan, for the respondent, submitted that the second accused had not shown that no rea\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sonable court could have convicted him, on the evidence as it then stood. We also are satisfied that the learned judge was not shown to have been wrong in his ruling, and this ground of appeal fails.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The second ground was that the learned judge erred in al\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
lowing a substituted indictment to be filed and in the observance of certain related procedural matters. After hearing a submission of no case to answer at the close of the prosecution case the learned judge said he was in some doubt whether there should 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e four counts of arson and four of conspiracy. After counsel had been hea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rd the prosecution ten}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dered an amended information concerning which the learned judge said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \_}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Prosecution now tenders an amended information }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 containing one charge of conspi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 racy \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and one only for arson showing that four 'sets of premises have been destroyed'.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14305124 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Defence counsel submits that this has completely altered the charge against the accused and that they should be acquitted.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I cannot see how that arises. The evidence shows tha\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
t these premises were destroyed; the charge has not altered the town, the area or the site on which the buildings stood. It has not altered the names of the victims except to substitute the name of Tim Young Sue for that of Helen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sue for one of the portion\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s des}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
troyed. The names of the persons merely help to identify the properties.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I would not have thought it necessary to draft another two counts. All that was needed was to strike out counts 2, 3, and 4 the superfluous arson counts and counts 6, 7, 8 the su\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
perfluous conspiracy counts. The same guilty act had been charged four times.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047951 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Defence counsel submits that findings of Not Guilty should be restored in those counts. But charges 2, 3 and 4 are not separate offences although drafted as such. They are in rea\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
lity a repetition of the same charge. If one were to return such findings it would mean a rejection of the prosecution evidence that those buildings were burnt down as a result of a crimina}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305124 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l act. One could then scarcely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  purport to rely on the same evidence\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 for arson of an adjacent building. Accuseds l and 2 would be able to plead that they had been acquitted 3 times of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the same charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid9047951 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is quite sufficient to strike out the superfluous and improperly added counts of arson and conspiracy.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Section l23(c)(i)\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  C. P. C. makes it apparent th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 at it is not necessary to name }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the owner of the property as long as it is indicated with reasonable clearness, unless the name of the owner is needed for some specific type of offence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid9047951 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I allow the amended information to be sub\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
stituted as an amendment of charges I and 5 of the charges in the original information and I order that charges 2,3 and 4 (arson) and 6, 7 and 8 (conspiracy) be struck out. The charges to be numbers ONE and TWO."
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It will be observed that what the learned j\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 udge ordered was an amendment of the information by a change in the particulars of count 1 and the deletion of counts 2-4.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The argument, which was relied upon for both first and second accused, was that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 such amendments can only be made under sect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ion 257(2)\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of the Criminal Pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cedure Code when the information is defective, that the amendment was made at too late a stage of the trial, that an opportunity should have been given for the recall of witnesses, and that the learned judge had not complied with sectio
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n 257(3) which requires that a note of the order for amendment he endorsed on the information. It was also "highly desirable that the accused should have been re-arraigned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid9047951 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 were referred to the cases of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9047951\charrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Johal and Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047951 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  56 Cr. App. R. 348 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9047951\charrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Radley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  58 Cr. App. R. 394, and Mr. Koya fairly conceded that in the light of these authorities there was a tendency to r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9047951 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 elax the technicalities of crimi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nal pleading and that the only really essential question was whether any injustice had resulted.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2302993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As to 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the technical defects alleged in this case we note from the record that Mr. M. T. Khan, who appeared for the second accused in the Supreme Court, was gran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ted a short adjournment to consider his position, wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h specific reference to whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 any prosecution w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
itnesses should be recalled, and on resumption, said there was no special course which he wished to take. There may have been a technical breach of section 257(3), but the order is on the record in the learned judge's handwriting. Rearraignment was perhap
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  desirable but in the circumstances was hardly more than a technical requirement. A complaint that in the new particulars a building}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
was alleged to be the property of the estate of Tim Young Sue, does not carry weight in the light of section 123(c)(ii) of \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the Criminal Procedure Code which permits such descriptions as "Trustees". Mr Koya was unable to give a positive response when asked to state where any prejudice arose. The situa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion, in our opinion, correspon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ded c}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 losely with that described in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Harris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  6\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2 Cr. App. R. 28 at 32, as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"As to the time at which the amendment was made, it may very well he that in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 very many circumstances an application to amend as late as the close of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the case for the prosecution would be so likely to involve injustice t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
o an accused person that such an application in many instances might he refused. In this case, we can see no injustice which could have resulted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
and we feel really that Mr. Hor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dern had got pinpointed any specific injustice. He relied simply on the general
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  proposition that an amendment at such a late stage must involve the question of injustice. We consider that it was an amendment which involved a more accurate discription of a representation b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y conduct and that could approp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
riately be made at the stage at \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 which it was."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2302993 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We did not ask counsel for the respondent to reply on this ground of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2302993 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as we are satisfied that there was no injustice or prejudice, it cannot succeed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Grounds 3 and 3A, not argued by Mr. Ramrakha, relate only to the second}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , and as argued were confined to ground 3A, which reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"3(A) That the Learned Trial Judge having regard to all the circumstances of the case misdirected himself in law and wrongly convicted the Appellant on the basis only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that the Appellant had to\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ld }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 to the Police in his statements made out of Court on a number of matters as set forth in his judgment at Pages 273 to 278 of the Record and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 secondly}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the Appellant told }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lies to the court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2302993\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  on a number of matters as set forth in his judgmen\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t at Pages 274 to 279 of the Record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid2302993 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a). \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls13\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 At the trial the Prosecution did not ad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11609354 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 duce any direct evidence or con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 fessional stateme\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nt made by this Appellant to a person in authority or any circumstantial evidence leading to the inescapable inference that the Appellant was guilty of the offence with which he was charged.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b). \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0\pararsid2961493 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
That the Learned Trial Judge's finding that the Appellant's assertions or denials made by him either out of Court or in Court were lies did not in law amount to proof of guilt.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (c). \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0\pararsid2961493 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Even if the alleged lies out of Court or in Court amounted to some incrim\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 inatory evidence, it could not in law provide either confirmation or corroboration of any independent evidence pointing to the guilt of the Appellant."

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11609354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11609354 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There is no doub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t mat the question of lies told by the second accused played a very important part in th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e case, and in the mind of the learned judge as indicated by his judgment. We refer to the judgment rather than to the summing up, as the latter was directed to the assessors who took a view contrary to that of the learned judge:
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The following are extracts\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"The accuseds were untruthful to the police and in evidence when they say that the store was unlighted after 10.30 p.m. or thereabouts."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qc \li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11609354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12126417 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11609354\charrsid11609354 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11609354 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Accused 2 was lying to the police when he said that he was not around at 12 midnight or 12.30 a.m., \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
and that the lights were not on until that time. He was untruthful when he said he was asleep when the fire broke out."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qc \li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11609354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12126417 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11609354\charrsid11609354 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"I am also satisfied that he untruthfully told P. W.1 the insurance manager that his wife and baby were asleep on the premis\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
es at the time of the fire. It is a lie which he had told to the police on Wednesday 11/5/77 when he made his first statement Ex. P. 11."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11609354 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s37\qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11609354 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 
\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid11609354 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "In my view he told that lie to lend credibility to his statement in Ex. P. 11\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 that at 10 p.m. the shop w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
as closed and he went to bed and was fast asleep by 1.1.00 p.m."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qc \li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11609354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11609354 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11609354\charrsid11609354 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"On 14.5.77 in Exhibit P. 12 the accused 2 again untruthfully declared to the G police that Accused 3 switched off the power plant at about 10.30 p.m."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qc \li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11609354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11609354 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11609354\charrsid11609354 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "In evidence he \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
untruthfully maintained that he went to bed betwen 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. and was asleep when the alarm of 'fire' was given."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11609354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11609354 .............}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126417 .........................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"P. W. 1 the insurance manager says he discussed the increase of insurance on the 'phone with\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  someone who said he was D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11609354 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
amodar Naidu. It is not conceiv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid11609354 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 able that a stranger should purport to instruct the insurance company to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid16077161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  increase .the insurance cover and should do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  so under the guise that he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid16077161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused 2 and that this should be followed up by th
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e firm's cheque. Once again I find that accused 2 was untruthful. In my view his denial of knowledge of the enhanced insurance valuation was intended to conceal the existence of any financial motive for burning down the building."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qc \li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16077161 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077161 ................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126417 ...........................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16077161\charrsid16077161 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "There is yet another piece of information given by accused 2 i}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n his state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid16077161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ment Ex. P. 11 which he now retracts. He said that accused I was in his employ and had been for about 2 years and that he lived with accused 2. Accused 2 now says that he had said accused 1 had been with him for 2 weeks and not 2 years and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 that D/Corp. Raj\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 u refused to al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid16077161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ter this when it was pointed out by accused 2. I regard that as yet another untruth in evidence from accused 2."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s37\qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 
...........................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126417 ........................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "The accused 2 is an utter liar. He has lied on every aspect which cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ld con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nect him with the fire and I do not simply mean that he has denied them, I mean that he has lied about them. He also lied to the police on similar aspects. He has even lied to the insurance manager P. W. 1."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It will be observed that the great emphasi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s in those passages was to lies told to the police though in most cases they were said to have been repeated in evidence. Mr. Koya sought to draw a distinction between lies out of court and lies told in evidence during court proceedings, basing himself on
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 what was said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Chapman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1973] 2 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  624 at 629\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "Proof of a lie told out of court is capable o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f being direct evidence, admiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ible at the trial, amounting to affirmative proof of the untruth of the defendant's denial of guilt This in turn may tend\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 to confirm the evidence against him and to implicate him in the offence charged. But a denial in the witness box which is untruthful or otherwise incapable of belief is not positive proof of anything."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The learned judge relied upon the first part of that 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 passage and there was an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 implied crit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 icism of the second part in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Boardman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1974] 2 All ER 958,963. That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is a question which has no relevance here for two reasons. The first we have mentioned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 that the significant lies in the present case were first tol\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d out of court and later repeated in evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
once it is accepted that such statements are in fact false the circumstance that they were repeated on oath in our opinion may ligitimately be regarded more as intensifying their adverse effect than otherwise\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. The second reason is that Chapman's case was concerned with evidence by way of corroboration in the rather technical sense it ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s acquired in the case of accom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 plices or in sexual cases. Mr. Koya submitted that the learned judge regarded the second accuse
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d as having given perjured evidence which made corroboration in the technical sense relevant. We regard this suggestion as having no merit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In our view the law applicable to the present case is that lies told by an accused may be significant evidence of gu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ilt but are not of themselves enough to sup}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 port a conviction: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mawaz Khan v R}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1967]1 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  80;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Wattam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  36 Cr. App. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  72, 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
6. The following words from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Dehar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1969] NZLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  763, 765 are apt:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "The same principle applies in cases like the one before us, 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 where the question is not one of corroboration at all, but it simply whether the lies may be added to a case insufficient without them, so as to support a verdict of guilt."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Dehar's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case makes no distinction between lies in Court and lies in the witness bo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 x and in that respect has been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
accepted in the later case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Collings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1976] NZLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  104, 116, 117.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There is also the following passage from the judgment of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Broadhurst v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 [1964] A. C. 441:\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "Save in one respect, a case \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
in which an accused gives untruthful evidence is no different from one in which he gives no evidence at all. In either case the burden remains on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused. But if upon the proved facts two inferences may be drawn a
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
out the accused's conduct or state of mind, his untruthfulness is a factor which the jury can properly take into account as strengthening the inference of guilt. What strength it adds depends. of course, on all the circumstances and especially on whether 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 here are reasons other than guilt that might account for untruth fullness."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We would add that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Narend Prasad and Lum Sik v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Cr. Apps. 14 & 16 of 1971) this court said that there was no doubt that the fact that the accused person has told lies in 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the course of his statements to the police is a factor which may be taken into consideration by the jury in deciding whether or not to accept the accused's explanation of what had taken place.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Evidence of this nature requires a proper direction by the lear\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ned trial judge. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Debar's}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 case it was pointed out (p. 765) that there could be a case where the rejection of an accused's explanation almost leaves the jury with no choice but to convict as a 'natter of logic, but this is not such a case. Here the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  learne\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d judge in his judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "As Lord Goddard said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Young }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1953] 1 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  21 at 21, where a jury disbelieves an accused on oath and finds that he has given perjured evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 they might conclude that he had good reason for so doing and regard him \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
as guilty. 1 am satisfied that accused 2 has told deliberate lies upon oath which were calculated to mislead and to conceal the truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. I am not making the kind of error pointed out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Chapman}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1973] 2 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  624 of concluding that the prosecution witne
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sses are truthful because I am satisfied that the accused is untruthful and that his untruths tend to corroborate the prosecution. I have found that the prosecution witnesses are in fact truthful and I have found that the accused is untruthful upon his oa
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As pointed out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1797338\charrsid1797338 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Chapman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (supra), at 629:

\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Proof of a lie told out of Court is capable o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f being direct evidence, admiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ible at the trial, amounting to affirmative proof of the untruth of the defendant's denial of guilt. This in turn may tend to co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nfirm the evidence against him and to implicate him in the offence charged.' "
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The first quo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tation relates to lies in court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 which as we have observed are largely merged in this case with lies told earlier, and the second to lies out of court. The last sen\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tence of the latter relates to the function of the evidence as confirmatory of other evidence. Complementary to this is what the learned judge said to the assessors:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Accused persons may have reasons other than guilty knowledge for telling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  lies. An innoce
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nt person may tell lies out of sheer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  panic thinking that the actual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 truth could be misconstrued."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid1797338 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518323 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
We do not think that the learned judge has been shown to have misdirected himself in this matter, but there remains for consideration a submission, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 kin to on
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e made in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12518323\charrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mawaz Khan v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 (supra) and dealt with at p. 83}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . It is that there was an insuf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ficient basis of circumstantial evidence apart from the lies, and, as we have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 observed, lies alone are not enough. It is true that one major aspect of the evidence deriv\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
es most of its significance from the fact that the accused has lied about it. That is the fact that they were up and about at a late hour and shortly before the fire was first seen. Mr. Khan has argued that even without t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he lies it is evidence of oppor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tuni
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ty, but though that is true, the weight to be attache}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d to it is only a matter of com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 parison with similar opportunities enjoyed by other inmates of the block, who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
claimed to be asleep. There was evidence that the lights of the Naidu store were the only ones\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 alight at that hour, and if it is accepted that they were up, others might be less likely to commit arson when they might be observed. There was evidence, however, of motive on the part of the second accused in the matter of insurance, and some not very 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ogent evidence that stocks had been run down. The attitude of the second accused at the fire is an important factor. There is evidence that, except for the safe, he made no attempt to salvage anything and refused offers of help from one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ahmed Ismail and fr
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 om Constable Mahendra Prasad, at a time when salvage could have been made and articles were being saved from other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
premises. All of this in our opinion provides a sufficient basis of circumstantial evidence to entitle a court to have regard to and assess t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he weight of lies told by the accused. This ground of appeal fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid12518323 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The next ground, No. 3B, is taken on behalf of the second accused only. It reads:\_
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  The L
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
earned Trial Judge erred in admitting in evidence the testimony of Prosecution Witness No. 1 to the effect that he discussed the increase of the insurance on the phone with someone who said he was Damodar Naidu. In addition the Learned Trial Judge erred i
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  holding that the Appellant's denial of the knowledge of the enhanced insurance valuation (which valuation took place on 14th December,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 976 \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 
 See Exhibit P. 1) was inten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ded to conceal the existence of any financial motive for burning down the building."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518323 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s to the incident first described there can be no materiality in this. It is not in dispute that pursuant to the conversation with prosecution witness No. 1, Mr. G. A. Woolley, the building insurance was increased. Possibly the reference is intended to be
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
to P. W. 3 Rajendra Prasad, clerk to the New Zealand Insurance Company Limited, who gave evidence that just before the fire he was telephoned by a person who said he was the second accused, enquiring whether the premiums had been paid. The learned judge l
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ft the matter of the identity of the caller to the assessors in this passage:\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"Prosecution Witness 2 did not claim to know accused 2. However if you believe Prosecution Witness 2 then you should consider whether the caller was accused 2. Who would be awa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 re of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the new insurance apart from accused 2 and the Bank of Baroda? If the bank manager wanted this information would he personate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused 2? It is conceivable that some stranger telephoned the insurance company at Suva in the name of accused 2 and inquir\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ed about the firm's insurance? Accused 2 did not hold the policies; the bank held them as security for the firm's overdraft. Accused 2 says the bank paid the premium, the Bank of Baroda witnesses say that they forwarded the firm's cheque. The only way he 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ould confirm that the insurances were valid would be to telephone the insurance company. Had accused 2 paid the cheque himself and received the policies he would not have needed to make a telephone call. It is a matter,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 for your consideration: it is one of
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the links in the chain of evidence. Did accused 2 confirm just before the fire that the insurances were valid? Did he do so because he intended to burn the building in the near future?"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid12518323 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518323 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This we consider was a fair presentation of the matter to the assesso
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rs, making it clear that the ide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9975906 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ntity of the caller was only a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 matter of inference.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The conversation with Mr. Woolley, and the seco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd matter referred to on this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ground of appeal are mentioned in a passage from the judgment which we have already quoted. Counsel suggested this court was in as good a position to draw inferences as was the learned judge. In the case of inferences from established primary facts that i
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 generally so, but in this type of inference, the motivation of a party involved, much hinges on the view of the judge of the particular witness in the context of the whole field of evidence. We are not able to say that the learned judge fell into error a
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  alleged in the ground of appeal.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The remaining grounds taken by Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9975906 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Koya for the second accused (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is argument being adapted by Mr. Ramrakha for the first accused)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 relate to the fact that in con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 victing the two accused the learned judge differed from the un\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
animous opinion of the assessors. They are numbered 4, 5, 6 and 6A hut merely present different aspects of or arguments on the same question. In Fiji by section 281(1) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code the judge is required to sum up, and after the a
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sessors have stated their opinions he must give judgment but in doing so shall not he bound to conform to the opinions of the assessors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Under an amendment to se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ction 281(2) introduced in 1973,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  an abbreviated form of judgment is however acceptable, except \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as follows:\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "......... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 except that, when the judge does not agree with the majority opinion of the assessors, he shall give his reasons, which s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hall be written down and be pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nounced in open court, for differing with such majority opinion and in every su\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ch case the judge's summing up and the dicision of the court together with, where appropriate, the judge's reasons for differing with the majority opinion of the assessors, shall collectively be deemed to be the judgment of the court for the purposes of t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is subsection and of section 155 of this Code."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518323 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Mr. Koya sought to make some point that a unanimous opinion of the assessors, which we have here, is not a majority opinion. This is pointless and in the context we disagree. The learned judge, as he was diff\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ering from the assessors, wrote a full judgment and in it he expressed his reasons thus:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"It will be noted that my judgment is contrary to the opinions returned by all the assessors in relation to accuseds 1 and 2.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12518323 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I am not bound by their opinions an\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d have not followed them because I regard them as being very contrary to the way in which the evidence points. It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12518323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 may be that my summing up was somewhat lengthy and following a long trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 there may be factors which the assessors have lost sight of."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid12518323 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The le\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 arned judge therefore complied with the requirements of the section.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The matter of giving reasons in such circumstances has been mentioned by the Privy Council on at least two occasions. It probably had its origin in the following wo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9975906 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rds of Lord Denning in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9975906\charrsid9975906 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Bharat v R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9975906 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1959] 3 All ER}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  292 at 294}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9975906 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9975906 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "If the majority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of them had given such an opinion (i.e. guilty of man-slaughter instead of murder), the judge might possibly have accepted it in preference to his own. At any rate he could hardly have rejected it \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
without saying why he did so."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10750374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10750374\charrsid10750374 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ram Bali v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 (Privy Council Appeal No. 18 of 1961\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 unreported) on appeal from this court, a similar situation occurred. At page 4 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f the Record their Lordships}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"This was a strong course to take but there is no reason to think that the learned Judge did not pay full heed to the views of the a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ssessors or to the striking cir}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cumstance that they were unanimous in favour of acquittal. Nor is there reason to think that \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he was unmindful of the value of their opinions or of their qualifications to assess the testimony of the various witnesses in a case of this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In his summing up he had said that their opinions would carry great weight with him. The decision of the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
learned Judge was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 based upon his own emphatic con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
clusions in regard to the evidence.
\par {\listtext\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Their Lordships can discern no error in the approach of the learned Judge in arriving at his positive and affirmative conclusions: it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  is manifest that his accep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tance of c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ertain witnesses and his rejection of others }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 made him satisfied beyond even 't}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he slightest shadow of doubt' of the guilt of the appellant."

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10750374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Though the learned judge in the present case did not use the words "their opinions would carry great weight with him\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 " he did emphasize the importance of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the assessors forming their own opinions in this passage in the summing up:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"I will in this-summing up remind you of the salient features of the evidence.
\par {\listtext\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There is no point in my repeating everything that every witnes\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s has said although the nature of the evidence adduced necessitates a lengthy review. If you get the impression that I am trying to persuade you to adopt an opinion of my own you will be wrong. It is you individual opinions which are requred and you are n
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t there to echo what you think may be the judge's opinion. I may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
contrast or compare the evidence of one witness with another: in so doing I will not be inviting you to accept or reject any particular testimony. I may point out what appear to be inconsiste\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ncies, or what may be corroboration of one witness by another or others, or the opportunities for witnesses to collaborate and concoct evidence as well as the lack of opportunity to get together for such a purpose. In so doing I am not inviting you to bel
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eve one witness in preference to another: I am merely giving you the benefit of my experience in assessing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10750374 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evidence."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid10750374 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10750374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The case we have referred to were prior to the 1973 amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code which reduced the requirement that "reasons" \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
should be given into statutory form, but we do not consider that involved any alteration in principle.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5983733 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In Fiji in the case}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5983733\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Narend Prasad and Lum Sik v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Cr. Apps. 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  & 16 of 1971) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5983733\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Shiu Prasad v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Cr. App. No. 5 of 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 72) the approach i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5983733\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ram Bali's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 case has been applied. Where the basic reason for the judge's differing is based on the evidence and upon his own emphatic conclusion thereon (as we are satisfied it was in the present case) that is a reason complying with the requirements of 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the section. Whether it can be challenged on appeal as being an inadequate reason may be another question, depending on all the circumstances of the case.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Returning to the grounds of appeal, Ground 4 alleges that the case de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pended on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  circumstantial evidenc\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e and that the assessors' opinion indicated that it was weak. We agree that in the case of the second accused t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he evidence was in the main cir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cumstantial but was augmented by lies as the learned judge found. We are not of the opinion that the totality of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he evidence was necessarily insufficient to support the learned judge's opinion of it. The case against the first accused was of course much}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 stronger, because of the evidence of his confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ground 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  reads:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The learned trial judge erred in not \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
taking into account the rule of practice that the unanimous opinion of the assessors on matters of fact should not be disregarded."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5983733 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There is no question of a rule of practice. The la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 w on the subject is as we have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  stated it above and we respectfully endorse
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the words of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5983733\charrsid5983733 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Bali's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case (supra)\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 
"This was a strong course to take". That does not make it a wrong course. Ground 5(b) is merely repetition on the subject of circumstantial evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5983733 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ground 6 is expressed thus:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "That the Learned Trial Judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5983733 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e erred in holding the view (wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ich was expressed at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the trial after the Gentlemen Assessors had tendered their opinions) to the effect that the Co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
urt had the experience in dealing with evidence for the last twenty (20) years, that the Gentlemen Assessors may be experts in their own fields, but the Court was better equipped in dealing with the evidence. The Learned Trial Judge was thereby in effect 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tating that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he Gentlemen Assessors were dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 qualified or less qualified than the Learned Tr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ial Judge himself in assessing credibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of witnesses or in assessing evidence on matters of fact adduced at the trial. As a result he had disabled himself from re\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ceiving any aid from the Gentlemen Assessors."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3368392 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This ground should never have been put forward.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The words alleged to have been used are not in the record and no attempt was made by the appellants to verify them. We are, however, indebted to counsel for the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Crown, who was the only counsel appearing on the appeal who was also present at the trial, for the information that words on the lines of those appearing in the first sentence of the ground of appeal were said by the learned judge after judgment had been 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
elivered: the context however, was one almost of apology, that they were not to feel badly about his having decided against their opinions. The innuendo that Mr. Koya sought to attach to those words, spoken after the task of both the assessors and the jud
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9444157 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
self had been completed, that the learned judge had disabled himself for receiving the assessors' aid, was entirely unjustified and unfair.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Having considered this matter in the light of the whole of the summing up and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 judgment we reject those grounds\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  which are based on the de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cision of the learned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
judge to convict the first and second accused although the unanimous opinion of the assessors was to the contrary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 We come now to grounds of appeal argued by Mr. Ramrakha on behalf of the first accused other \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
than those in relation to which he adopted Mr. Koya's argument there are two. The first appellant's original Ground 3 reads:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "That the Learned Trial Judge erred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in admitting in evidence relating to oral}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and written confessional state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ments made to the poli\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ce before the trial; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in acting or in giving probative value to such statements."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3368392 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The only argument Mr. Ramrakha could advance in order to support this is that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 by their opinions the assessors indicated that they we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3368392 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 re not satisfied that the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 made the confessions. The learned trial judge first heard the evidence in the absence of the assessors and found that the confessions were not fabricated and were voluntary. His ruling is detailed and convincing and he maintained his view in his judgment
.\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  There can of course be no challenge to the ruling on admissibility and there is no way of knowing what the assessors' approach was to the question of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
weight. We do not find anything in this argument to refute the learned judge's view that the assessors ha\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d not appreciated the evidence. This ground fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mr. Ramrakha's Ground 6(b) is:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"The learned trial judge misdirected himself on the onus of proof when he stated 'if the prosecution thought someone else was responsible for the fire do you think that they\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  would prosecute the accuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ds' and thereby there was a mis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 carriage of justice."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid3368392 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3368392 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
There is no doubt that this passage, taken in isolation, is a blemish upon an otherwise fair and im}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 partial summing up. The context,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  which follows a reference to the second accu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sed's plans for rebuilding, is:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2961493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"As the defence have pointed out Naidus' were not the only persons affected by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that fire who wanted to re-build. Lum Yuen had pl}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ans to re-build but there is no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2625468 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 information as to whether property was insured. Lum Yuen did no\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
t give evidence, but Siu Tin Fu Prosecution Witness 15 said that he and Lum Yuen shared some premises. Prosecution Witness 15 had also increased his insurance sonic months prior to the fire, but the amount involved was only $4,000 or so extra. In any even
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Lum Yuen's intentions do not help you much in deciding accused 2's motives. Prosecution Witness 15 was not cross-examined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
in any way about any plans to re-build. If the prosecution thought someone else was responsible for the fire do you think they would \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 prosecute the accuseds?"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid2625468 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2625468 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Whether the learned judge added the last sentence in a moment of aberration cannot be known; whatever he intended, the words are capable of meaning, as Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ramrakha contends, that the prosecution were rig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ht in charging the accused \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sons. They would have checked on the others. If anything turned on this, it could have put at risk the conviction at least of the second accused, to whom the passage quoted applied rather than to the first accused. But regarded as a misdirection, it}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cle
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 arly had no effect, as the assessors in acquitti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ng both accused, did not act upo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n any implications the words might contain. Mr. Ramr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
akha, ackowledging this, submit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ted that the effect of the words was carried through to the judgment which began "1 have cons
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 idered the evidence in the terms of my summing up." We cannot accept that the use of this phrase implies that for the purpose of his judgment an experienced judge failed to distinguish the releva}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nt facts and evidence. The judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ment contains no reference at \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 all to police investigation of the neig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hbouring owners and is clea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r as to what facts are accepted and which witnesses are believed. This final g ground of appeal therefore also fails and the appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 als of both accused against con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
viction are dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid2625468 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 re also appeals against sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ten year' imprisonment in the case of the second accused and seven in relation to the first.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 For the first accused Mr. Ramrakha emphasized his age and junior position as an employee. The learned judge did not overlook eit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
her of these matters and noted that, according to his confession, he had hoped for a reward and a better position. For the second accused Mr. Koya submitted that arson on this scale and for similar motives was not a prevalent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  crime in Fiji. The case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2625468\charrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid2625468 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Shah}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 (S. C. 10/1957) was quoted, in which, in the year 1957 the accused had burned his own premises which were insured for 14,000; he was sentenced to four years' imprisonment. The case cannot be compared to the present in respect of the magnitude of the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 property loss in which innocent neighbours were involved, and, more important in our view, the risk to persons sleeping in the premises concerned or those adjacent. Reasons such as these induced the learned judge }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to pass a heavy sentence and we,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  do not f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d) ourselves able to say that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5919365\charrsid5919365 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 it was either contrary to principle or manifestly excessive.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The appeals again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st sentence are also dismissed.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5919365\charrsid2625468 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeals dismissed.
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