{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol{\*\falt Symbol};}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f51\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f52\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f53\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f54\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f56\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f57\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f59\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}
{\f60\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f61\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f62\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f63\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}
{\f64\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f70\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f71\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f72\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f73\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f74\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f389\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f390\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}
{\f393\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f394\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f406\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f407\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\f409\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f410\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f413\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f414\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}
{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f419\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f420\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f423\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f424\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
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{\*\wgrffmtfilter 0117}\ilfomacatclnup0\stylesortmethod0{\*\template C:\\Users\\baleimatuku_l.PACLII.ORG.VU.000\\Documents\\pac-judgment-template-final.dotx}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\sectlinegrid272\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9591499\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1
\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5
\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9591499 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1977] 23 FLR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11480004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14231650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14231650 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11480004\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 COURT OF APPEAL
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal Jurisdiction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004\charrsid11480004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14231650\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 MOSESE ULUINAVITILEVU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650\charrsid11480004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 REGINAM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gould V. P., Marsack J. A. Henry J. A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 18th, 25th March}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2582819 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1977}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11480004 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004\charrsid9591499 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11480004 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evidence and proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 corroboration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 similar facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sexual offences involving children}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evidence of other boys alleging similar offences against themselves}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 whether eviden\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ce of such similar incidents can amount to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid811420\charrsid11480004 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 corroboration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 whether evidence of each boy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid811420\charrsid11480004 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 admissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to corroborate evidence of each other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Penal Code (Cap. 11) s.170.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Evidence against a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  headmaster accused of procuring a male person to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 commit an act of gross indecency was given by the two boys named in the charges aged 15 & 13, and by another pupil who was asked by the accused to commit similar acts of gross indecency on different occasions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Court followed the reasoning and decision\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11480004\charrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  which considered in detail the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11480004\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 admissibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of similar fact evidence and the circumstances in which each boys' evidence corroborated the other.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14231650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases referred to:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne [1973] 1 All\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 ER 440; [1973] AC 729. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman v D.P.P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1974] 3 All ER 887; [1975]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 421. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11480004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Sims }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1946] KB 531; [1946] 1 All ER 697. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11480004\charrsid14231650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Campbell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1956] 2 All ER 272; [1956] 2 QB 432.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11480004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Appeal against the decision of the Magistrate's Court convicting the accused of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  two charges of procuring a male person to commit an act of gross indecency }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 subsequently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  upheld by the Supreme Court on appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14231650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Vula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the appellant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid11480004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E. Lindsay, Fa and Fatiaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the respondent.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Judgment of the Court (read b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y Gould V. P.): [25 March 1977]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \_
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11480004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
This is an appeal from the Supreme Court of Fiji at Suva sitting in appellate jurisdiction from the Magistrate's Court in which the appellant had been convicted on two charges of procuring a male person to commit an act of \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
gross indecency with him, contrary to section 170 of the Penal Code. The appellant was sentenced in the Magistrate's Court to concurrent terms of eighteen months' imprisonment. No appeal lies to this Court in relation to the sentences and in his appeal ag
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 inst }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the appellant is restricted by section 22(l) of the Court of Appeal Ordinance (Cap. 8) to grounds of appeal which involve questions of law only.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The complainants were two secondary school boys (referred to respectively as P and T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 );}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  P was 15\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  years old at the date of giving evidence and T, 13 years. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  appellant was the headmaster}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of the school at which they attended, and the offences were alleged to have occurred in April and May, 1976. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is unnecessa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ry to go into details of the evidence. Masturbation was involved in each case, and the appellant procured the two boys to carry out acts upon his person to that end, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 findings of fact of the learned magistrate, which were accepted by the learned Chief }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 J\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ustice,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  indicated a marked degree of similarity between the method or approach of the appellant in each case.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Before coming to the grounds of appeal it is necessary to say a word about the evidence led by the prosecution. The complainants P and T were both\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 called and in addition to giving the detailed evidence of the actual commission of the offences they each testified that they had written a letter on the instructions or order of the appellant, after the inquiry had commenced, which in effect retracted }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eir allegations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 against him. Another boy (hereinafter called P.W.3) a pupil at the same school, gave evidence that the appellant had called him to his quarters, and asked him, to perform acts (which he did) which were similar to acts performed by P and T p
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
rior to the actual indecency. After P.W.3 had been asked to massage the appellant's bottom, and had done so, he seized an opportunity to run away. All of these witnesses gave their evidence on oath. The last witness we need mention was Mr P. M. Hilton, wh
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  was a master at the school; he spoke with P, T, and P.W.3 D and made a report to the police.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Counsel for the appellant relied upon the following grounds of appeal. A fourth ground was withdrawn.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9591499 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "1. The learned trial magistrate erred in law in treating t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he incident relating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
to the taking of statements from the complaint as corroboration of the offence itself.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7935031 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The learned trial magistrate erred in law in treating the evidence given by a third boy as corroboration and further erred in law in admitting s
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uch evidence.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9591499 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The learned trial magistrate erred in law in treating the evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
each of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the three boys as corroborating the evidence of each other."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7935031 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Before we deal with these grounds we think that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  it will he of advantage to con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sider, insofar as the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
y appear relevant the two comparatively recent House of Lords cases in which similar problems have been dealt with. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 They are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid811420\charrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Director of Public Prosecutions v Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1973}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ] 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  All ER 440, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid811420\charrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Boardman v. Director of Public Prosecutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1974] 3 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  88}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 case there were two groups of offences charged, one with four boys and the other, a year later, with two boys. We quote now from the headnote at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p. 440:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9591499 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"The prosecution alleged that the accused encouraged the boys to come to his house\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 by providing them with various inducements and having got them into his house he committed the acts charged in the indictment. The accused admitted that the boys had come to his house but claimed that his association with them had been entirely innocent.
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The judge directed the jury that, whereas the boys in each of the two groups knew each other well}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and could have collaborated in putting forward their stones, it was unlikely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 if not impossible, for the two groups to have collaborated in that way and accord\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingly they were entitled to take the evidence of the boys in one gr}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14231650 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 oup}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  as corroborating the evidence of the boys in the other group."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7935031 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The Court of Appeal quashed a conviction on that direction but it was restored by the House of Lords; again from the headn\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ote, at PP. 440-1:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9591499 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "The word 'corroboration' had no special technical meaning; by itself }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 it meant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 no more than evidence tending to confirm other evidence. No distinction could, therefore, be drawn between evidence which could be used as corroboration and \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
evidence which might help the jury to determine the truth of the matter. Since the evidence of one group of boys was admissible in relation to the charges concerning the other group as being relevant to matters in dispute and implicating the accused in th
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 criminal conduct alleged, the evidence, if believed, constituted corroboration. It was immaterial that evidence of boys of both groups was mutually corroborative, or that each boy was technically, an accomplice in relation to the offence committed agains
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  him."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7935031 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"Per Lord Hailsham of St. Marylebone LC, Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest and Lord Simon of Glaisdale. There is no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 general}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  rule that no persons who come within the definition of 'accomplice' may be mutually corroborative. The rule does not necessarily ap\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ply to all witnesses in the same case who may deserve to be categorised as 'accomplice.' In particular it does not necessarily apply to accomplices who give independent evidence of separate incidents as proving system and negativing accident, and where th
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  circumstances are such as to exclude the danger of a jointly fabricated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 story."
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman's case, like the present, involved a headmaster and pupils, somewhat older than P and T. In the headnote is the following, at p. 887:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7935031 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "There was no suggestion that S\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 and H had collaborated together to concoct a similar story. Each boy gave evidence that the appellant had visited the boy's dormitory in the early hours of the morning and invited the boy to go with him to his sitting room and that the appellant had aske
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 each boy to take the active part, while the appellant took the passive part, in acts of buggery. In his summing-up the judge pointed out to the jury that the kind of criminal behaviour alleged against the appellant in the two counts was in each case of a
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
particular, unusual kind; that it was not merely a straightforward case of a schoolmaster indecently assaulting a pupil but that there was an 'unusual feature' in that a grown man had attempted to get an adolescent boy to take the male part while he himse
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
f played the passive part in acts of buggery. On that basis the judge directed the jury that it was open to them to find in H's evidence on count 2 corroboration of S's evidence on count 1 and vice versa. The appellant was convicted on both counts."

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15874624 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Co\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
urt of Appeal upheld those convictions, and again we quote from the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 headnote:

\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9591499 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3816281 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
) In exceptional cases evidence that the accused had been guilty of other offences was admissible if it showed that those offences shared with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7935031 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the offence which was the subje\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ct of the charge common features of such an unusual nature and striking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 similarity that it would be an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  affront to common }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 to assert that the similarity was explicable on the basis of coincidence. In such cases the judge had a discretion to admit the e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vidence if he was satisfied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid3816281 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that its probative force in relation to an issue in the trial outweighed its prejudicial effect and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid3816281 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that there was no possibility of collaboration between the witnesses."
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3816281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3816281 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (ii) }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The general principle relating to the admis\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sibility of 'similar fact' evidence was applicable to all offences. Homosexual offences were not to be treated as forming some separate category distinct from other offences and calling for the application of special rules. In particular the fact that the
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e was evidence that a person accused of a homosexual offence was a man whose homosexual activities took a particular form was not by itself sufficient automatically to render that evidence admissible."
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3816281 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (iii) it was doubtful whether the fact that a grown m\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 an had attempted to get an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
adolescent boy to play the active part, while he played the passive part, in acts of buggery was a sufficiently unusual feature to justify the admission of H's evidence in relation to count 1 and S's evidence in relation to count
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 2, but since there were other similarities in the two stories, in particular the appellant's nocturnal visits to the dormitories, it could not be said that the similar fact evidence was inadmissible or that the judge has exercised his discretion wrongly 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n admitting it. Accordingly the appeal would be dismissed."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3816281 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Grounds 2 and 3 of the appeal raise two problems the answer to which in our opinion is to be found in the authorities just quoted. The first is whether the evidence of the similar incidents involv\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing other persons was properly regarded as corroborative. Plainly, such evidence may properly be so regarded if a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 condition,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to which we will refer below, is fulfilled. The second is whether the witnesses P, T and P.W.3, being perhaps technically in the po\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sition of accomplices in the offences committed against them, and being youths could corroborate each other. For the purpose of the argument we put aside the plain evidence that P.W.3 at least could not have been an accomplice as he was not involved in an
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  offence. The answer to this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 query}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  is again in the affirmative, if the circumstances warrant it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1068274 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The condition above referred to is that the evidence tendered be of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of "striking similarity" to those alleged in the actual charge. This phrase which is used repeatedly throughout the cases comes from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid3816281 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Sims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1946] 1 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R 697\hich\f0 \emdash 
\loch\f0 see the speech of Lord Morris in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid3816281 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 case at p. 893(g). In the present }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the learned magistrate specifically directed himself on this topic by reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid3816281 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case, and in the Supreme Court the learned Chief Justice used the phrase, "its most striking feature." The finding that there was sufficient similarity was with \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
particular reference to the evidence of P.W.3, but it is quite clear from the text of the judgment that the magistrate found equal similarity in the cases of P and T. The law on the subject was clearly present to the mind both of the magistrate and of the
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hie Justice; this appeal being confined to questions of law only, it would be  for us to interfere only if we considered that no reasonable court could have come to the conclusion that the evidence was admissible for the purpose of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 corroboration. To}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
xtent to which the admissibility of the evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was a matter of discretion, as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 was said by Lord Salmon in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case, at p. 913(j)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , "it is only in a very clear case that an appellate tribunal would interfere with the exercise of his discretion." We h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ave no doubt that the evidence was rightly admitted.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In relation to the answer to the second problem above referred to, we have used the phrase "if the circumstances warrant it," and this relates to a restriction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1068274 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 indicated in both the headnotes we have quo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ted. It can be taken from each of them that, in order that the evidence be admissible as mutually corroborative, there must have been no danger of collaboration between those who put forward the evidence. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  headnote reads, "the circumstances ar\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e such as to exclude the danger of a mutually fabricated story." In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , "that there was no possibility of collaboration between the witnesses." It was put to us on the appeal as a matter of law that the courts below were not justified in accepting th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e evidence in question unless they were satisfied beyond any doubt whatever that collaboration could not have taken place. With three pupils in the same school collaboration was by no means impossible. The argument no doubt had as its basis the situation 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 case in which the incidents concerning the two groups of boys were a year apart, where the learned Judge said "it was unlikely, if not impossible" that there could have been collaboration between members of the two groups. In the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 present case\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, the learned magistrate had considered the question and had found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"I am satisfied that there is no evidence of collaboration between P, T and P.W.3 or between them and others." This, in counsel's submission was not enough.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 To any extent that this submissi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on suggests that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  laid down a new evidential standard of "beyond possibility" in relation to this particular aspect of evidence, we are unable to accept it. That subject, as such, was not considered in either case, and it is certain t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hat the headnotes quoted above are not intended to be read in that light. In the official series, in which the cases are report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ed at [1973] AC 729, and [197}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 5] AC 421, the headnotes make no allusion to the topic at all.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15874624 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Some passages from the speeches on th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  helpful\hich\f0 
\emdash \loch\f0 we use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the All England series. At p. 444}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
(d) Lord Hailsham said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1068274 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"On the other hand, the trial judge directed the jury that they must not use the evidence of any of the boys of either group to reinforce the evidence o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
f any boy of the same group as that to which the witness belonged. He evidently had in mind that the boys of each group were respectively well known to one another and wished thereby to exclude the possibility that they might have put up within each group
,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  but not between groups, a concocted tale."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1068274 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He also quoted a passage (p. 445) from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid1068274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Campbell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1956] 2 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R 272.276 where it was said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9591499 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"At the same time we think a jury may be told that a succession of these cases may help them to determine the truth \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the matter provided they are satisfied that there is no collaboration between the children to put up a false story."Again, at p. 454(e), Lord Hailsham said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1068274 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "In particular it does not necessaril}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y apply to accomplices of Lord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Simonds LC's third class, w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 here they give independent evidence of separate incidents, and where the circumstances are such as to exclude the danger of a jointly fabricated story."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1068274 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There is a reference by Lord Reid, at p. 456(b):
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3482103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "Where several children, between whom there can have 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 been no collaboration in concocting a story, all tell similar stories it appears to me that the conclusion that each is telling the truth is likely to be inescapable and the corroboration is very strong."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15874624 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid3482103 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boardman's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case Lord Wilberforce (p. 897}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 j) wa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s indicating a course of prudence when he said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3482103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "This is well illustrated by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9591499\charrsid3482103 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 case where the judge excluded "intra group' evidence because of the possibility as it appeared to him, of collaboration between boys who knew each other well. This is\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 my respectful opinion, the right course rather than to admit the evidence unless a case of collaboration or concoction is made out."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3482103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Commenting on the case before him the same learned Lord said (p. 898(e)): 

\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3482103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "The judge dealt properly and fairly with the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 possibility of a conspiracy between the boys."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3482103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The argument being what it is, we think the comment is justified that dealing with the possibility does not mean the same thing as finding that a conspiracy was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3482103 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  impossible.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Lord Hailsham also referred to the s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 umming-up under consideration, at p. 901(f):
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3482103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"No complaint was made of the terms in which the judge gave the warning and no complaint was made of the passage in his direction which considered, and then excluded, the possibility of a concocted story ..."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3482103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3482103 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ord Cross, at p. 910(e) said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9591499 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"In such circumstances the first question which arises is obviously whether his accusers may not have put their heads together to concoct false evidence and if there is any real chance of this having occurred the similar fact
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  evidence must be excluded. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kilbourne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  it was only allowed to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 given was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  being considered."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid811420 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
As we have said, we do not consider that in either of these cases, was the degree of proof, or disproof. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  relation to the likelihood of a conspiracy, directly\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 present to their Lordship's minds. There are references to the "possibility" of collaboration, hut they are passing references, and it must he for the judge to determine what evidence in a particular case leads him to the conclusion that the possibility 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 an safely he disregarded. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is not a matter of a thing being physically impossible. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It is an important issue and it is well settled that the importance of an issue plays a direct part in determining the standard of proof required. This is a matter for the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 judge, who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  knows also that he has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 discretion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to aid him in circumstances of doubt. We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
think that the matter is best expressed in the last passage we have cited where Lord Cross used the words "if there is any real chance of this having occurred."
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The lear\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ned magistrate considered the matter of a possible conspiracy fully in his judgement. The matter really came to the light of day through the activities of the master, Mr Hilton, which militates strongly against any conspiracy between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the boys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. The learned magistrate could have expressed himself in more affirmative terms than he used in saying:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "I am satisfied that there is no evidence of collaboration between P, T and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  P.W.3 or between them and others", but we agree with the learned Chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Justi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ce in constru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing this as meaning that the magistrate was "satisfied that there had been no collaboration between P, T and P.W.3." If there was any technical insufficiency about the way in which the magistrate expressed it we would have no hesitation, on ou
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r reading of the case as a whole, in applying the proviso. No miscarriage of justice was involved.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15874624 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 W
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat we have said covers Grounds 2 and 3 of the Notice of Appeal which therefore fail. Ground 1 cannot succeed either. Mr Vula for the appellant argued that the fact that the appellant had obtained the signing of letters of withdrawal of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 heir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923344\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 allegations w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 just as consistent with a desire to exculpate himself from false charges as from just charges. In this, once it is accepted that the appellant's conduct at the relevant time was capable of amounting to collaboration no matter of law remains for the con
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sideration of this court. The question of the weight to be given to the complainant's evidence on the matter, in the light of the explanation put forward by the appellant and of the whole circumstances of the case is a matter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591499\charrsid9591499 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 entirely for decision in the c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ourts below.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the result the appeal fails and is dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid811420 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid811420 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9591499\charrsid15874624 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal dismissed
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