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{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
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{\f51\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f53\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f54\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f55\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
{\f56\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f57\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f58\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f60\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f61\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f381\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f388\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f400\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f401\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f403\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}
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{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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Body Text;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20 \sbasedon10 \slink28 \slocked \styrsid10310532 Body Text Char;}{
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{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qr \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4475701 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4475701 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1977] 23 FLR 1
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4475701 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4475701\charrsid4475701 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 SUPREME COURT
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appellate Jurisdiction
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10310532\charrsid4475701 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 VICTOR JIWAN RAJU
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701\charrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701\charrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10310532\charrsid4475701 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 REGINAM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701\charrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Grant C.J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 21st January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4475701 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 1977
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5046744 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal law}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evidence and proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  un}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 swo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  statement from dock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 weight to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e attached thereto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9076246\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6621561\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 minal Procedure Code (Cap. 14) s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s. 2\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 01(1)(2), 220. 275(2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5046744\charrsid5046744 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This case is reported for the observations made b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9076246 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y the court relating to the mak}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing of an unsworn statement from the dock during a trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744\charrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid8089530 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Per curiam:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  In so far as the decision of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8089530 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8089530\charrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v Coughlan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  appears to conflict with the decisions 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6621561\charrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Lenaitasi Vakatora}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6621561 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 V}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5046744 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  r., R v Gurmel Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6621561 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid6621561 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v Emori Kilaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  it should not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e followed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744\charrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases referred to:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Coughlan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1976) 64 Cr. App. R. 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1976] Crim. LR 628

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Emori Kilaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Suva Crim. App. 75 of 1976 (unreported)

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Gurmel Singh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Suva Cr\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
im. App. 123 of 1973 (unreported)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Lenaitasi Vakatora v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  20 FLR 8.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Frost & Hale}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  48 Cr. App. R. 284; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  9th April 1964.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Shimmin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  15 Cox C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5046744 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  122.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Shankley v Hodgson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1962] Crim. LR 248.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744\charrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal against conviction in the Magi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 strate's Court for 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 larceny.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 GRANT C. J.: [21st January 1977]\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9194647 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid3634198 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
On the 18th August 1976 at Suva Magistrate's Court the appellant was convicted after trial of larceny contrary to section 294(1) of the Penal Code. The appellant appealed against conviction and on the 30th Septem\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ber 1976 the conviction was quashed for the following reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3634198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In the light of what transpired during the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the only admissible evidence against the appellant on which the trial magistra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9194647 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 te relied was that upon the dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 covery of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3634198 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a stolen motor vehicle b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 attery }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 which was found hidden in a shed in the presence of the owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 a police officer and the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the appellant said that he had put the batte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  there. At his trial the appellant made an unsworn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14969113\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  denying any knowledge of the theft of the b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
attery. The trial magistrate found that the admission by the appellant of havi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ng put the battery in the shed s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hewed he was exercising some form of control over it and held that he was a party to its theft. Upon the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14969113 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hearing of the appeal the Crown conceded \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 that such evidence was insufficient to ground a conviction for larceny and the appeal was allowed.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 However the present case does raise another matter of some importance that requires clarifying. In his judgment, after referring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3634198 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
to the fact that the appella\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 chose to make an unsworn statement from the dock rather than giving sworn evidence subject to cross-examination, the trial magistrate continued:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5046744 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"This avenue open to the accused is what might be termed 'a hand over' from the pre-1898 position when the a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ccused could not give evidence on oath and had only this means of stating his position. At this stage it would be well to make reference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3634198 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to the recent English case of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3634198\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  v Coughlan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  16
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 /7/76). There it was said that whatever status might be assigne\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d to unsworn statements, they could hardly vie with sworn evidence in cogency and weight. In that case it was also said that an unsworn statement could not prove facts not otherwise proved by evidence before the jury, but it might make them see the proved
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 facts and the inferences to be drawn from them in a different light."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5046744 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Emori Kilaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 (Suva Crim. App. No. 75/76) this court, subsequent to the trial magistrate's judgment above quoted, referred briefly to the decision of the English Court of Criminal \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Coughlan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in the following terms:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5046744 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"The appellant made an unsworn statement denying any knowledge of the commission of the offences; and this may be a convenient time to reiterate that, notwithstanding the vague suggestions to the contrary in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10579334\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  v Coughlan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1976) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5046744 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  July 15, a statement from the dock is evidence, in the sense that the court can give to it such weight as it thinks fit an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d should take it into considera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion in deciding whether the prosecution has established the guilt of the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused beyond reasonable doubt (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Gurmel Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Suva Crim. App. No. 123/ 73: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Lenaitasi Vakatora}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  20 FLR 8, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Frost & Hale }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
(1964) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  April 9)."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5046744 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In view of the trial magistrate's reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Goughlan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3681445 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  think it desirable now to consider t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat decision more fully and place it in historical perspective.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In England during the 18th Century (partly as a reaction against earlier Star Chamber practices, interrogation under torture and the compulsory administration of an oath to an accused person) \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
judicial questioning of an accused person ceased, he could not be sworn as a witness and, in the event, was prevented from personally giving his version of events at his trial. This was not a satisfactory state of affairs (as it led not only to doubtful c
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nvictions but also to unmerited acquittals as defence counsel was able to sway the jury by emphasising that had the law not sealed the lips of the accused he would be able to clear himself) so it was partially remedied by some judges who, as a matter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pr\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 actice, permitted accused persons to make unsworn statements. In January 1804, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10749166\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v Francis Smith }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (referred to in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Kenny, Outlines of Criminal Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, 15th Edition 117 as the case of the "Hammersmith Ghost" and more fully considered by Professor Glanville Wi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lliams in 65 LQR 491 at 500 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
et seq.) the accused was permit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ted by Chief Baron Macdonald to make an unsworn statement at his trial; and writing in 1883 Sir James Stephen notes that it has been his practice, and that of Cave J., to allow an accused person to\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 make an unsworn statement (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 History of the Criminal Law of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) Vol. 1 at 440. Indeed, in 1882 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Shimmin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (15 Cox C.C. 122) Cave J. stated as a rule of practice, approved of by all the judges of the High Court, that an accused person may make an un\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sworn statement at his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3681445 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 whether he be defended by counsel or not. As to the value to the attributed to an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 unsworn statement, Cave J. took the view that, while it was not made on oath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and was not subject to cross-examination and was therefore not entit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
led to the same weight as sworn testimony, nevertheless it was entitled to such consideration as the jury might think it deserved.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10579334 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
This was the position in 1898 when by Act of Parliament criminal procedures were changed. By virtue of section 1 of the Crimi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nal Evidence Act 1898 an accused person became a competent witness in his own defence; but nevertheless subsection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of section 1 specifically preserved at his option what had become the common law right of an accused person to make an unswo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  statement.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 W\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 riting in 1953, Sir Carleton Allen states that there can be no doubt that by 1898 an unsworn statement was treated as evidence; and he cites the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10310532\charrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Florence Maybrick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 in 1889 (Famous Trials series, (Vol. 3) in which the unsworn statement of the acc\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 used at her trial was treated as evidence of the greatest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
relevance. And Sir Carleton Allen observes "It has never been questioned, so far as I am aware, that (the accused's) unsworn and untested statement is "evidence" which the co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579334 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
urt is bound to consider\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 " (69 LQ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R 22 et seq.)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8464618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
I might add that this observation related to the position in England. The position varied in other jurisdictions. For example in the Irish Republic and in South Africa an accused's unsworn statement was clearly treated as evidence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 wh\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ereas in some Australian States it was not. Commenting on subsection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid3681445 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of section 1 of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898, and on an Australian decision in 1951 that an accused's unsworn statement was not evidence of the facts but merely his explanation of the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
m and that unsworn statements are "something less than evidence but something more than mere argument", Professor Cowan submits that "this is an unsatisfactory conclusion. No doubt it stems from a view of evidence as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid3681445 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sworn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 evidence. Statements of the chara\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cter under review are neither sworn nor subject to cross-examination. However, there are special statutory provisions for the admission of unsworn evidence which may not be subject to cross-examination. Cases may arise, for example, under the Evidence Act
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
1938. It would seem that the purpose of the subsection would be better achieved by allowing the statement to go to the jury for what it is worth. To direct a jury that such a statement is not evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 serves only to confuse and really tends to defeat the o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 bject of allowing prisoners to make unswo
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14026704 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid3681445 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. How is a jury to understand that it is to take the statement for what it is worth, if it is told that it cannot regard it as evidence (i.e. proof) of the facts alleged?" (68 LQR 463). With res\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
pect, I agree entirely with that comment. To describe an unswo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14026704 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 statement as something less than evidence but more than argument is to enter the realm of metaphysics, where the rarefied air may sustain those of an academic turn of mind but is hardly suita\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ble for juries or}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 assessors.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In England then, the position seemed clear, but in 1962 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid8464618 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Shankley v Hodgson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Crim. LR 248) the Divisional Court held that an unswo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8464618 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  statement was not evidence. Commenting on this decision Professor Glanville Williams says, w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ith every justification, that it was "apparently arrived at without an adequate consideration of the authorities... This seems to nullify the provision in the Act of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Parliament permitting the unswo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8464618 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  statement to be made; and it turns the legal procedure i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nto a trap for unwary defendants, who thus have their testimony rendered worthless." (The Proof of Guilt, 3rd Edition 72).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Fortunately the position was rectified in 1964 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid8464618 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Frost & Hale}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (48 Cr. App. R. 284); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid8464618 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , April 9; Crim. LR 461) where the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
English Court of Criminal Appeal, the Lord Chief Justice presiding, delivered a decision which adopted the historical approach and which should have settled the matter once for all. It held that it was a misdirection to instruct the jury that an accused's
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
unsworn statement was not evidence but merely comment; and laid down that an unsworn statement "is clearly not evidence in the sense of sworn evidence that can be cross-examined to; on the other hand, it is evidence in the sense that the jury can give to 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
t such weight as they think fit." And that "it is quite clear today that it has become the practice and the proper practice for a judge not necessarily to read out to the jury the statement made by the prisoner from the dock, but to remind them of it, to 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ell them that it is not sworn evidence which can be cross-examined to, but that nevertheless they can attach to it such weight as they think fit, and should take it into consideration in deciding whether the prosecution have made out their case so that th
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y feel sure that the prisoner is guilty".
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As the learned authors of the Criminal Law Review state in a favourable commentary on this decision "it is misleading to tell a jury that the statement is not evidence, for this suggests that they are not entitled 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
to regard a fact as established merely because the prisoner, in his unsworn statement, states it to be so. In fact, if the jury think only that the statement might reasonably be true, they should act on it. In deciding whether it might reasonably be true,
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 they must, of course, take account of the fact that the prisoner has declined to go into the witness box, take the oath and submit to cross-examination." ((1964) Crim. LR 462).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Unfortunately, so far as England is concerned, that does not categorically disp\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ose of the matter, in view of the decision in 1976 of a differently constituted Court of Criminal Appeal in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid8464618 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Coughlan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 As briefly reported in the Criminal Law Review (at 629) this decision appears to be authority for the proposition that the potential e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ffect of an unsworn statement is persuasive rather than evidential (whatever that may be intended to mean) and that it cannot prove facts not otherwise proved by the evidence. However a fuller report in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10310532\charrsid3681445 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (July 15 1976) throws some doubt on whether\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 it is an authority for such a proposition. In the first place, the Court does not appear to have directed its mind to the previous decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid8464618 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
R v Frost & Hale }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (supra); and in the second place, if I may be permitted to use a colloquialism, it hedges its b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ets by stating that the controversial question is reduced to a mere logomachy (that is to say a mere quibble about words) and by falling back on the fact that, in the summing up appealed from, there occurred a passage which by implication reinstated the u
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sworn statement as having a possible evidential value. Whatever interpretation may be placed on this decision in England, I do not consider it of any relevance to Fiji.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5384856 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In Fiji, an accused person not only has a statutory right to address the court on his o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
wn behalf, but has a separate and specific statutory right to make an unsworn statement conferred by either section 201(1) or section 275(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code as the case may be. Further, quite apart from the common law position which I have 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
utlined, statutory authority for treating the unsworn statement of an accused as evidenced may be found in section 220 of the Criminal Procedure Code which provides that at a preliminary inquiry.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3681445 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "If, after examination of the witnesses called on behalf of 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
prosecution, the court considers that on the evidence as it stands there are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sufficient grounds for committing the accused for trial, the magistrate shall satisfy himself that the accused understands the charge and shall ask the accused whether he wish\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
es to make a statement in his defence or not and, if he wishes to make a statement, whether he wishes to make it on oath, or not. The magistrate shall also explain to the accused that he is not bound to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 make a statement and that his statement, if he makes \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 one, will be part of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  at the trial."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5384856 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5384856 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 fortiori}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  an unswo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  statement made by the accused at his trial.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There is, I think, good reason for these specific statutory provisions. The laws of Fiji do not follow automatically those of England, nor do\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the Courts of Fiji follow blindly English decisions although afforded the greatest respect. In order to do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 justice it is necessary for the law to be interpreted and applied in the context of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 country concerned, after taking into account the traditions,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 mores and degree of sophistication of its inhabitants; and this is the approach of the Privy Council, the Fiji Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Fiji. Whatever the position may be in other countries, in Fiji there are many accused persons who pref
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r to make an unswo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  statement for reasons which have nothing whatever to do with the truth or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 falsity of the defence which they are putting forward; and this is a factor to be taken into consideration by the Legislature and by the Courts.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is the usual \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 practice in Fiji, and in my view the proper practice, for a judge when summing up to assessors to direct them on the following lines:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4206795 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"The accused did not give sworn evidence from the witness box which could be tested by cross-examination. Instead he made \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
an unsworn statement from the dock, as he was entitled to do, and you may attach such weight to it as you think fit and should take it into consideration in deciding whether the prosecution have proved his guilt."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5384856 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This has also been the approach of the mag\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
istrates, and rightly so. There is no magic in the word evidence, which simply means something that furnishes or tends to furnish proof; the distinction between sworn evidence subject to cross-examination and unswo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  evidence not subject to cross-examinati\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
on is one of weight; and the weight to be attached to any admissible evidence varies according to all circumstances of the case.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This Court for the reasons given stands by its decisions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Lenaitasi Vakatora}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (supra), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Gunnel Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (supra), and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v E\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mori Kilaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (supra); and reiterates that in so far as the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid5384856 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Coughlan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (supra) appear to conflict it should not be followed.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I would only add that, when an accused is placed on his defence and his statutory rights explained to him, I think it u\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ndesirable to go beyond the wording of section 201(1) or section 275(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code as the case may be. Apparently in some courts it is the practice to also inform him that, though he is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749166 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10310532\charrsid10310532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 entirely free in the matter, more weight may be at\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tached to his sworn than to his unsworn evidence; but this is best omitted it appear to influence his choice.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10310532\charrsid14026704 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal allowed.
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