{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
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{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f49\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}
{\f50\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f52\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f53\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f54\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
{\f55\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f56\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f57\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f59\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f60\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f62\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
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{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f399\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f400\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f402\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}
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{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14618512 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Public health}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nuisance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 
\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 overflow of waste from public toilets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 liability of Town Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
whether offence of strict liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 effect of strike of Council's employees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Public Health Ordinance (Cap. 91) ss. 15, 55(a) (b), 133.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Loc\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 al Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 public health}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nuisance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 overflow of waste from public toilets
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 liability of Town Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 whether offence of strict liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 effect of strike of Council's employees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Public Health Ordinance (Cap. 91) ss. 15, 55 (a) (b), 133.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Crimin\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 al law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid533216 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 
\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid533216 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid533216 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid533216 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 permitting a nuisance under Public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid533216 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Health Ordinance (Cap. 91) ss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid14618512 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 15, 55 (a), (b), 133.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4587763 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
During the strike by Council employees, the public toilets in Ba market overflowed. Proceedings were brought by the appellant against the respondent \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
in the Magistrate's Court which was acquitted on the grounds that the appellant had no power to institute proceedings under Public Health Ordi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid533216 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nance s.133}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7043333 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid533216 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
that the respondent was not subject to the Ordinance, and owing to the strike the respondent could not be said to have created or permitted the nuisance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 1. The magistrate had misinterpreted s. 133 supra, and the respondent was subject to the Ordinan\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ce.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The appellant was entitled to prosecute the respondent in the same way as any other occupier.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The fact that the respondent's workmen were o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n strike did not excuse the res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pondent from carrying out its legal obligations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 4. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Although the offence was\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 not one of strict liability, the degree of mens rea required to be proved was slight, and there was ample evidence that the respondent knew of and permitted the nuisance by its actions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7043333 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases referred to:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Grays Haulage Co. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1966}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
] 1 WLR 534; [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1966}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1 All ER 896.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Harding v Price}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1948] 1 KB 695; [1948] 1 All ER 283.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sherras v De Rutzen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1895] 1 QB 918.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Hobbs v Winchester Corporation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  2 KB 471.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Lim Chin Aik v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . [1963}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1 All ER 223; [1963] AC 169.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Turner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1816] N & S 206.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Burdett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1820) 106 ER 873.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4587763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Appeal against the acquittal of the respondent in the magistrate's Court of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
charge of creating a nuisance.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7043333 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 M. J. Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the appellant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 G. P. Shankar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 S. R. Shankar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4587763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 WILLIAMS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7043333 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 J\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [30th December 1976]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This appeal i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s brought by the Central Board of Health against the acquittal of Ba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid940413 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Town Council of a charge of creating a nuisance under s. 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) of The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Public Health Ordinance, (Cap.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 91).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The alleged offence occured on 28/11/75 whe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n the toilets at Ba market over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 flowed s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o badly that they deposited human waste on the steps.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12544994 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Health Inspector Elija Vuivuda, P.W. 1, observed the overflow on 28/11/75 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on 30/11/75 he served a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 notice on the Council requiring them to clean up the mess. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The service of a notice appears to have b
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 een superfluous for the purposes of establishing an offence under s. 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ). Some form of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  notification is required by s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
) in order to give rise to an offence thereunder but under s. 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) the service of a notice is not necessary and the occupier is liab\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 le for creating the nuisance where, to quote the sub-section,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12544994 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "the contents of a privy or drain belonging to a dwelling house or building
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 are permitted to overflow or escape."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4587763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It was not disputed that there was a nuisance, but the Council denied liabilit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
y on the ground that due to a strike of municipal workers it was not possible to clean out the toilets. As far as could be gleaned from the evidence the strike occured early in November and continued beyond the middle of December 1975.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It was submitted to \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the magistrate by defence counsel that because all fines are paid into the Council revenue under s. 133 the Cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ncil is not subject to the Ordi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nance and could not be penalised for such an offence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12544994 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
That submission, which was somewhat misleading was accepted \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 by the magistrate.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 His attention was not sufficiently d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rawn to the exact wording of s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 133 which does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
not say that all fines recovered under the Ordinance will go into Council revenue. It is only those fines which are recovere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d by or on behalf of the Counci
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
which go into Council revenue. A fine imposed on the Council would not be the result of an action instituted by or on behalf of the Council against itself but on the contrary it would be the result of a prosecution instituted against the Council by some 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
other person or authority. Consequently the fine imposed upon the Council would not go into the Council revenue. In my view the magistrate erred in interpreting s.133 as indicating that the Council was not subject to the Ordinance.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 His judgment states that\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the Central Board of Health had no power to institute proceedings against the Council. No reasons were advanced for that finding apart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  from the above reference to s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
133. The magistrate was satisfied that the Council is the occupier of the public market an\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d of the public lav}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 atory installed there. Under s.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 55 the occupier is liable for any nuisance created on his premises and the Ordinance does not state that where the occupier is a local authority no offence is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 committed or no authority to prosecute exists. All}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid940413 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  persons and bodies are amenable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to the laws of the country unless the enacting sta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tute or some other legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 specifically creates some exception. Neither the Council nor the magistrate referred to th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e existence of any such exemption from liability or prosecution. S.54 requires local authorities to enforce the provisions relating to nuisances but this does not mean that they are thereby above the law which they are repaired to enforce. Of course it is
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
unlikely that the Council would institute proceedings against itself but s.15 enables the Board of Health to exercise the powers vested in local authorities. Thus where the Council fails to prosecute a third party the Board may do so and where the Council
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 commits a nuisance the Board can prosecute the Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  as it would any other occupier.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 With regard to the effect of the strike as a factor contributing to the nuisances the magistrate observed in his judgment,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12544994 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "This unusual situation was brought about by 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the strike of the Council's employees. In these circumstances it could not be said the Council 'created' the nuisance or 'permitted' the nuisance."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12544994 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In determining to what extent, if any, the strike o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f the Council's employees affor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ded a defence to the Counc\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
il one has to consider whether or not this is an offence of strict liability and if not where the onus lies in proving the issue of guilt.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1003603 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Crown counsel appeared to take the view that although this is not an offence of strict liability nevertheless the ele\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ment of "mens rea" is very slight in public health offences. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gray's Haulage Co. v Arnold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
[1966] 1 WLR 534, it was stated that where a statute uses the word 'permitting' then there had to be knowledge by the accused of the existence of facts pointing to \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the offence; the cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rt observed that one cannot per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mit something of which one is not aware. Humphreys J. in his judgment in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Harding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1003603\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v Price}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1948] 1 KB 695 at 702 said,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"In the absence of any such words as 'permit' or 'suffer' or 'knowingly' from the stat\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ement of the offence, in a statute, knowl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544994 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
edge is prima facie not a neces}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sary ingredient of the offence. . . "
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It follows therefore that where the statute uses the word 'permits' knowledge on the part of the accused, is a necessary ingredient of the offence.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 How}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  slight is the element}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of mens rea in cases of this kind? Had the section 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
) not used the word permit t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hen following the judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1003603\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 erras v De Rutzen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1895}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4587763\charrsid7043333 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  QB 918, which states that offences of causing a public nuisance are usually of strict li
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ability, this may have been regarded as an offence of strict liability. It follows that the element of mens rea introduced by the word "permits" is probably very slight. In deciding the extent of mens rea in offences related to public health and public nu
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sance I consider by way of analogy with offences of strict liability that one must have regard to the nature of the offence, the convenience and welfare of the public and the smallness of the penalty imposed by the statute. For example vendors of meat mus
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  see that it is fit for human consumption and it is no defence that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 they were not aware that it was polluted, otherwise the distribution of bad meat would not be effectively prevented\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7826672\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Hobbs v Winchester Corporation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1910] 2 KB 471, at 482-485. That case wa
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s concerned with offences of strict liability and was considered in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Lim Chin Aik v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1963] 1 All ER 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 23, at 228, where the Privy Coun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cil referred to the mode of interpreting and construing statutes in determining whether an offence was one of strict liabi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lity. They said at 228 R,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"But it is not enough in their Lordships' opinion merely to label the statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
as one dealing with a grave social evil and from that to infer that strict liability was intended. It is pertinent also to inquire whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 putting the defendant under strict liability will assist in the enforcement of the regulations. That means there must be something he can do, directly or indir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ectly, by supervision or inspec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion, by improvement of his business methods or by exhorting those}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7734732 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  when he may be expected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to influence or control, which will promote the observance of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the regulations."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In my view the Council in relation to its control of the public lavatories fall squarely within the above quoted requirements and might have been rega\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rded as strictly liable except for the use of the word "permits".
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Accordingly I am inclined to concur in the submiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ion of Crown counsel that in an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 offence of this nature the degree of mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  required to be proved is very}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  slight.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Was the Ba Council aware\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 that the toilets were overflowing on 28/11/75? P.W. 1, a Health Inspector observed that the block was overflowing on that date and he informed the Council of this although under s. 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) he was not required to do so. The condition of the toilets was so ap\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
palling that one could reasonably conclude that the Council must have been aware of it. P.W. l's evidence is that the overflow was so extensive that human excrement was lying on the steps.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The fact that the Council was aware on 28/11/75 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the toilets ha\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d overflowed badl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y does not in itself signify that it permitted t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he overflow. There must be some}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 thing that invests the Council on the face of it with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  knowledge that an overflow com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 menced prior to 28/11/75 and was still continuing or circumstances were such\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 that an overflow was likely to occur if they did nothing to prevent it. If such a situation was apparent from the prosecution evidence then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , in my opinion, there was some}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 thing for the Council to answer. In cases of strict liability the actus reus is all t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat the prosecution need prove but it is possible even in certain types of case of strict liability for the defendant to show that he had no knowledge that there had been an "actus reus"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4587763\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Harding v Price}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1948]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7734732 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
B 695 Singleton J. at 704 stated that in\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid940413 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tain cases the effect of "strict liability" is merely to shift the onus of proof to the defendant.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I consider that the onus, although very slight is on the prosecution to establish in the light of any evidence given by the Council that the latter permi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tted the overflow. In that respect the evidence of the Health Inspector}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7734732 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 P.W. 1, is pertinent. He said that the Council had to clean the toilet daily and the nuisance in this case could have been remedied in an hour. D.W. 1, the Town Clerk, gave evidence f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
or the Council stating that the strike of Council employees commenced on 6/11/75 and it included}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 those who were responsible for cleaning the toilets.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The evidence of D.W. 1 alleges that from 6/11/75 there was no labour available to clean the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 toilets daily \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
or at all. Once labour of that kind was withdrawn the Council should have anticipated that trouble could probably arise in connection with the toilets due to lack of maintenance. In order to prevent an overflow the Council should have employed other labou
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 to maintain and clean the toilets and if other labour was not available should have withdrawn them from public use. For three weeks prior to the overflow on 28/11/75 the Council was aware of a state of affairs which would probably give rise to a nuisance
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of this kind. The Council did nothing effective until 17/12/75 when it was cleaned.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Would the evidence at this stage, if it went no further, have justified a finding by the magistrate that the Council permitted the toilets to overflow? It could be argued t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat since the onus is on the prosecution, they would have to show that the Council took no action to prevent the nuisance, e.g. by proving that nothing prevented the Council from closing the toilets to the public, or by proving that nothing prevented it f
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
om employing other labour. To place such a burden upon the prosecution would amount to requiring them to prove that a number of alternatives were open to the Council and that the Council did not adopt or attempt any of them. What steps the Council took to
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 try and prevent the occurrence of the nuisance is peculiarly within their own knowlege and the prosecution cannot be expected to adduce evidence to prove that the Council took no steps. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Phipson on Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , p. 108, quotes from the judgment of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7734732 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Bayley J. in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Turner}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
816] N & S 206, 211 with regard to negative averments of this nature, pointing out that a negative averment of a fact peculiary within the knowledge of the opposite party does not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  have to be proved. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1003603\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R v Bur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
dett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1820), 106 ER\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  873, Best J. said at 863 with regard to establishing a negative averment,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "Nor is it necessary that the fact not prove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d should be established by irre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
fragable inference. It is enough if its existence is highly probably particularly if the opposite party h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as it in his power to rebut it by evidence yet offers none."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That being the law of evidence in such circumtance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s I am of the opinion that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 evidence adduced by the prosecution coupled with the Town Clerk's evidence that the strike commenced on 6/11/75 wo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
uld, if no further evidence were adduced, have justified the magistrate in finding that the Council had permitted the overflow.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I am not suggesting that it became the responsibility of the Council to prove that it had not permitted the overflow.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Only the C\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ouncil is aware of what steps it took and it gave evidence through the Town Clerk of what it did. He said,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"We tried our best to clean. The strikers prevented it . .. We asked the Board (of Health) to clean the toilets. The Board did not clean it."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1003603 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He sta\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ted that the strikers would not let volunteers clean the toilets.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Those are bare statements of fact unsupported by an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13979377 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y details from the w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 itness as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to how the Council attempted to clean the toilets between 6/11/75 and 28/11/75 when they overflowed; there \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
are no details of when or how often the attempts were made; there were no details of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the mode in which the strikers prevented the attempt, how far the attempt was present and whether police protec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13979377 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion was sought prior to 28/11/}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 75. The prosecution could no\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
t be expected to lead evidence showing that there were no volunteers or that they were not obstructed forcef}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ully by the strikers in attempt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing to clean the toilets. An attempt to prove a case of that kind cold entail calling every able bodied person in Ba.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In any event the Town Clerk's evidence as to cleaning of the toilets appears to refer to clearing up the mess which occured on 28/11/75 after notice had been served on him. But at that stage the nuisance had already occu}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rred. The charge was not fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing to\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 clear up the mess caused by the overflow but one of permitting the overflow. There is no evidence from the Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13979377 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as to what was done between 6/11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 /75 and 28/11/75 to prevent the nuisance from occuring. One method would have been to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 close the toilets and \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 prevent the public from using them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. It is apparent that this was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 not done before 28/11/75 because on that day the human excrement had overflowed on to the steps leading to the toilets and this could only be the result of people using them.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I am not stating\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 that the onus was on the Council to prove that it did not permit the nuisance. It was on the prosecution to satisfy the magistrate beyond doubt that the Council permitted it. As I have stated the amount of mens rea required to establish such an offence o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ce the actus reus is proved is slight, and in the light of the evidence given by the defence it is my opinion that the prosecution had proved that the Council permitted the overflow to occur on 28/11/75.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 One hesitates to reverse another court on a finding \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of fact. However, in this trial the veracity of the witnesses on both sides was not in issue. The magistrate found there was a case to answer for permitting the nuisance. Having heard the Town}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Clerk he concluded that the offence was inevitable having regar\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d to the strike. In my opinion, having regard to the law as I have endeavoured to outline it that was an erroneous finding. The Council knew the toilets required cleaning every day; it knew from 6/11/75 to 28/11/75 that they were not being cleaned; the pu
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pose of cleaning them is (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
) to prevent such an overflow and the Council must have been aware that to keep the toilets open for such a long period without maintenance would almost inevitably lead to an overflow. It was not so much a question as to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
whether an overflow would occur as a question of when it would overflow. Once the overflow occured in these circumstances and there being no satisfactory evidence t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat the Council, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 aving allowed the toilets to remain open, took any steps to prevent an ov\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
erflow from occurring it should have led the magistrate to the conclusion that the prosecution had proved that the Council had permitted the overflow.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This has not been an easy case and it has not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 been made easier by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13979377 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e Healt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Inspector who clearly confuse\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d sections 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) and (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
) . He served a notice under s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 55(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid4587763 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
) which is concerned not with permitting a toilet to overflow, but with the offence of allowing the filth to remain near a building for 12 hours after the occupier is required to remove the sane. Hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13979377 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7826672\charrsid7826672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
evidence was more concerned with the time taken to clear away the filth after 28/11/75 than it was with the actual overflow and the circumstances leading up to its occurence.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I set aside the order of acquittal and substitute a finding of guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1003603 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Order o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13979377 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cquittal set aside and finding }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7826672\charrsid1003603 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of guilt substituted.
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