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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037  21 FLR 32
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\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 COURT OF APPEAL OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
\par 
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\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 HASSAN MOHAMMED AND OTHERS
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid13526568 v
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 REGINAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
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\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [COURT OF APPEAL, 1975 (Gould V.P., Marsack J.A., Henry J.A).4th, 6th, 7th, 20th March]
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\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Criminal Jurisdiction
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\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Criminal law-charge-obtaining by false pretences-Penal Code (Cap. 11) s. 342 (a) -whether 'obtains' means obtains the property or merely possession of it.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Criminal law-evidence and proof-lies told to police-direction of assessors thereon.
\par Criminal law-practice and procedure-trial within a trial-essential to hear evidence in absence of assessors where statement of accused alleged not to have been made voluntarily.
\par Criminal law-practice and procedure-right of prosecution to use an inadmissible statement front one accused to cross-examine a co-accused on matters contained in that statement.
\par Appeal-practice and procedure-powers of Court of Appeal to substitute a verdict of guilty for some other offence than that found in the Supreme Court if it appears to the Court of Ap
peal that the trial judge was satisfied of facts which proved accused guilty of that other offence-Court of Appeal Ordinance (Cap. 8) s. 24(2).-Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 14) s.176.
\par Interpretation-criminal law-Penal Code (Cap. 11) s.342 (a) -meaning of 'obtains'-whether meaning obtains property or merely possession of it.
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\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Interpretation-criminal law-expressions used in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
presumed as far as consistent with context to be used with meaning attaching to them in English law-Penal Code (Cap. 11) s.3.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 On appeal against conviction in the Supreme Court for obtaining by false pretences
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 : 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 There is a case to answer if a reasonable tribunal might convict on the evidence so far laid before it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 2. By}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 expressions used in the Code are presumed to be used with the meaning attached to them in English criminal law. Accordingly the word 'obtains' as in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 342(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
means in English law obtains the property and not merely possession of it. There is a different construction placed on the word 'obtains' in Australia and New Zealand. The app
ellants were, therefore, guilty of larceny and not of obtaining by false pretences.
\par 3. The Court of Appeal Ordinance s. 24(2) allowed the, Court to substitute a verdict of guilty for some other offence than that found in the Supreme Court if it appeared to
 the Court that the trial judge must have been satisfied of facts which proved the appellants guilty of that other offence.
\par 4. A concerted attempt to give a false explanation for the purpose of escaping from the consequences of a crime may be taken into consideration with other evidence given in the case.
\par 5. If objection is raised to the admissibility of any statement said to have been made by the accused on the ground that it was not a voluntary one as defined in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Ibrahim v. R,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 then it is necessary to apply the rule set out in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Sparks v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
and the judge must hear evidence in the absence of the assessors and give a ruling whether the confession should be admitted or not, It is only where the issue was whether the alleged statement was made at all that the tri
al judge has no part to play except to sum up.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
6. The prosecution is entitled to use the information contained in an inadmissible statement from the accused to cross-examine a co-accused on the matters contained in the statement, but counsel may not give a
ny indication as to the source of the information he is using.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Cases referred to :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
R. v. Ball}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
[1951] 2 K.B. 109; 35 Cr. App. R. 24.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Miller}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1955] N.Z.L.R. 1038.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1923] N.Z.L.R. 596.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1883) 4 N.S.W.R. (L) 347.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Mawaz Khan v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1967] 1 All E.R. 80; [1967] 1 A.C. 454.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
The Queen v. Dehar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
[1969] N.Z.L.R. 763.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Hoare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1966) 50 Cr. App. R. 166; [1966] 2 All E.R. 846.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Ryan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1966) 50 Cr. App. R. 144.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Robson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 56 Cr. App. R. 450; [1972] 2 All E.R. 699.\line }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Barmanand v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=14%20FLR%20139" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 14\~}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=14%20FLR%20139" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 F.L.R. 139.}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Ibrahim v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1914] A.C. 599; 111 L.T. 20.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Sparks v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1964%5d%201%20All%20ER%20727" \\
o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1964] 1 All E.R. 727}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1964] A.C. 964.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Gyan Singh v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=9%20FLR%20105" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
9 F.L.R. 105.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Rice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1963) 47 Cr. App. R. 79}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1963%5d%201%20All%20ER%20832" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1963] 1 All E.R. 832.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Appeals against convictions entered in the Supreme Court for obtaining by false pretences.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 S. M. Koya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 for the appellants.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 A. I. N. Deoki}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 for the respondent.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (read by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 MARSACK J.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [20th March 1975]-
\par These are appeals against convictions entered in the Supreme Court sitting at Suva on the 9th October 1974. All three appellants were convicted on two charges of false pretences committed on the 29th and 31st December 1973 respectively. The trial took pla
c
e before a Judge sitting with assessors. At the commencement of the trial there were three assessors; but owing to the sudden illness of one of them during the hearing, the trial continued with two assessors only. Both assessors expressed the opinion that
 
all three appellants were guilty of the offences with which they were charged. The learned trial Judge accepted this opinion and convicted each appellant on two charges accordingly. The sentences passed were on the 1st appellant 18 months' imprisonment on
 
each charge; on the 2nd appellant 2 years' imprisonment on each charge; on the 3rd appellant 2 years' 9 months imprisonment on each charge. In all cases the sentences were made concurrent. Each appellant appeals both against his conviction and against the
 sentence passed upon him.
\par Some confusion may arise from the fact that the order in which the appellants are named in these proceedings is not the same order as that, of the accused in the Supreme Court. The first appellant was the fourth accused the second
 appellant the third accused, the third appellant the second accused, and they are so referred to in the record. Consequently, it is considered desirable to refer to the appellants by name in this judgment instead of as first (second or third) appellant.

\par T
he facts relied on by the prosecution may be shortly stated. On the 29th December 1973 Abdul Hamid called at Desbro, Steel Mills, Raiwaqa driving a motor truck On some date previously, Abdul Hamid and Hassan Mohammed had taken delivery from Desbro Steel M
i
lls in track No. AH149 of six tons of mild steel for which they paid cash. On the 29th December Abdul Hamid spoke to Shaheed Khan, an employee of Desbro Steel Mills who was in charge of delivery sales and purchases. Abdul Hamid asked him if the Company ha
d
 some steel for Carpenters (Fiji) Limited at Lautoka. Shaheed Khan said, "Yes". Eight tons of mild steel, rods twenty feet in length, were then loaded on to the truck after Shaheed Khan had checked with the manager of the Company that this steel had been 
o
rdered by Carpenters (Fiji) Limited. Abdul Hamid then signed the delivery note acknowledging receipt of the steel. On 31st December, Abdul Hamid returned to Desbro Steel Mills and asked if there was any more steel for Carpenters at Lautoka. Shaheed Khan t
o
ld him to return in the afternoon- Abdul Hamid did so and another eight tons of mild steel was loaded on the truck. The truck number was L717. About a week later Shaheed Khan ascertained that the steel in question did not reach Carpenters Limited at Lauto
k
a. The matter was reported to the Police. On the 6th February the Police went to a house in Korovou, Tavua in which appellants Hassan Mohammed and Ibrahim Khan lived. The Police found some ten tons of steel buried in the ground in the garage some six or s
even yards from the house. This steel was identified by prosecution witnesses as some of that which had been uplifted from Desbro Steel Mills by Abdul Hamid.
\par The learned trial Judge expressed himself as satisfied on the evidence that on both 29th and 31st D
ecember Abdul Hamid falsely represented that he was there for the purpose of collecting steel for W. R. Carpenters (Fiji) Limited at Lautoka with intent to defraud. He found also that the steel rods unearthed from under the garage were the same steel rods
 which had been delivered to Abdul Hamid by Desbro Steel Mills.
\par The learned trial Judge further found that Hassan Mohammed and Ibrahim Khan knew beforehand that Abdul Hamid would obtain the steel on the dates in question from Desbro Steel Mills by means of 
false pretences, "and in fact procured him to do so." He further found that the steel was delivered at Korovou, Tavua and part of it concealed by the three appellants in the garage where it was eventually found by the Police.
\par A fourth person Fateh Mohammed
, brother of Ibrahim Khan and father of Hassan Mohammed, was charged together with the three appellants; but the assessors both expressed the opinion that he was not guilty. The learned trial Judge accepted this opinion and acquitted Fateh Mohammed.

\par The ap
peals before this Court were heard together. Some seventeen grounds were submitted on behalf of Hassan Mohammed, fifteen on behalf of Abdul Hamid and seventeen on behalf of Ibrahim Khan. They overlap to a considerable extent. Some of them do not require d
e
tailed consideration, and will be referred to briefly later in this judgment. Some are common to all three appellants. This Court will deal firstly with those, and then with the grounds which apply to two appellants or to one only. The grounds of appeal c
ommon to all which require full consideration by the Court may be shortly summarised as under:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(1) That the learned trial Judge erred in ruling at the conclusion of the case for the prosecution that there was a case to answer, and thereby caused a substantial miscarriage of justice;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (2) That the word "obtains" in Section 342 (a) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 means obtain the property in the article concerned and not merely possession of it, and that the learned trial Judge erred in law in directing himself otherwise;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(3) That the learned trial Judge erred in law in granting leave to the prosecution to adduce further evidence after the close of the case for the defence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 The grounds of appeal put forward on behalf of Hassan Mohammed and Ibrahim Khan may be set out as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(4) That there is no evidence or insufficient evidence upon which could be based a finding that Hassan Mohammed and Ibrahim. Khan knew beforehand that Abdul Hamid would obtain the steel by means of false pretences "and in fact procured him to do so;"

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(5) That the learned trial Judge erred in law in misdirecting himself and the assessors on the question of alibi raised by the defence and in making comments adverse to the appellant relating to the same;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(6) That the learned trial Judge erred in law in not permitting the defence to call Mr K. N. Govind as a defence witness after the completion of rebuttal evidence adduced by the Crown.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 One ground of appeal concerns Hassan Mohammed only. This is to the following effect:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(7) That the learned trial Judge erred, after holding a trial within a trial in not ruling as to the admissibility of alleged statements made to the Police by this appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 One ground of appeal concerns Abdul Hamid only:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (8) 
That the learned trial Judge erred in law in accepting the evidence of the prosecution witness Shaheed Khan in view of his former inconsistent statements and his inconsistent evidence given on oath at the Preliminary Inquiry and at the trial during eviden
ce-in-chief.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 With regard to the first ground of the appeal we are unable to say that the learned trial Judge was wrong in ruling that there was a case to answer.
\par As far as Abdul Hamid was concerned there was direct evidence that he had called at Desbro Stee
l Mills and asked for steel rods ordered by Carpenters Limited; these were given to him though he had no authority from that Company; and the rods also were subsequently found hidden underground elsewhere, and never reached Carpenters Limited. His conduct
 undoubtedly amounted to a false representation that he had the authority of Carpenters Limited to take delivery of the steel they had ordered, and was so accepted by Shaheed Khan. This evidence in our view was sufficient to set up a case to answer.

\par With re
gard to the other two appellants there was evidence that the stolen goods had been found buried in their garage in such a way that it could hardly be said that they were unaware of the hiding of the steel rods in that place; and the only inference which c
o
uld reasonably be drawn from that fact is that they wore concerned in some way with the offence that had been committed. There is also the evidence that Hassan Mohammed and Abdul Hamid had come together to Desbro Mills some time previously and had purchas
e
d steel rods from the company from Shaheed Khan. Whether the appellants could properly c been convicted for false pretences or theft, or receiving stolen goods, was immaterial at that stage in the proceedings. There was evidence upon which a reasonable tr
ibunal might convict of some offence arising out of the facts held to be proved. We apply the test out in the Practice Note in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281962%29%201%20All%20ER%20448" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1962) 1 All E.R. 448}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (Queen's Bench Division) per Lord Parker C.J.:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"If, however, a submission is made that there is no case to answer, the decision should depend not so much on whether the adjudicating tribunal (if compelled to do so) would at that stage convict or 
acquit but on whether the evidence is such that a reasonable tribunal might convict. If a reasonable tribunal might convict on the evidence so far laid before it, there is a case to answer."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Following this principle we hold that the learned trial Judge was correct in ruling that there was a case to answer.
\par In support of his argument on the second ground of appeal Counsel relies heavily on the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Ball}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1951] 2 K.B. 109 at p. 111 where Lord Goddard CA. said-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 "The
re is no doubt that 'obtains' means obtain the property and not merely possession, and the obtaining must not for this purpose be under such circumstances as to amount to larceny."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In Counsel's submission, the word "obtains" in Section 342 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
must necessarily be construed as acquiring ownership of the article concerned and not merely obtaining possession of it. As in the present case the person receiving the steel rods in question 
from Desbro Steel Mills did not acquire a legal title to the rods, then in Counsel's submission no offence under Section 342 was committed.
\par An entirely different construction has been placed on the word "obtain" in Australia and New Zealand. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 v. Miller}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1955] N.Z.L.R. 1038 at p. 1047 the New Zealand Court of Appeal says:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"We wholly agree with the view expressed by Salmond, J., in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1923] N.Z.L.R.
 596, 607 that there is no reason in principle why a person should not be convicted of the offence of obtaining goods by false pretences where he secures the physical possession of the goods, though not their ownership, even although the same act may cons
titute both theft by fraud and obtaining by false pretences."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In the Australian case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 v. Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1883) 4 N.S.W.R. (L) 347 it was held that what was intended by a similarly worded statute was that if the accused person had obtained bodily possession of 
the article concerned then he did obtain "the property" in it in the sense meant by the statute. The question of the correct principle to be applied in the interpretation of Section 342 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
is one of some difficulty. The interpretation adopted in Australia and New Zealand seems to us more consistent with the intention of the legislation than that laid down in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Ball's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 case.
\par But we are required to take into account the provisions of Section 3 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
, expressions used in the Code shall be presumed, as far as in consistent with their context, to be used with the meaning attaching to them in the English Criminal Law. 
No argument was adduced to us on the meaning of the phrase "English Criminal Law" in Section 3. But we incline to the view that the phrase must include principles of the English Criminal Law as set out in decisions of the English Courts of the highest aut
hority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Ball}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
was a judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal, and though it has been criticised in some quarters it has not been judicially distinguished or overruled. As is said in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Smith and Hogan on Criminal Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 at page 413:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"Although there is nothin
g in the wording of the sub-section to indicate that "obtains" is restricted to an obtaining of the property in any chattel, money or valuable security, and there is perhaps no very good reason why it should be so restricted, that it is so is decisively s
ettled."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
With some reluctance we therefore conclude that we are bound to follow that judgment. In the present case it cannot be said that Abdul Hamid acquired ownership of the steel rods concerned. It was not even intended by Shaheed Khan to pass the proper
ty in them to Abdul. Hamid; the rods were delivered to him by Shaheed Khan on the mistaken assumption that Abdul. Hamid was acting as agent for W. R. Carpenter Limited. If then Abdul Hamid did not obtain the property in the goods, then-if the principle of
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Ball}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
is to be applied-he cannot be convicted of false pretences. But it is equally clear that the evidence in the Court below establishes beyond reasonable doubt his guilt of the offence of larceny; in this case, what is often referred to as "larceny
 by a trick". The trick in this case was that of inducing Shaheed Khan to believe that he had authority to take delivery on behalf of W. R. Carpenter Limited, and thereby obtaining possession of the steel rods which he thereupon converted to his own use.

\par It is provided in Section 176 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/cpc190/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Criminal Procedure Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 that-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"When a person is charged with obtaining anything capable of being stolen by false pretences with intent to defraud, and it is proved that he stole the thing, he may be convicted of the offence of stealing although he was not charged with it."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Counsel for Abdul Hamid objects that Section 176 gives power only to the Supreme Court to substitute a conviction for theft on a charge of
 false pretences. But by section 24 (2) of the Court of Appeal Ordinance this Court my substitute a verdict of guilty for some other offence than that found in the Supreme Court if it appears to this Court that the trial Judge must have been satisfied of 
f
acts which proved the appellant guilty of that other offence. It is perfectly clear from his judgment that the learned trial Judge was so satisfied. In our opinion therefore the correct offence of which Abdul Hamid should-subject to the determination of t
he other grounds of appeal-have been convicted was larceny under Sections 291 and 194 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 and not of false pretences.
\par The third ground of appeal concerns the permission given to the
 prosecution by the learned trial Judge to call evidence in rebuttal of the evidence for the defence setting up an alibi, of which the prosecution had had no notice. An alibi was set up by Ibrahim Khan who claimed to have been in Suva throughout the whole
 
period from the 24th December to the 10th February. The evidence which the prosecution sought to call was that on the 8th February he had been at Tavua, and there had delivered a letter to Police Constable Josefa with instructions to hand it to the office
r
-in-charge. The date 8th February was several weeks after the date of the removal of the steel from the Desbro Mills; and the prosecution could not in our opinion have expected a denial by Ibrahim Khan that he was in Tavua on that date. The authorities, s
everal of which are cited in the ruling of the learned trial Judge on Counsel's application for leave to call evidence in rebuttal, made it clear that the matter is one for the Judge's discretion; but leave should be granted only when something has arisen
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 ex improviso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
and could not have been foreseen by the prosecution. In exercising his discretion in favour of granting the application the learned trial Judge says:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"I am satisfied that there was no way which the prosecution could have known or anticipated t
hat an alibi of such comprehensive nature as that given by the 1st and 2nd accused would he put forward. This appears to me to be a fair and reasonable conclusion as there would seem to be good reasons why the police should suppose during the course of th
eir investigation that the 1st, 2nd and 4th accused were at all material times based residentially and occupationally in Tavua."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In our opinion this finding was fully justified, and we hold therefore that there is no error in law on the part of the learned trial Judge. This ground of appeal accordingly fails.

\par The fourth ground of appeal is to the effect that the following finding of the learned trial Judge cannot be supported having regard to the evidence:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"In the whole of the circumstances of this case I am
 satisfied that the 2nd and 4th accused knew beforehand that the 3rd accused would obtain steel on the aforesaid dates from Desbro Steel Rolling Mills Limited at Walu Bay by means of false pretences and in fact procured him to do so. The steel was deliver
ed at Korovou, Tavua part of which was concealed by the three accused in the garage where it was eventually found by the police on the 6th February 1974. I am therefore in full agreement with the gentlemen assessors whose opinions I respectfully adopt."

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In 
Counsel's submission, to justify conviction for false pretences there must be cogent evidence proving that these two appellants were parties to the actual making of the false pretence; and there was no such evidence. No sinister conclusion, he urges, can 
b
e drawn from the evidence that Hassan Mohammed had on a previous occasion accompanied Abdul Hamid to Desbro Steel Mills to purchase steel. The subsequent finding of the stolen steel in their garage on 6th February does not, in Counsel's contention, prove 
t
hat previously to the 29th December there had been a conspiracy to steel the goods in question by the trick which was in fact employed. The incriminating actions of these two appellants, referred to at length in the summing up, could not and did not in Co
unsel's submission amount to proof of their complicity in the actual false pretence employed on the 29th December.
\par We have already given our opinion that Abdul Hamid could properly have been convicted of larceny. He had not obtained the property in the good
s and so could not be convicted of obtaining them by false pretences. As the guilt of Ibrahim Elan and Hassan Mohammed depends upon their having counselled or procured Abdul Hamid to obtain the steel, it follows that a conviction of obtaining the goods by
 false pretences would, in their cases also, be inappropriate. As a result of that, section 23 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 is directly relevant. It reads:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"When a person counsels another, to commit an offe
nce, and an offence in actually committed after such counsel by the person to whom it is given, it is immaterial whether the offence actually committed is the same as that counselled or a different one, or whether the offence is committed in the way couns
elled or in a different way, provided in either case that the facts constituting the offence actually committed are a probable consequence of carrying out the counsel."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In either case the person who gave the counsel is deemed to have counselled the other person to commit the offence actually committed by him.
\par If, therefore, Abdul Hamid is convicted of larceny there is no impediment provided that the evidence is sufficient and the course is otherwise justified, to the conviction of Ibrahim Khan and Hassan Moh
ammed also on similar counts. It is then necessary to examine the evidence against these two appellants to ascertain if it supports the finding of the learned trial Judge in the passage last quoted from his judgment.
\par The vital word in that passage is "befo
rehand." Pre-arrangement between Abdul Hamid and the other two must be proved if they are to be held guilty of anything more than receiving stolen goods. Mere knowledge of Abdul Hamid's intention would not constitute them counsellors; but knowledge, coupl
e
d with the arrangement that the goods would be transported to and concealed upon the premises jointly occupied by them, would be enough. If, without such pre-arrangement, they merely assisted Abdul Hamid after the event, they could be receivers, not more.
 If there was pre-arrangement, that could only be in the light of knowledge by them of Abdul Hamid's intention but whether Ibrahim Khan and Hassan Mohammed were privy to the exact mode of the criminal action contemplated, is, by section 231 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 , not material.
\par The really damaging evidence so far as these two appellants are concerned was that of the finding of the ten tons of the stolen steel buried in the garage on their property a little over a month after the theft. Some of the steel from each load must have 
b
een there. The actual ownership of the house and all buildings was claimed by lbrahim Khan, but Hassan Mohammed was his nephew and both lived there. They were associated in a tracking business, managed by Ibrahim Khan though there was no evidence that the
 
truck used by Abdul Hamid was one of theirs. Hassan Mohammed was a track driver. Abdul Hamid was connected by marriage to Ibrahim Khan. In his summing up the learned Judge emphasized the fact that the garage was only six to ten yards from the house, that 
it would take more than one man to unload and bury so much steel, and a substantial period of time to bury it and camouflage the surface.
\par In our view, simple though these facts are, they create a very strong inference that the steel was put where it was fou
nd by pre-arrangement. It could not possibly have been put there without the knowledge of the people in the house. Abdul Hamid would not have "obtained" the steel without having somewhere to put it. The possibility that he had a place arranged elsewhere, 
that something went wrong and he suddenly prevailed upon Ibrahim Khan and Hassan Mohammed to take it, is in our opinion too remote, in the absence of supporting evidence, for acceptance.
\par The assessors' view that Ibrahim Khan and Hassan Mohammed were both in
volved would no doubt rest partly upon inferences to be drawn from their family and business relationships, from their subsequent conduct and partly upon their assessment of the defence. Ibrahim Khan's alibi that he was in Suva throughout the relevant per
i
od was of course intended to show that whatever happened was without his knowledge. But it is not conceivable that Hassan Mohammed would make such an arrangement in relation to his uncle's property and garage without his uncle's approval and during his ab
sence. It was not a matter which could be kept concealed. On the other hand it seems most unlikely that Ibrahim Elan would enter into a criminal transaction which must come to his nephew's knowledge without his nephew's complicity.
\par Reference has been made to the subsequent conduct of these two appellants.
\par They both denied that they had any knowledge of the steel. In Court Hassam Mohammed gave evidence that immediately after he had been interviewed by Detective Corporal Subramani on 6th February 1974 he drov
e through to Suva in the truck. AH149, arriving 7 am. when he handed over the truck to Ibrahim Khan He told Ibrahim Khan that the Police had taken away the steel which was "at home." He went on to say in his evidence:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"I was referring to the steel he had bought, about five to six months before-the same steel which was kept near the unfinished house."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Ibrahim Khan in the course of his evidence says that his steel was kept to the left of the house between the unfinished house and the garage. "My steel was st
ored properly; it was not bound up but stacked up properly." It is to be noted that the stolen steel rods were properly bound. Moreover when Detective Constable Ramaiya went to the house occupied by Ibrahim Khan and Hassan Mohammed, on 29th January 1974 h
e
 made a thorough search of the premises and found no steel at all. If the steel had been stacked between the unfinished house and the garage as stated by Ibrahim, Khan it could not have been overlooked by the police constable in his search; and the only c
o
nclusion that can be drawn is that there was no steel above ground on the premises, and that fact was well known to Hassan Mohammed. So when on the night of the 6th February, after the steel in the garage had been dug up, Hassan Mohammed journeyed to Suva
 
to see Ibrahim Khan in order to discuss steel, it is patently obvious that the only steel which could have been the subject of the discussion was that so recently unearthed. Before he set out he had been clearly told by the police that they were inquiring
 
into steel taken from Desbro Steel Rolling Mills and hidden on the premises, Then there is the evidence of Ibrahim Khan that he told Hassan Mohammed to go to Ba, see a solicitor and inform him that the police had taken away the steel from his house. Hassa
n Mohammed deposed that on these instructions he had seen Mr Govind, solicitor, and notified him to that effect. Mr Govind then gave Hassan Mohammed a letter to give to the Police. This letter was produced in Court and reads as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"GOVIND & CO.,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 BARRISTERS & SOLICITORS
\par 8th February 1974
\par TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
\par re: Hassan Mohammed (f/n Fateh Mohammed), Ibrahim Khan and Fateh Mohammed
\par The abovenamed are my clients. I have spoken to Mr Mam Raj that these three will give their statements in his presence on 
Saturday the 9th and therefore in the meantime no any other Police Constable or Officers shall interview or take any statements from them.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
Yours faithfully, K. N. Govind"
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 The terms of this letter are totally inconsistent with the evidence of Ibrahim Khan a
nd Hassan Mohammed as to the reaction of these two appellants to the discovery of the hidden steel by the police. Further, the prosecution evidence was that it was Ibrahim Khan and not Hassan Mohammed who delivered the letter to the police. This alibi whi
c
h these two appellants sought to set up at the trial for Ibrahim Khan until the 10th or 11th February therefore contains some demonstrably false elements and at least one major element (the delivery of the letter) which depended upon the view the assessor
s took of the prosecution evidence. This brings the facts of the case in this respect not far from those in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Mawaz Khan v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1967) 1 All E.R. 80 where at page 83 their Lordships said-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
There was weight in the circumstantial evidence which called for an expl
anation. The concerted attempt to give a false explanation by way of alibi was evidence of guilt to he taken into consideration with the other evidence given in the case. It is an additional factor to be taken into consideration with all other relevant ev
idence. What is found against the appellants is that the statements were concocted for the purpose of escaping from the consequences of their crime and, if false, are admissible to show guilt."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Taking all these factors into consideration, we are satisfied t
hat the evidence amply supports the finding of the assessors and the learned trial Judge as to the complicity of these two appellants in the crime which was committed. It is clear that in so finding they rejected the defence of both. Consequently we find 
that the conviction of Hassan Mohammed and Ibrahim Khan for false pretences cannot stand; but, unless on any other ground this Court decides that convictions against them cannot be upheld, we are satisfied, applying the provisions of section 23 of the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 , that each of them can properly be convicted of larceny.
\par The fifth ground of appeal is based on what Counsel contends is misdirection with regard to the defence of alibi. It is true that t
he learned trial Judge drew the attention of the assessors to discrepancies between the evidence of appellant Hassan Mohammed and that of the police, and invited them to consider:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"If you accept the prosecution evidence as being accurate and truthful, the
n it would be open to you to hold that the 4th accused was telling a deliberate lie concerning his alleged delivery of the letter at the Tavua Police Station. You may therefore ask yourselves, if the 4th accused is capable of telling lies on oath regardin
g this aspect of his evidence, is it not likely that he might have told lies in respect of other parts of his evidence."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In Counsel's submission this comment by the trial Judge is a misdirection, and definitely prejudicial to this appellant. Counsel relied upon the New Zealand case of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Queen v. Dehar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(1969) N.Z.L.R. 763 where it was held that when lies or evasions of the accused constitute an important element in the chain of proof put forward by the Crown a clear direction from the trial Judge to the jur
y is necessary. In the present case however the learned Judge referred to the telling of a lie, not so much as an important element in the chain of proof of guilt as a possible guide to general credibility. In the circumstances we do not think it was obli
gatory on the trial Judge to give a direction that the telling of a lie does not necessarily mean that an accused person is guilty, though he may well have done so. The direction in fact continued:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"This is entirely a matter for you. In considering the evi
dence given by the 4th accused you must bear in mind that there is no obligation upon the 4th accused to prove anything-the onus being always on the prosecution to prove their case beyond reasonable doubt. Therefore before you may convict the 4th accused 
w
ith regard to the 1st and 3rd counts you must be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt of his guilt having regard to the whole of the evidence. If you are not so satisfied or if you have any reasonable doubt about the matter, then you must express the opinion
 that he is not guilty."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
In our opinion the learned trial Judge was quite entitled to draw the attention of the assessors to the conflict in evidence between that Of the Police and that of this appellant and to state the inference which might be drawn by them from that conflict ;
 but his direction to the assessors regarding the onus of proof was both clear and adequate, and we are unable to say that this summing up was in any way prejudicial to the appellant.
\par With regard to Ibrabim Khan, objection is taken to the passage in the summing up referring to this appellant and reading as follows:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"At the same time you may think it most odd and perhaps unnatural that if the 2nd accused were then in possession of an explanation concerning his movements and whereabouts he should not avail 
himself of the opportunity which had presented itself. You may think therefore and this is a matter entirely for you that his failure to advance at an earlier stage his alibi is an important factor to be taken into account in assessing the weight you thin
k it right to attribute to this part of his evidence."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In his argument Counsel relies to a great degree on a judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 A. J. Hoare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
(1966) 50 Cr. App. R. 166 quashing a conviction on the ground that the trial Judge in his su
mming up to the jury had made strong comments on the failure of the prisoner to disclose his defence of alibi before the trial and had not warned the jury that the prisoner was under no obligation to disclose his defence. But the present case is clearly d
i
stinguishable. In the same part of his summing up the trial Judge said that when this appellant was told of the inquiry about the missing steel and the allegation of his involvement in it the appellant "as he was perfectly entitled to do refused to answer
 any questions". Later the Judge went on to say:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"However, in assessing his evidence you must bear in mind that there is no obligation on the 2nd accused to prove anything-the onus being always on the prosecution to prove their case beyond reasonable doubt."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 The basis of the decision in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Hoare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 was that the jury were never expressly told that a man was entitled to stand on his rights and say nothing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (Hoare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
page 170). In the present case the assessors were expressly so told. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Ryan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1966) 50 Cr. App. R. 144 t
he conviction was upheld on appeal on the ground that critical comment by the Judge on the accused's abstention from giving any explanation of his conduct was followed by a clear indication to the jury that the appellant was under no obligation to give su
ch an explanation. Upon these authorities we are satisfied that the learned trial Judge's summing up on this particular matter is not open to criticism and this ground of appeal therefore fails.
\par The sixth ground relates to the refusal of the trial Judge to 
permit the defence to call Mr K. N. Govind. On this ground it must be pointed out that the evidence of Mr Govind formed no part of the defence case. It was the intention of the prosecution to call him as a witness with reference to the defence of alibi ra
i
sed on behalf of the appellants; but at the relevant time Crown Counsel informed the Court that Mr Govind was ill and unable to appear. However, Counsel did not regard his evidence of sufficient importance to justify an application for adjournment. Counse
l
 for the defence then applied to the Court for leave to call Mr Govind; but the learned trial Judge accepted the statement of the Crown Council that Mr Govind was too ill to attend and held that in any event his evidence could he of no assistance in deter
mining the matters in issue. In the circumstances we can see no basis for the contention that the appellants were prejudiced by this ruling of the trial Judge and we find accordingly that there is no merit in this ground of appeal.
\par The seventh ground of app
eal relates to a trial within a trial held to determine the admissibility in evidence in the trial proper of a statement said to have been made by appellant Hassan Mohammed to Detective Corporal Subramani. It is necessary. to state shortly what led up to 
t
he holding of this voir dire. When Corporal Subramani in his evidence in the trial proper referred to an interview with Hassan Mohammed, Counsel for the accused raised an objection to this evidence on the grounds, inter alia, that violence was used and th
a
t the whole interview was obtained by means of oppression. The learned trial Judge then ruled that he would hold a trial within a trial. In the course of that Hassan Mohammed gave evidence that he had been physically ill-treated by the police, and had bee
n made dizzy by a very hard blow on his left ear. In reply to questions from Corporal Subramani he had said " Babuji whatever I have to say I have already given \'85
. look Babuji my solicitor is Mr Sahu Khan. I have seen him and I have nothing to say. Before t
hat I can't remember what I said. " He further deposed that Corporal Subramani had said to him " Babu don't worry. Look I will not charge you. Your father says the garage is yours " to which Hassan Mohammed said he replied "Babuji whatever statement I hav
e to give I have already given. Whatever you want to write down you go ahead and write it down."
\par In his ruling at the conclusion of the voir dire the learned trial Judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"It is perfectly clear from the evidence given by the fourth accused in this tria
l within a trial that he is claiming that he was ill-treated by and induced by the investigating officer, but that nevertheless he was not asked the questions related by the investigating officer and did not give any of the answers attributed to him- In o
ther words, the whole of his statement, in question and answer form was not made by him and is a fabrication on the part of the investigating officer."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 He then proceeded to rule that the only question was whether or not a statement was made by this appellan
t and that this was a matter for the assessors to decide. Presumably what the learned trial Judge meant was that this was an issue of fact to be determined by the Court with the assistance of the assessors. He also ruled that the question of whether the s
tatement was voluntary or not did not arise. He gave no ruling on this point.
\par If the sole question for determination was whether or not the statement was actually made, we would agree that this would be a matter for the Court and not for the Judge alone. As said in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Robson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 56 Cr. App. R. 450}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 at 452:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"It is perhaps worth noticing that if, in regard to an alleged confession the issue is not whether it was made voluntarily, but whether it was made at all, that question is solely for the jury's determinati
on the trial Judge has no part to play except to sum up the matter to them."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 As was pointed out by this Court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Barmanand v. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=14%20FLR%20139" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (14 F.L.R. 139)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
the two issues of whether the statement was in fact made, and of voluntariness, can seldom be completely severed ; and when they cannot, a trial within a trial must be held to determine the admissibility of the statement concerned. If objection is raised 
by Counsel to the admissibility of any statement said to have been made by the accused on the ground that it was not a voluntary one as defined in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Ibrahim v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1914] A.C. 599, then it is necessary to apply the rule set out by the Privy Council in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Sparks v. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1964%5d%201%20All%20ER%20727" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 [1964] 1 All E.R. 727}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 at page 736:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"Where objection is taken to the admissibility of an alleged confession it is essential that the Judge should hear evidence in the absence of the jury and give ruling whether the confession should he admitted or not."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 In the present case objection was specifically taken by Counsel for the accused to the admissibility of any statement made to the police o
n the ground of ill-treatment by the police. He was then entitled to a ruling from the trial Judge on the admissibility of any statement alleged to have been made. The fact that this appellant in his evidence on the voir dire denied that he had made some 
of the statements attributed to him does not in our opinion absolve the trial Judge from giving a ruling on the question of admissibility.
\par On the subject of alternative and possibly conflicting lines of defence, reference may perhaps be made to the issue of
 provocation in trials for murder; even though provocation forms no part of the defence, and even if accused denies the killing, but there is some evidence from which provocation may be deduced there is a definite duty laid on the trial Judge to give a di
rection to the jury on the provocation issue.
\par Accordingly in our opinion the learned trial Judge was in error in refusing to rule on the question of admissibility. It only remains for this Court to decide what consequences should properly follow.
\par To this end it is necessary to look at the evidence of Corporal Subramani as to the statement made by this appellant to him. The effect of the statement can he summarised briefly as this:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"The small garage is Ibrahim's and the big garage is mine. The steel was foun
d in the big garage so that is mine also. I had told Saiyad that I want 10 tons of steel and he said he would give it to me for $80. He did not give me the steel and I did not give him the money. I did not put a false number L717 on our truck. I will not 
say anything, ask my lawyer Mr Patel".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
It is to be noted that no admission was made by this appellant in the course of his statement that he was in any way connected with the theft of the steel. The only inference prejudicial to the appellant from the evide
nce of the interview with the police is that the appellant was not frank and that his conduct was generally suspicious. It is however clear that there was ample proof from the other evidence at the trial not open to criticism-as referred to previously in 
t
his judgment-that Hassan Mohammed was a party to the theft of the steel, and could properly be convicted of larceny on that evidence. That being so we are satisfied that the failure of the learned trial Judge to give a ruling on the admissibility of the e
vidence concerned has caused no substantial miscarriage of justice. Accordingly we apply the proviso to Section 23(1) of the Court of Appeal Ordinance and hold that the appellant Hassan Mohammed is not entitled to any relief on this ground of appeal.

\par The ei
ghth ground relates to the inconsistent statements made by the witness Shaheed Khan with regard to the previous sale of steel to Hassan Mohammed and Abdul Hamid at the Desbro Mills. In his statement to the Police, and on oath at the preliminary inquiry th
is witness stated that the sale had taken place on the 5th November 1973. Later a delivery note was produced showing that the sale on 5th November was made to a different person altogether. Counsel called attention to the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Gyan Singh v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281963%29%209%20FLR%20105" \\
o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1963) 9 F.L.R. 105}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
in which this Court accepted principles set out in a statement in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Archbold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 35th Edition p. 562 indicating that where a witness has delib
erately sworn to something contrary to his present testimony that fact is almost conclusive against his credibility. At the trial Shaheed Khan admitted that he had made a mistake as to the date 5th November and that the sale to the two appellants had been
 
made some four or five months earlier. Counsel for the appellants submits that this was a serious discrepancy ; that Shaheed Khan's evidence should therefore have been rejected ; and that without this testimony there was no evidence upon which the appella
n
ts could have been convicted of any offence. In this connection it is important to note that though the witness admitted that he had made a mistake as to the date he emphatically affirmed that the sale of steel rods to the two appellants did take place an
d that he had no doubt as to the identity of the purchasers on that occasion.
\par The learned trial Judge summed up on this matter in these words:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"You will no doubt consider most carefully the mistake admitted in cross-examination by Shaheed Khan (P.W.5) that the date he saw 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\super\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 rd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 and 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\super\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 accused at Desbro Steel Rolling Steel Mill prior to the 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\super\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
December was not in fact the 5th November 1973 but on a date four or five months earlier. In deciding his credibility as a witness as to his identification of the 3rd.
 accused you will take into account his own explanation of the mistake and of course the impression you received when he was in the witness box. You may have noted that despite his admission of mistake he was adamant that it was the 3rd accused whom he sa
w on the 29th and 31st December as well as on that earlier occasion. Whatever you do, you must, as I have said, scrutinize his evidence closely."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 The learned trial Judge further directed the assessors to consider whether the inconsistencies in the evidence 
were of sufficient significance to leave them in reasonable doubt as to his evidence. Here the only inconsistency was with regard to the date of the sale to the two appellants. It is not unusual for honest and generally truthful witnesses to make mistakes
 
in dates; and such a mistake is not in itself a ground for total rejection of the witness's evidence. The summing up on this question was in fact most careful. The learned Judge commenced by a general warning for the need to subject the evidence of a key 
witness to the closest scrutiny.
\par He also said, in addition to the passage we have quoted, "You will have to decide for yourselves whether it was a genuine mistake on the part of Shaheed Khan or whether he made it all up for his own purposes." That was the 
real issue; and the learned Judge in our opinion directed the assessors fairly and adequately on the point. Accordingly we can find no merit in this ground of appeal.
\par It now becomes necessary to refer very briefly to other grounds of appeal. The first of t
hese is that the learned trial Judge erred in law in continuing with two assessors when the third absented himself on account of illness. This needs no further comment than this: on the information given to him that the assessor in question was required t
o
 go to hospital for medical treatment and was not expected to be available for at least two days, the trial Judge held that it was not practicable immediately to enforce his attendance, and his action in proceeding with the trial was in strict accordance 
with Section 267 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/cpc190/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Criminal Procedure Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 and is thus not open to challenge.
\par The other grounds are based on a contention that the learned trial Judge failed to give probative value to cer
tain evidence called for the defence. There is no suggestion that the direction to the assessors on the general value of that evidence is in any way faulty. The weight to be given to any evidence is a matter for the Court, that is to say for the assessors
 
in their advice to the trial Judge, and for the trial Judge in his judgment. The fact that the Court chooses to disbelieve a witness or to refuse to act on his evidence or part of it, is not a proper ground for upsetting a verdict unless the appellate Cou
rt is satisfied that the verdict cannot be supported having regard to the evidence.
\par That is not the case here.
\par The final ground to be mentioned concerns a ruling given by the learned trial Judge on an application by Counsel for a new trial on the ground tha
t Counsel for the prosecution when cross-examining the first accused (who was subsequently acquitted) put to him questions based upon inadmissible evidence. The question in respect of which objection was raised was this:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"You arranged for Abdul Hamid to drive the truck to Desbro Steel Rolling Mills."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
Although the first accused answered with a categorical denial, Counsel's submission was that the question itself was highly prejudicial to Abdul Hamid as well as to the first accused. It was contended that the 
question was based on information contained in a statement made to the police by Abdul Hamid, which statement for an undisclosed reason was not to be produced in evidence. In his ruling, after argument heard in the absence of the assessors, the learned tr
ial Judge said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
"I am satisfied that prosecuting counsel is entitled to put questions to the 1st accused in any manner and shape he thinks fit provided no reference or disclosure is made to any document or matter that might otherwise be inadmissible in evid
ence. It follows from the foregoing that the application for a new trial must fail and is refused."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 He based his ruling largely on the judgment by the Court of Criminal Appeal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 R. v. Rice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 (1963) 47 Cr. App. R. 79. That authoritative judgment laid down th
e principle that the prosecution is entitled to use the information contained in an inadmissible statement from one accused to cross-examine a co-accused on the matters contained in the statement ; but he may not give any indication as to the source of th
e information he is using. In the present case no such indication was given by the prosecuting counsel, with the result that in our opinion the ruling of the learned trial Judge was correct.
\par In the result, for the reasons we have given we quash the conviction for false pretences and substitute convictions against all three appellants for larceny under section 291 and 294 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid27392 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15811070\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 .
\par Although the appeal was stated to be also against sentence
, no argument on that aspect of the appeal was presented by Counsel for the appellants, who did not in fact make any reference to the question of the sentences imposed by the Supreme Court. Consequently this Court on the convictions for larceny imposes th
e like sentences as those imposed on the false pretences charges in the Court below, to run from the same date as those sentences.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Appeals allowed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141037 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 Convictions for false pretences quashed and convictions\line for larceny substituted. Sentences unaltered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5141037\charrsid5141037 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 
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