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\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5724954 \fs20\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5724954 [1975] 21 FLR 105 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5724954 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5724954\charrsid5724954 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 REGINA \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid5075526 v}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8009616 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid5075526 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12859345 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 EMORI KALOU TOLOI}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12859345 AND }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 OTHERS}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid12859345 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [SUPREME COURT, 1975 (Tuivaga J.), 4th September]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Criminal Jurisdiction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350 Criminal }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 law}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 - }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 evidence and proof}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 powers of police }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 officers to search and seize goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 - }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 cash and other exhibit}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12790099 s found in possession of accuseds}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 by police during investigation of robbery}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 whether }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 admissible}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 in evidence}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 whether seized in breach of Constitution}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 14) s.}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 18(1}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 )}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 - }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Constitution of Fiji ss}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000\charrsid3224000 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000\charrsid3224000 5(1}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 )(e),}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid3224000 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 9(1), 9(2)(a) (b)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Following a robbery, relying on Criminal Procedure Code }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 s. 18}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350\charrsid13525593 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 1), cash was seized by police from two of the appellants because it was suspected that the money was part }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 of the proceeds of the robbery.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 It was contended that such action on the part of the police contravened Fiji Constitution s. 9(1)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350 ,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 and that the production of the money, seized should be ruled }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 inadmissible}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 and should not be received in evidence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 Held}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 1. Fiji Constitution s.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 9(1) had not altered in any way the powers of the police to search and detain goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen or unlawfully obtained.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 2. The powers of the police to seize and detain goods unlawfully obtained were manifestly necessary in the interests of public order and public morality, and so fell within the exceptions con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 tained in Fiji Constitution s.9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (2)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 (a)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 (b)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 3. In any event, even if the cash had been illegally seized in consequence of a breach of the Constitution, there was nothing in the present case to show that the seizure was carried out in a manner which was unfair or oppressive having regard to the n ature and gravity of the offence under investigation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 4. Police officers who searched premises were entitled to seize the goods not only covered by the warrant, but other goods which they reasonably believed to have been stolen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 14) s.104.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Cases referred to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Chic Fashions Ltd. v. Jones}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 [1968] 1 All E.R. 229}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ;}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1968] 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 W.L.R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 201 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 Ghani }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 v. Jones}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 [1969] 3 All E.R. 1700}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ; [1969] 3 W.L.R. 1158. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid13525593 Federated Saw Hill }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Employees v. James Moore & Sons}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (1910) 8 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 C.L.R. 465 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 R v Mohammed }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 Hanif }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350 19 F.L.R. 16}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 Kuruma v. R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1955}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350 ]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 A.C. 197; [1955] 1 All E.R. 236. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 Herman King v. The Queen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1968] 2 A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 ll E.R. 610; [1969] 1 A.C. 304. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 The People v. O}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 Brien}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1965] I.R. 142; \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 Noor Mohammed v. R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 . [1949] A.C. 182; [1949] 1 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 All E.R. 365. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 Callis v. Gunn}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1964] 1 Q.B. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 495}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ; [1963] 3 All E.R. 677. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 R. v. Murphy}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1965] N.I.L.R. 138.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Ruling on a submission by defence counsel that certain exhibits seized by the police should not be admitted in evidence. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid3224000 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 G. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid6114574 Trafford}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid6114574 -}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 Walker}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 for th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 e Crown. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 S. M. Koya}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 for the accuseds.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid3224000 Tuiv}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 a}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid3224000 ga}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 J.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350\charrsid3224000 :}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593\charrsid3224000 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 [4th September 1975}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid3224000 ]-}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 This }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 trial within a trial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 is bein}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 g held because Mr Koya, counsel for the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 defence objects to the admissib}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 ility of certain exhibits taken}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 from the 3rd and 1st accused respectively during the course of police investigation into this case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The basis of the objection is two}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 fold. Firstly, it is said that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 he exhibits concerned i.e. in the case of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 the 3rd accused, a tin box, an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 exercise book and cash amounting to $423.86 and in the case of the 1st accused cash amounting}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 to $286.08, had been seized from t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 hem and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 taken into police custody in breac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350 h }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of section 5(1)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 (e)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 and 9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 1) of the Constitution. It is claimed that by reason of such breach of the Constitution the respective exhibits concerned are }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 ipso facto}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 inadmissible and should not be received in evidence agains}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 t either the 3rd or 1st accused.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Secondly and, alternatively, it is said that the exhibits concerned in respect of the 3rd and 1st accused had been seized}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 in circumstances which were unfair and oppressive to them and should in the exercise of the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s exclusionary discretion be disallowed as evidence in this case. It is also said under this alternative ground that the probative value o}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 f the exhibits concerned is out}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 weighed by its prejudicial effect.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The circumstances in which the exhibits concerned were taken from the 3rd and 1st accused have been fully traversed in evidence that I need not recapitulate them. However, I have carefu lly considered the whole of the evidence adduced before me in this }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3214350\charrsid13525593 trial}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 within a trial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 and have also given very close attention to the careful arguments presented by counsel on both sides for which I am most grateful.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Dealing first with the case of the 3rd accused, it is not disputed that a tin box containing a large sum of money and an exercise book with further cash among its pages were seized from the 3rd accused at the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 Old }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Suva Town Hall by Superintendent Sat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11344453 eki Umu at about 11.25 p.m. on }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 the 27th March of ; this year. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 I }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 think it is}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 true}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 to say that the Superintendent did so because he suspected that the money found in the 3rd accused}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 s possession was part of the money stolen from the ANZ Banking Group in the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 afternoon of the 25th March. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Whether that money was in fact part of the money stolen from the ANZ Banking Group is not at issue at this stage of the proceedings. What ap}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 pears to be at issue is whether}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Superintendent Sateki U}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 m}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 u had reasonable grounds for believing that the money he found with the 3rd accused and took from him at }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 the Old Suva Town Hall was part}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of the proceeds of the alleged robbery and whether he was empowered to do so under the provisions of section 18(l) of the Criminal Procedure Code.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 It seems clear from the evidence that when the Superintendent and the police party visited the Old Suva Town Hall on the night of 27th March, the police were then in possession of mate} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11344453 rial information obtained from }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 a number of witnesses tending to implicate the 3rd accused as well as th e 1st, 2nd and 4th accused in the alleged robbery. The 3rd accused was therefore clearly a suspect in connect}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 ion with the alleged robbery on}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 the night of the 27th March and was being sought, for interrogation. I am satisfied }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 that when Superintendent Sateki}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Umu found the 3rd accused in possess}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 ion of a large sum of money in }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 big denominations at the Old Suva Town Hall, he had reasonable grounds for believing that it was part of the mo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 ney stolen from the ANZ Banking}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Group and which the police have been trying t o trace. It is clear too that Superintendent Umu took away the money together with the tin box and the exercise book because he considered those items as constituting material}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 evidence in this case. The common law principle relating to the powers of police officers to seize goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen or unlawfully obtained was fully considered and re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 stated by the E}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 nglish Court of Appeal in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid6114574 Chic F}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid6114574 ashions Ltd. v Jones }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1968] 1 All E.R. 229 where at page 238 Diplock L.J. said}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11344453 :}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6114574 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 Today}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 stealing is more widespread than it has ever been since statistics of crime have been available. Stolen goods can be swiftly carried far from th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 e scene of the theft. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 Today, ...}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 ..................................... there are throughout the country regular police forces}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 whose officers are charged with the duty of preventing and detecting}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 crime. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 The common law }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 has always recognised that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 discharge of this duty may justify some interf}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 erence with rights of innocent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472\charrsid13525593 private citizens who would in other circumstances be entitled to its protec}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866472 tion. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 At common law a constable,\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85...was entitled to arrest}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 a person whom he had reasonable grounds for believing to have committed a serious crime (felony). At the time of the arrest the arrestor cannot know that the arr ested person is guilty. The purpose of the arrest is to bring him before a court so that this issue may be tried. The justification of the arrest does not depend on the result of the subsequent trial. The reasonable belief of the arrestor at the time of t he arrest was a good defence to an action of false imprisonment notwithstanding that it ultimately }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 proved to be unfounded.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The balance between the inviolability of personal liberty and the pursuit of public weal in this case came down on the side of him who acted reasonably in intended performance of what right}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 minded men would deem a duty to their fellow men; the pr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 evention and detection of crime.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.... \par Such is\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 I decline to accept that a police officer who is unquestionably justified at common law in arresting a person whom he ha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11344453 s reasonable grounds to believe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 is guilty of receiving stolen goods, is not likewise justified in the less draconian act of seizing what he, on reasonable grounds, believes to be the stolen goods in that person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s possession. The purpose of the se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6114574 izure in such a case is twofold}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 : first, that the goo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 ds may be produced as material}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 evidence on the prosecution of a criminal charge against the person from whom they were seized, and, secondly, that after the trial they may be restored to their rightful owner, and a similar justifica}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 tion exists for their detention}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 so long as the detainer has reasonable grounds for believing that such a charge will lie and that the goods will be material evidence on its prosecu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 tion.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Similar observations were made by Salmon L,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11344453 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 J. at pages 239 and 240: The same principle was succinctly expressed by Lord Denning, M.R. in the more recent case of }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 Ghani v Jones}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 [1969] 3 All E.R. 1700}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 where at page 1705 he said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 What is the principle underlying these instances? We have to consider, on t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 he one hand, the freedom of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 individual. His privacy and his possessions are not to be invaded except for the most compelling reasons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11733624 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 On the other hand, we have to consider the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11733624 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 interest of society at large in finding out wrong}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11733624 -doers and repressing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 crime. Honest citizens should help the police and not hinder them in their efforts to track down criminals.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16279500 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Balancing these interests I should have thought that, in order to justify the taking of an article, when no man has been arrested or charged, the requisites must be satisfied}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 :}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 First}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The police officers must have reasonable grounds for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 believing that a serious off}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11733624 ence has been }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 committed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 so serious that it is of the first importance that the offenders should be caught and brought to justice.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3224000 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 Secondly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The police officers must have reasonable grounds for believing that the article in question is either the fruit of the crime (as in the case of stolen goods) or is the instrument by which the crime was committed (as }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11733624 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 n the case of the axe used by the murderer) or is material evidence to p rove the commission of the crime (as in the case of the car used by a bank raider or the saucer used by a train robber).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 Thirdly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The police officers must have reasonable grounds to believe that the person in possession of it has himself committed the crime, or is implicated in it, or is accessory to it, or at any rate his refusal must be quite unreasonable.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid10814450 Fourthly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The police must not keep the article, nor prevent its removal, for any longer than is reasonably necessary to complete their investigations}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 or preserve it for evidence............}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 As soon as the case is over, or it is decided not to go on with it, the article should be returned.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 Finally}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The lawfulness of the conduct of the police must be judged at the time, and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of by what happens afterwards.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 The common law principle I have ref}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11733624 erred to}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 above relating to the powers of police officers to seize and detain goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen or unlawfully obtained appears in the case of Fiji to have been embodied in a statutory form u nder section 18(l) of the Criminal Procedure Code. In other words, it seems to me that the provisions of that section are merely declaratory of the common law po}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 sition as it has always existed}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 in Fiji prior to the codification o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11733624 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 our own criminal procedure. Section 18(l) provides as follows}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 18}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (1) Any police officer who has reason to suspect that any article stolen or unlawfully obtained, or any article in respect of which a criminal offence or an offence against the customs laws has bee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 n, is being, or is about to be,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 committed, is being conveyed, whether on any person or in any vehicle, package or otherwise, or is concealed or carried on any person in a public place, or is concealed or contained in any vehicle or package in a public plac e, for the purpose of being conveyed, may, without warrant or other }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 written authority, detain and search any such person, vehicle or package, and may take possession of and detain any such article which he may reasonably suspect to have been stolen or unl awfully obtained or in respect of which he may reasonably suspect that a criminal offence or an offence against the customs laws has been, is being, or is about to be committed, together with the package, if any, containing it, and may also detain the per son conveying, conce}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 aling or carrying such article.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Having given very careful consideration to the matt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 er, I do not think that the law}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 as set out above relating to the powers of police officers to seize and detain goods reasonably suspected of ha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 ving been stolen or unlawfully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 obtained has been altered in any way by the provisions of section 9 (1) o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14222850 f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 the Constitution. In my view the law in that regard is still the same as it existed before the Constitution came in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 to operation in 1970. Section 9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (1) states}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "9. (1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ) Except with his own consent, no person shall be subjected to the search of his person or his property or the entry by others on his premises.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 As I have indicated section 18(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ) of the Criminal Procedure Code is merely declaratory of the common law position and I think I am fortified in this conclusion by the terms of the exceptions to section 9(}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 1) as contained in section 9(2)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 (a)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 and }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 (b)} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of the Constitution which provides as follows}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 9}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (2) Nothing contained or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 that the law in question makes }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 provision}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 (a)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning, the development and utilisation of mineral resources, or the development or utilisation o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14222850 f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 any other property in such a manner a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 s to promote the public benefit}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 (b)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8277533 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 I do not thin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 k there can be any doubt among }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 right}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 thinking people that }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14222850 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 he powers v ested in police officers to seize and detain goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen or unlawfully obtained are manifestly necessary in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public mora}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 lity etc., and for the purpose }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons and for that reason are clearly }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 reasonably justifiable in a democratic society}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 . Viewed in this light and paying particular regard to the facts of thi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14222850 s case it seems to me that the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 provisions of section 18(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ) of t he Criminal Procedure Code in so far as they relate to the powers of police officers to seize and detain goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen are consonant and are not inconsistent with section 9(1) of the Constitution.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 I think I am also fortified in the view I have taken that there has been no derogation by the Constitution of the powers of police o}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 fficers given under section 18(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ) of the Criminal Procedure Code to seize and detain goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen or unlawfully obtained by the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 following passage in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid10814450 Maxwell}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 On Interpretation O}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid10814450 f Statutes }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14222850 (12th Ed.) at page 116;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Few principles of statutory interpretation are applied as frequently as the presumption against alterations in the common law. It is presumed tha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 t the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14891033 legislature does not intend}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 to make any change in the existing law beyond that which is expressly stated in, or follows by necessary implication from, the langua}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 ge of the statute in question. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 It is thought to be in the highest degree improbable that Parliament would depart from the general}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 system of law without expressing its intention with irresistible, clearness, and to give any such effect to general words merely because this would be their widest, usual, natural or literal meaning would be to place on them : a construction other than that which Parliament must be supposed to have intended. If the arguments on a question or interpretation are }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 fairly evenly balanced, that interpretation should be chosen which involves the least alteration of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 existing law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3934568 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10814450 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 In this connection it is to be observed that it is well}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 established that the general rules adopted for construing a written Constitution are the same as f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 or construing any other statute}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 : see }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 Federated Saw Mill Employees v. James Moore & Sons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (1910) 8 C.L.R. 465 at 486. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 It must be evident from the facts of this case that the act of seizing and detai}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 ning the exhibits concerned in}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 this case was made prior to the 3rd accused being arrested or charged. In these circumstances the question of the application of section 5(1)}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10814450 (e) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of the Constitution to section 18(l) of the Criminal Procedure Code does not arise for consideration. No question of deprivation of personal liberty within the meaning of section 5(1) of the Constitution arises in relation to the circumst ances under which the exhibits concerned were seized from the 3rd accused a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 nd detained in police custody. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 n my respectful opinion the argument to the contrary is misco}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 nceived. I was referred in this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 connection to the Rulings given by this Co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 urt in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450\charrsid10814450 R. v. Mohammed Hanif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10814450 (19}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 F.L.R. 16) upon which Mr Koya, counsel for the defence, heavily relies for his contention that Superintendent Sateki Umu had no legal authority for seizing and detaining the exhibits concerned and was therefore acting in breach of the Constitution when he purported to seize the exhibits concerned at the Old Suva, Town Hall. It seems clear to me that the case referred to was decided on its own particular facts which conspicuously bear no resemblance to the circumstances of the case I am now considering. In that case the police officer concerned had said that he had no reason to suspect that the accused had committed a criminal offence but in spite of that he detained the accused in the purported exercise of his powers under section 1 8(l) of the Criminal Procedure Code. That case is also quite different from the present case in other important respects. I feel therefore I can derive no assistance from trying to equate the decisions under the Rulings in the }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 Mohammed Hanif Case}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 with the p resent case. I have consequently not done so. Thus having come to the conclusion that the powers of police officers to seize an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 d detain goods under section 18}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code have not been taken away or derogated from by section 9(1) of the Constitution which is, in any event, the operative section in the particular circumstances of the present case, it follows that I do not think there was anyt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10248741 hing improper or illegal in the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 manner in which Superintendent Sateki Umu took possession of t he exhibits concerned from the 3rd accused at the Old Suva Town Hall. Under the circumstances he had the necessary powers to do so. I am satisfied therefore that there has been no breach or violation of the Constitution with respect to the seizure and det ention of the exhibits concerned. \par \par However, that is not by any means the end of the matter. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid13525593 Supposing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 I am wrong in my conclusion and that there has indeed as claimed by}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid13525593 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Mr Koya been a breach of the Constitution arising from the seizure of the exhibits concerned from the 3rd accused, the question then arises what is, not wha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 t should be, the legal position}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ? I put the matter in this way because Mr Koya feels that an exclusionary rule akin to that applicable in the United States of America should be introduced in Fiji where our Constitution which is the supreme law of Fiji, has been contravened, however technical such breach might be. Under this exclusionary rule all evidence obtained in consequence of a breach of the Constitution becomes }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 per se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 inadmissible and the Courts have no choice but to exclude such evidence. I may observe that Mr Koya}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s suggestion, if adapted, would repres}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10248741 ent }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 a revolutionary change in our existing system of jurisprudence. Apart from whatever merits such a suggestion may have }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10248741 I very much doubt whether I can}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 with a stroke of the pen make such a sweeping change in our law. As every lawyer well knows the Courts exist to enforce or implement, not to make the law. Law making is a matter for Parliament. It is clear that the weight of judicial au thorities binding on this Court is conclusively against the adoption of an exclusionary rule of evidence. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 What then is the legal position where the Co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10248741 nstitution has been contravened?}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 It is well}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 settled that it is in no way different in result from any other breach of the law of the land. This is clear, from the opinion of the Privy Council by which this Court is bound in the case of }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid10248741 Kuruma v. R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (1955) A.C. 197: In that cas}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 e Lord Goddard, C.J. had said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2631544 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 the test to be applied in considering whether evidence is admissible is whether it is relevant to}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 the matters in issue. If it is,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 it is admissible and the Court is not concerned with how the evidence was obtained.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2631544 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 Although the rule of law laid do}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 wn in the above case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 y appear harsh, it is not in fact so in practice because of the overriding discretion vested in the courts to exclude admissible evidence obtained illegally. In exercising this discretion the courts will, apart from the question of unfairness to the accu sed, have regard to the seriousness or otherwise of the illegality. From the particular nature of this case and the circumstances surrounding it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 ,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 it is clear that the exhibits concerned constitute material evidence and for that reason is admissible as a ma tter of law against the 3rd accused. Of course, even when admissible, evidence obtained in breach of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10248741 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Constitution}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10248741 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 may still be excluded under the discretionary powers of the Court. The position of the Court}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s discretion in relation to evidence, obtained illegally or in breach of constitutional}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10248741 provisions has recently been r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 stated by the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Privy Council in the important case of }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 Herman }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid2631544 King v}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 The Queen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1968] 2 All E.R. 610 where at p 617 one finds following passage}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2631544 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid13525593 The}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 appellant relied in support of his submission that the evidence illegally obtained against him should be excluded on the argument that it was obtained in violation of his constitutional rights, and reference was made to an Irish case of }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14947068 The People (A.G.) v. O}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 Brien}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1965] I.R. 142 where the point was discussed by the Supreme Court of Eire. The provision of the Jamaican Constitution scheduled to the Jamaica (Constitution) Order in Council, 1962 S.I. 1962 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 1550; (paragraph 19) gives protection to persons against search of persons or pro perty without consent. This constitutional right may or may not be enshrined in a written constitution, but it seems to their Lordships, that it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6170411 matters not whether it depends}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 on such enshrinement or simply on the common law as it would do in this country. In either event, the discretion of the court must be exercised and has not been taken away by the declaration}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 ; of the right in written form.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2631544 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 However, the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s discretion to disallow admissible evidence will only be exercised if the strict rules of admissibility would operate unfairly against the accused (see }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 Noor Moham}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544\charrsid2631544 med v }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 R.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1949] A.C. 1982). What constitutes unfairness to the accused in the present context has been the subject of weighty judicial pronouncements recently. In}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid2631544 Callis v. Gunn}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 [1964] 1 Q.B.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 495 Lord Parker C.J. at page 502 said}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2631544 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid880127 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 That discretion, } {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 as I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 understand it, would certainly be exercised b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 y }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 excluding the evidence if there was any suggestion of it having been }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6170411 obtained oppressively, by false}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 representations, by a trick, by threats, by bribes, anything of that sort.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid880127 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Again in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid880127 Reg. v. Murphy}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 [1965] N.I.L.R. 138 a case which was approved by the Privy Council in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid880127 Herman King v. The Queen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 (supra) and where the above passage was commented upon, the Court observed at page 147 as follows}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 : \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid880127 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 We do not read this passage as doing more than, listing a variety of classes of oppressive conduct which would justify exclusion. It certainly gives no ground for saying that any evidence obtained by}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 any false representation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 or trick is to be regarded as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 oppressive and left out of consideration. Detection by deception is a form of police procedure to be directed and used sparingly and with circumspection; but as a method it is as old as the const able in plain clothes and, regrettable though the fact may be, the day has not yet come when it would be safe to say that law and order could always be enforced and the public safety protected without occasional resort to it. We find that conclusion hard to avoid on any survey of the preventive and enforcement functions of the police but it is enough to point to the salient facts of the present appeal. The appellant was beyond all}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6170411 doubt a }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 serious security risk}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ; this was revealed by the trick of misrepresentation practised by }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6170411 the police as already described}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ; and no other }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6170411 w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ay of obtaining this revelation has been demonstrated or suggested. We cannot hold that this was necessarily oppr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 essive or that Lord Parker of W}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 addington intended to lay down any rule of law which meant that it was the duty of the court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 martial, once the trick used by the police had been established, to reject the evidence that followed from it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid880127 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 Having held that unfairness to the accused is not susceptible of close definiti on, the Court went on to say}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 : \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid880127 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 it must be judged in the ligh}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1970074 t of all the material facts and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 findings and all the surrounding circumstances. The position of the accused, the nature of the investigation, and the gravity or otherwise of the suspected offence, may all be relevant. That is not to say that the standar}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of fairness must bear some sort of inverse proportion to the extent to which the public interest may be involved, but different offences may pose different problems for the police}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 and justify diff erent methods.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par Applying the above considerations to the present case I am far from satisfied that the exhibits concerned were obtained in a manner which was unfair or oppressive to the 3rd accused having regard to the nature and gravity of the offence un der investigation. When a person is reasonably suspected by the police to be implicated in a serious crime he must perforce expect a certain amount of interference to his orderly existence. This is inevitable in}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 our system}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 of justice. Interrogation of pers ons and collection of exhibits are necessary concomitants of any police criminal investigation. Life is not all milk and honey; irritations of one kind or another are part and parcel of human experience. Something more than mere irritation to one}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s sensibi lities is contemplated in the concept of unfairness as the courts have come to understand it. The conduct of Superintendent Sateki Umu at the Old Suva Town Hall was no doubt irritating to the 3rd accused but certainly not unfair in the context of the part i cular investigation that had to be carried out in the interest of society. The exhibits concerned are clearly relevant to this trial of alleged robbery and in the absence of any clear evidence of unfair or oppressive conduct on the part of the police I ca n find no proper grounds upon which to disallow admissible evidence in the exercise of the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s discretion. Furthermore in my view the evidential value of the exhibits concerned clearly outweighs whatever prejudicial effect the impugned evidence might possess. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 I therefore rule that the exhibits relating to the 3rd accu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 sed may be admitted in evidence. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par So far as the case of the 1st accused is concerned it is clear}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 that he was also a suspect in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 connection with the alleged robbery on the morning of the 28th March when the police officers went to Vatuwaqa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 and found him there in someone}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 else}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s house. He was searched and found to be in possession of a large sum of money. The police officers were on that occasion armed with a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 search warrant which admittedly was issued in respect of premises in which the 2nd accused was thought to have been living. The powers of police officers executing a search warrant were discussed by Lord Denning, M.R. in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid880127 Chic Fashions Ltd. v. Jones}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 (supra), a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 case to which reference has alre ady been made in connection with the powers of police officers to seize and detain goods reasonably suspected of having been stolen or obtained unlawfully. In that case Lord Denning was considering the powers of a search warrant issued under similar statu tory provisions as in section 104 of the Criminal Procedure Code. At page 236 he said}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 : \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid880127 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 We have to consider, on the one hand, the freedom of the individual. The security of his home is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 not to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 be broken except for the most compelling reason. On the other hand, we have to consider the interest of society at large in finding out wrong}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 doors and repressing crime. In these present times, with the ever}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 increasing wickedness there is about, honest citizens must help the police and not hinder them in their efforts to track down criminals. I look at it in this way. So far as a man}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s individual liberty is concerned, the law is settled concerning powers of arrest. A constable may arrest him and deprive him of his liberty, if he has reasonable grounds for believing that a felony (now an }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2973897 arrestable offence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ) has been committed and that he is the man. I see no reason why goods should be more sacred than persons. In my opinion, when a constable enters a house by virtue of a search warrant for stolen goods, he may seize not only the goads which he reasonably believes to be covered by the warrant, but also any other goods which he believes on reasonable grounds to have been stolen and to be material evidence on a charge of stealing or receiving against the person i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3106305 n possession of them or anyone }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 associated with him. Test it this way. Suppose the constable does not find the goods mentioned in the warrant, but finds other goods which he reasonably believes to be stolen. Is he to quit the premises and go back to the magistr}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 ate and ask for another search }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 warra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 nt to cover these other goods? }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 If he went away, I should imagine that, in nine cases out of ten, by the time when he came back with a warrant, these other goods would have disappeared. The true owner would not recover them. The evidence of the crime would have been lost. That would be to favour thieves and to discourage honest men. Even if it should turn out that the constable was mistaken and that the other goods were not stolen go}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10099680 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ds at all, nevertheless, so lo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 ng as he acted reasonably and }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 did not retain them longer than necessary, he is protected. The lawfulness of his conduct must be judged at the time and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10099680 not by what happens afterwards.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13525593 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par In my view having regard to the progress the police had already made in their investigation in relation to the 1st accused and the particular circumstances in which the 1st accused was found to be in possession of fourteen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13525593 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 $20 notes, Detective Corporal Mos es Driver who was undoubtedly acting under instructions from his superiors must be taken to have had reasonable grounds for believing that the money so found was part of the amount stolen from the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 ANZ Banking Group. I am satisfied that Detective Corporal M oses Driver acted within his powers as a police officer and pursuant to a search warrant in seizing and detaining the cash as material evidence against the 1st accused. Under these circumstances I do not accept that there was anything improper or illegal i n the manner in which the money found on the 1st accused was taken by the police on the morning of 28th March. I am satisfied that there are no grounds whatever for contending that there was a breach or violation of the Constitution in respect of the seiz ure of money from the 1st accused. \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 Even if I am}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 wrong and there has i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 ndeed been a breach of the Cons}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 titu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 ti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 on with respe}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10099680 ct to the seizure of money from the 1s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 t accused, I would also because of the p}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10099680 articular relevance of the cash}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 exhibits to this trial exercise the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3224000 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 s discretion; to admit such evidence. I do so because I am far from satisfied that the seizure of money from the 1st accused }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 was made in a manner which was}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 unfair or oppressive to him. Furthermore, in my view the evidential value of the exhi bits concerned clearly, outweighs whatever prejudicial effect the impugned evidence might possess.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 \par I therefore also rule that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 cash exhibits relating to the 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 st accused may}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10099680 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid13525593 be admitted in evidence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 \par \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 Submissions overruled; exhibits admitted in evidence. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid3224000 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid880127 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127 Tuivaga J.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid880127\charrsid880127 \par }}