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}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 57 C.L.R. 170.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Craig v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 ,\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1933%5d%20HCA%2041" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1933] HCA 41}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 ;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=49%20CLR%20429" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 49 C.L.R. 429.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Atter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~
[1956] The Times, March 22; [1956] Crim. L.R. 289.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Mills}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~[1962] 3 All ER 298;\~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1962%5d%201%20WLR%201152" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1962] 1 WLR 1152}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Woodcock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~[1963] The Times, Feb. 20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Yellow and Thay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
, Birmingham Assizes, December 1932.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
, Hong Kong Cr. App. 488 of 1965; [1966] Crim. L.R. 443.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Richardson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1971%5d%202%20WLR%20889" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1971] 2 WLR 889}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 ; [1971] 2 All ER 773.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Mullins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 , 3 Cox\rquote s Crim. Cases 526}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Gleed v Stroud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1962%5d%20CLJ%20161" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1962] CLJ 161}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Bryant and Dickson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
, 31 Cr. App. R. 146; 110 J.P. 267.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Doe v Perkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281790%29%20100%20ER%20838" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (1790) 100 E.R 838.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Ruling on submission of no case to answer at a trial in the Supreme Court on indictment for uttering a forged document, and obtaining property on a forged document.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 G Trafford-Walker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 for the Crown\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 S M Koya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 for the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 RANT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 J:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 June 1973]-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 The information preferred against the accused is as follows:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 FIRST COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Uttering a Forged Document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 379 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
day of December 1971, at Suva, in the Central Division, uttered a certain forged cheque number 20431 purporting to have been made on behalf of Kwong Tiy & Co. Ltd. knowing the same to be forged and with intent to defraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 SECOND COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Inducing Acceptance of a Valuable Security}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 342(b)(i) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
day of December 1971, at Suva, in the Central Division, with intent to defraud fraudulently induced the Bank of New Zealand Limited to accept a valuable security, namely, a not negotiable cheque number 20431 by falsely pretend
ing that the said cheque was a good and valid order for the sum of $8,600.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 THIRD COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Uttering a Forged Document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 379 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
day of December 1971, at Suva, in the Central Division, uttered a certain forged cheque number 727442 purporting to be signed by Ram Lal knowing the same to be forged and with intent to defraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 FOURTH COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Obtaining Property on a Forged Document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 381 of the}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 day o
f December 1971, at Suva, in the Central Division, with intent to defraud obtained a sum of $4,000 by virtue of a forged cheque namely cheque number 727442 knowing the same to be forged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 FIFTH COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Uttering a Forged Document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 379 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
day of December 1971, at Suva, in the Central Division, uttered a certain forged cheque number 727445 purporting to be signed by Ram Lal knowing the same to be forged and with intent to defraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 SIXTH COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Obtaining Property on a Forged Document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 381 of the}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
day of December 1971, at Suva, in he Central Division, with intent to defraud obtained a sum of $4,500 by virtue of a forged cheque namely cheque number 727445 knowing the same to be forged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 SEVENTH COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Uttering a Forged Document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 379 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
day of December 1971 at Suva, in the Central Division, uttered a certain forged cheque number 727446 purporting to be signed by Ram Lal knowing the same to be forged and with intent to defraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 EIGHTH COUNT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Statement of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Obtaining Property on a Forged Document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Contrary to section 381 of the}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/pc66/"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Penal Code}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Particulars of Offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mohammed Hanif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 s/o Mohammed Ismail, on the 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 day of
 December 1971, at Suva, in the Central Division, with intent to defraud obtained a sum of $319 by virtue of a forged cheque namely cheque number 727446 knowing the same to be forged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 On the 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 March 1972 the accused was arrested by the police and charged
 in connection with these offences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 On the evidence as it stands there is no doubt that on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 December 1971 an account was opened at the Bank of New Zealand, Suva, in the name of Ram Lal. On the same day a forged cheque in favour of Ram Lal for $8,60
0 drawn on the account of Kwong Tiy and Company Limited was paid into that account (Counts 1 and 2) and subsequently $4,000 was withdrawn from that account by means of a forged cheque purporting to be signed by Ram Lal (Counts 3 and 4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 On the following da
y a further sum of $4,500 was withdrawn from that account by means of a forged cheque purporting to be signed by Ram Lal (Counts 5 and 6): and later a further sum of $319 was withdrawn from that account by means of a forged cheque purporting to be signed 
by Ram Lal (Counts 7 and 8).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 The question which arises, and which is crucial, is whether it was the accused who performed these actions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Alice Newton (PW3) the bank officer who received the cheque for $8,600 for payment into the account and the cheque for 
$4,000 for payment out of the account, was wholly unable to identify the accused as the man who presented these cheques and to whom she paid the $4,000, and she failed to pick him out at an identification parade in which he participated and which was held
 at Central Police Station on the 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 December 1971. She stated that the man in question had a beard and that 
\'93The beard is the one thing I distinctly remember about the man\'94. The accused is beardless and has no beard at the time of the identification parade.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Lilly Chang (PW7), the bank officer who received the cheque for $4,500 for payment out of the account and who paid out that sum and who received the cheque for $319 for payment out and who paid out that sum, purported to identify the accused as the man
 to whom she had made payment and who according to her had a full beard: and she picked out the accused at the aforesaid identification parade. However she testified that on the day previous to the identification parade she had been taken to Central Polic
e Station by the police where she was shown the beardless accused in a room upstairs on his own except for a police officer which nullifies her purported identification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mary Lee (PW6), the bank officer who had cleared the cheque for $319 for cashing and who has placed it on the bank counter in front of two men 
\'93one of whom had a beard\'94, was wholly unable to identify the accused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Michael Satish Kumar (PW5) a bank officer who was first handed the cheque for $319 by a man who had a beard and whom he did not re
member ever having seen before, on seeing the beardless accused in the dock at Court recognized him as a man he had seen before at Samabula, and he thereupon purported to identify him as the bearded man who had handed him the cheque. He did not attend the
 identification parade and his identification is patently untrustworthy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Mr Charteris (PW2), the bank officer who opened the account in the name of Ram Lal, apart from recording an estimate of his height in a column reserved in the Bank\rquote s master file card f
or a description of the customer gave no physical description of him at all, not even that he had a beard. This witness did not attend the identification parade but simply pointed out the beardless accused in the dock at Court as the man who has opened th
e account and whom he had also seen when the cheques for $8,600 and $4,000 were presented \endash 
 a practice which the courts have deprecated on many occasions. According to Lilly Chang Mr Charteris was with when the police showed them the beardless accused in an
 upstairs room at the Police Station, and no reliance can be placed on his purported identification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
The Court is left with the identification of the accused by Nellie Seeto (PW4), a bank officer who saw the man who presented all the cheques. His only dist
inguishing characteristic and the only feature that impressed itself upon her mind was that he had a beard. She identified the beardless accused as the same man and picked him out at the identification parade, but prior to the parade she testified that sh
e
 had been taken upstairs at the Police Station where, according to Alice Newton, they and other bank officers, including Lilly Chang who had been shown the beardless accused the day before, were discussing the description of the man and talking to the inv
estigating officer about the case. Nellie Seeto also stated that a number of persons in the parade were thin, little boys who did not look anything like the accused. In the light of the evidence already outlined I consider her identification inadequate.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Non
e of the bank officers had any prior acquaintance with the man in question and as it is so apposite to the circumstances of this case I cannot do better than quote from the judgment of the High court of Australia in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Davies & Cody}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1937%5d%20HCA%2027" \\o "View LawCite Record"}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1937] HCA 27}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281937%29%2057%20CLR%20170" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (1937) 57 CLR 170}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 at 181 et seq., which I adopt:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\'93
It is almost unnecessary to say that the amount of care and the nature of the precautions which should be taken when a potential witness is brought to identify an accused or suspected person must vary according to the familiarity of the witness with th
at person. It would be ridiculous, because the prisoner has been shown alone to a potential witness, to deny the value or reliability of the identification if the witness\rquote 
s knowledge of the prisoner arose from long and close association, or from every day 
intercourse in business affairs. But where, before the occasion with which it is sought to connect the person accused or suspected, the witness has seldom or never seen him, experience has led the English court to look for the greatest care to avoid a mis
t
ake or prejudice. They treat it as indisputable that a witness, if shown the person to be identified singly and as the person whom the police have reason to suspect, will be much more likely, however fair and careful he may be, to assent to the view that 
the man he is shown corresponds to his recollection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\'93If on the other hand, he were called upon to say whether anyone of a number of persons were the man, his entire mental attitude would be different. A witness who is taken by the police for the purpose of
 seeing whether he can identify a person who is in custody in relation to a particular crime has in his mind a recollection or impression of the person whom he saw, or, it may be, heard, at the scene of the crime or in relation to some matter which is con
n
ected with the crime. The recollection probably relates to the appearance of the person, and possibly to his mode of standing, moving, or speaking or some other characteristic. It is important that this recollection should not be overlaid or in any way af
fected by suggestions that a particular person in custody is either the person previously seen by the witness or is the person suspected of or charged with the crime \'85
 if a witness is shown a single person and he knows that that person is suspected of or ch
arged with the crime, his natural inclination to think that there is probably some reason for the arrest will tend to prevent an independent reliance upon his own recollection when he is asked whether he can identify him. This tendency will be greatly inc
reased if he is shown the person actually in the dock charged with the very crime in question \'85
 if a witness whose previous knowledge of the accused man has not made him familiar with his appearance has been shown the accused alone as a suspect and has on t
hat occasion first identified him, the liability to mistake is so increased as to make it unsafe to convict the accused unless his identity is further proved by other evidence direct or circumstantial. Where that further evidence consists in or includes o
t
her witnesses whose identification has been of the same kind, the number of witnesses, their opportunities of obtaining an impression or knowledge of the prisoner and other circumstances in the case must be taken into account by the court of criminal appe
al for the purpose of deciding whether on the whole case the possibility of error is so substantial as to make the conviction unsafe.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 I also adopt the reasoning of Evatt and McTiernan JJ in their dissenting judgment in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Craig v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1933%5d%20HCA%2041" \\o "View LawCite Record"}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1933] HCA 41}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281933%29%2049%20CLR%20429" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (1933) 49 CLR 429}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 at 446-450.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 The only other
 evidence on which the prosecution rely is of a circumstantial nature and can be briefly summarized as follows: accepting at this stage that it was the accused on each instance, on 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 December, 1971 he paid into his existing savings account at the ANZ Bank $116 on one occasion and $1,500 on another occasion, and on the 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 December, 1971 he paid in $500 on one occasion and $300 on another occasion: on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 December, 1971 he opened a new savings account at the Bank of New South Wales and paid in $1.50 and on the 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 December he paid in $4,000; on the 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
December 1971 he opened another savings account at the Bank of New South Wales in the name of Shiu Chand and paid in $2, and on the same date applied to transfer $3,000 from the savings account that he had opened on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
December 1971 into the savings account in the name of Shiu Chand. At the time of this latter transaction the police came to the Bank of New South Wales and a police officer requested the accused to accompany him to Central Police 
Station. On the way the accused ran away from the police officer who caught him and took him to the Police Station.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 It was submitted by the prosecution that this \'93frantic activity\'94 on the part of the accused and his running away from the police officer is 
strong circumstantial evidence that it was the accused who perpetrated the frauds at the Bank of New Zealand: but this is supposition. The reasons why people run away from police officers are legion \endash 
 it is suspicious but nothing more. Similarly the various deposits made by the accused on the dates in question give rise to suspicion, but as Lord Devlin has pointed out \'93You cannot put a multitude of suspicions together and make proof out of it.\'94
 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Atter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1956] The Times March 22 [1956] Crim. LR 289). Thes
e matters do not constitute other evidence of a convincing nature connecting the accused with the crime. They are more consonant with the fallacy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Post hoc, ergo propter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 hoc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 No connection was established between the accused and Kwong Tiy and Company Limite
d or any of its employees: nor any connection between the accused and the name \'93Ram Lal\'94
, or the cheque book issued by the Bank of New Zealand in respect of that account. Identification of the accused as the person who paid in the forged cheque for $8,600 
and drew out a total of $8,819 by way of three forged cheques is unreliable, and the circumstantial matters do not remedy the situation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 During the course of the trial it transpired that in view of the length of time that had elapsed since the commission o
f the offences a number of the prosecution witnesses were permitted by the prosecution to refresh their memories by reading their police statements before they gave evidence. Counsel for the accused has accordingly raised the question of the propriety of 
prosecution witnesses refreshing memory out of court, and I think it necessary to go into this matter in some depth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 The law relating to a witness refreshing memory when giving evidence is quite clear. It is perfectly proper for a witness and he is fully 
entitled to refresh his memory if necessary by reference to any record made or verified by himself concerning, and contemporaneously with, the fact to which he testifies (Phipson on Evidence 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Edition at para. 1528) including a record made by someone else which the witness has within a short time seen, read and adopted as accurate (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Mills}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 [1962] 3 All ER 298 at 301 para D). Thus the record may be a statement which the witness made to the police, or his signed deposition, but only so long as the facts 
were fresh in his mind at that time (c.f.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Woodcock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
[1963] The Times February 20, where the English Court of Criminal Appeal held that the trial judge was wrong in letting a witness refresh his memory from his deposition, since it was not a contemporaneous note or record).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
As to a prosecution witness refreshing his memory out of court, the first English judicial pronouncement of which I am aware is that of Humphreys J (subsequently Sir Travers Humphreys, P.C.) at the Birmingham Assizes in December 1932 in the case of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Rex v Yellow and Thay}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
in which the accused were acquitted on a charge of murder, which is briefly referred to in The Times December 8, 1932 and in 96 J.P. at 826. Although the actual comments of Humphreys J were not reported in full they were, of course, recorded at the trial.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
(Hong Kong Criminal Appeal No. 488 of 1965) the Supreme Court of Hong Kong in its appellate jurisdiction, when dealing with the same question, referred to the observations of Humph
reys J. in the former case, and as will appear hereinafter the judgment of the Supreme Court quotes from the relevant portion of the transcript of the court record, and not from the reference in 96 J.P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Richardson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1971%5d%202%20WLR%20889" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
[1971] 2 WLR 889}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 the English Court of Criminal Appeal had occasion to consider the question and, rather surprisingly, appeared to be unaware of the observations of Humphreys J. and
 quote from what is only a brief report of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 in [1966] Crim. LR 443.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In these circumstances, in order that a true comparison can be made and the problem considered in its proper persp
ective, I see no alternative but to set out in full the relevant judicial pronouncements in each of the above three cases, and also a British Home Office Circular to which reference is made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Yellow and Thay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
, after discharging the accused, the following exchange took place between Mr Justice Humphreys and the prosecuting counsel. Mr Healy:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mr Justice Humphreys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 : Mr Healy, in the course of this case, it has been given in evidence that there is a practice in the Birmingham Police Force to give to, as I 
gather, all persons who make statements for the Prosecution in a criminal case a copy of their statements, whether they ask for them or not. I am not censuring anybody and I am expressing no more than my own opinion, because I have had no opportunity of c
o
nsulting any of my Brother Judges upon the matter, but in my opinion that practice is an undesirable one, for the simple reason that if a person has in his possession a copy of his original statement made to the Police and then is examined and cross-exami
ned at the Police Court and then has an opportunity of reading and does read the statement over and over again \endash  as one of the witnesses admitted he had \endash 
 before he gives evidence at the trial his evidence before the Jury at the trial ceases to represent hi
s recollection of the circumstances and can only represent his recollection of that which he has been learning more or less by heart for the last day or two. I am perfectly certain that the Birmingham Police do not desire to be unfair to accused person, b
u
t I suggest to them and to the Chief Constable of this City, that that practice may lead to unfortunate results in some cases and that it might well be considered with a view to its extermination. Will you be good enough to convey my remarks to the Prosec
uting Solicitor for the County who is instructing you, no doubt on behalf of the Director of Public Prosecutions?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mr Healy:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 I certain will, my Lord. I hope your Lordship will not think I am seeking in any way to derogate from that which your Lordship has sa
id if I say in mitigation of that practice that it is one which has gone on for a very long time and I am afraid has been very widespread without any comment being made drawing attention to it. Your Lordship is aware that it is the common practice in Civi
l Courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mr Justice Humphreys:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
My observations would not apply to Civil cases where I am aware that there is a Home Office memorandum indicating what ought to be done with regard to statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mr Healy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
: Nothing I have said, my Lord, is intended in any way to derogate from your Lordship\rquote s remarks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mr Justice Humphreys:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
I know there are many Police Forces in which the practice does not exist. There may be Police Forces in which the practice does exist. If I find in future that that practice is continued, the
n it will be in my opinion necessary for the Judges as a body to consider whether it is a desirable or an undesirable practice. That is all I say.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Mr Healy:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 I shall certainly convey to those instructing me what your Lordship has said, and I am very grateful to your Lordship for having said it.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Pausing there, to avoid any possibility of misunderstanding it should perhaps be emphasized that the learned Judge was not suggesting that the evidence of the witness ceases to represent his recollection of the event
 itself, but that it ceases to represent his recollection of the \'93circumstances\'94, that is to say details of and particulars surrounding and affecting the event.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 The relevant portion of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 reads as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \'93
Counsel for the appellant has questioned the conduct of the police in two respects and has suggested that there were irregularities which could have affected the weight and value of the evidence adduced by the prosecution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 On the day
 before the trial, the officer in charge of the investigation read over to the principal prosecution witnesses the statements which had been taken from them shortly after the incidents occurred. All the witnesses concerned were present at the time.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Whilst 
we would emphasize that anything in the nature of coaching a witness in the evidence he is expected to give would be most reprehensible and would call for condemnation, there is no rule that witnesses, whether prosecution or defence witnesses or witnesses
 in a civil case, shall not refresh their memories before giving evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
In the absence of evidence, we are not prepared in this or in any other case to assume that police officers apply pressure to obtain from witnesses statements that are not true. Furt
hermore, if one is speculating, one must not overlook the possibility that pressure the other way can also occur. Witnesses can be persuaded to depart from true statements already given to the police. But the danger of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 reading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 over in this way is that it c
an lend itself to the accusation that the witness, either by the mere fact of being invited to the police station \endash  which it is suggested some might misconstrue as an order \endash 
 and having his previous statement read over to him or during the course of this p
rocedure, may be intimidated into feeling that he is required to adhere to and repeat the statement even if he no longer believes it to be true. Leaving aside for a moment the difficulties presented by the illiterate witness, the police would not be expos
ed to the same danger if they were merely to give the witness a copy of his statement for such use as he might wish to make of it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In so doing, however, they may be faced with the observations of Humphreys, J., made at the conclusion of a case in Birmingham in 1932,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Yellow and Thay}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 , which is unreported but to which there is a brief reference in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=1932%20JP%20826" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 1932 J.P. 826.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Without a proper report it is not easy to evalua
te accurately the precise significance of the observations by Humphreys J., but it appears that, after indicating that he was expressing a purely personal view and had not consulted his brother judges, he said the practice of the Birmingham police in prov
iding prosecution witnesses with copies of their statements, whether asked for or not, was undesirable, and \'93might well be considered with a view to its extermination\'94
, because, he said, it could lead to unfortunate results in some cases, when witnesses would be giving evidence not of their recollection \'93of the circumstances\'94 but of what they had been learning \'93more or less by heart\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 We have given very careful consideration to this criticism but find considerable difficulty in supporting it. So far as we 
know it has not been endorsed by any other judge in England and certainly not by the body of judges as a whole nor has it emerged as a clearly formulated rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Some effort to support it has been based on the suggestion that statements taken by the police may be \'93edited\'94
 or influenced by the form of questions put to the witness by the officer taking the statement (Proof of Guilt 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Ed. By Glanville Williams p.90 et seq.). If this danger created some inherent objection to a witness\rquote s memory being refreshed from a statement made to the police, it would apply with no less force to statements used in court to refresh a witness
\rquote s memory but, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Mullins}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (3 Cox\rquote 
s Crim. Cases 526), the Central Criminal Court and, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Gleed v Stroud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (1962) Journal of Criminal Law, 161, the Divisional Court indicated quite clearly that they saw no such inherent objection to statements taken by the police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 It has been suggested that refreshing memory by reference to documents in court is less objectionable because the judge and jury,
 if there is one, can then see the witness refreshing his memory. We are doubtful whether this affords any really significant help in the difficult task of distinguishing between the truthful witness who has genuinely forgotten what he saw and the untruth
f
ul witness who has not seen what he claims to have witnessed. But if it is of assistance, cannot the same assistance be acquired by ascertaining from the witness or otherwise whether he has refreshed his memory? Moreover, the argument must surely apply to
 
all witnesses who take this course and not merely to those who do so as prosecution witnesses in criminal cases, yet there is no accepted rule that it is preferable for witnesses to refresh their memories by reference to documents in court rather than by 
looking at such documents before going into the witness box.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 The ultimate effect of refreshing one\rquote 
s mind from a written document or committing it to memory is the same. In the first case, one looks at the written word with the physical eye. In the other, memory recalls it to the mind\rquote 
s eye. Logically, this must, we think, lead to the view that if there is justification for restricting, to memoranda made at or very close to the time of the incident, the materials which can be used to refresh a witness\rquote s mind
 in the witness box, a similar restriction should apply to memoranda used prior to the hearing for the same purpose. In fact, however, the law has never formulated such a restriction, possibly because of the practical reason that enforcement would be so d
ifficult, if not impossible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
The reason advanced by Humphreys J seems to us logically indefensible as a general proposition. We think that testimony in the witness box becomes not less, but more, a test of memory rather than of truthfulness if witnesses are
 deprived of the opportunity, normally utilised by prudent men, of checking their recollection before hand by reference to statements or notes made at a time closer to the events in question. The ideal might well be that witnesses should be able, without 
a
ny such aids, to recall with clarity and accuracy the details of earlier events but witnesses are human beings and, as such, apt to forget the details of events as time goes by. If a witness is denied reasonable opportunities of refreshing his memory in t
h
e way ordinary men of affairs refresh theirs, a danger must arise that the courts will be unnecessarily deprived of the full testimony and information which they should have in order to do justice. There is, we think, a greater danger of this than of enco
uraging or facilitating untruth testimony by permitting access to earlier statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
If the statement was true in the first instance, there can be no objection to permitting access to it but very real objection to denying such access, when it leads to incomplete and inaccurate testimony through failure of memory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
If the statement was untruthful in the first instance, what effect follows from withholding it? This step can hardly affect the desire to lie. Can it affect the ability to do so successfully by mak
ing it easier to tell a consistent but untruthful story? Whether those who deliberately tell untruths need such statements to remind them of their untruths may well depend on the degree of deliberation involved but if they are prepared to lie about the ev
e
nts themselves, surely they will lie no less readily about their access to statements, so that the precaution would tend to break down and become illusory at the point where it is required. In other words, refusal of access to statements would tend to cre
ate real difficulties for honest witnesses but is likely to do little to hamper the dishonest witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
As an example of the difficulties that could arise one might instance the witness who declines to make a statement unless he is given a copy of it. Are the police to be told that this condition cannot be accepted and that the witness\rquote 
s statement should not be taken subject to it?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Finally, if there is to be any such rule, it must surely apply not merely to prosecution witnesses but to defence witnesses as we
ll. That these normally receive copies of their statements is mentioned in Fraser\rquote s Advocacy at Petty Sessions (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Ed. P.79) and we have little reason to doubt that it is common practice. Nor would there be any justification for confining the rule to crim
inal cases only. Witnesses in civil cases would, presumably, have to be restricted in the same way. So far as we know, no one has ever attempted to formulate such a general rule and we see no justification for formulating one for prosecution witnesses onl
y.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Consequently we are not prepared to condemn a practice of giving a witness a copy of his statement or reading over his statement to him, provided of course there is no coaching or rehearsing or anything of that kind.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 But one must, of course, recognize th
at a witness may not wish to refresh his memory and if, in such circumstances, any pressure is used to make him do so, allegations of coaching may be difficult to refute. Moreover, we think it is undesirable that statements of witnesses should be read ove
r to them in each other\rquote s company when each is able to hear what the other has said and we would deprecate such a practice.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Pausing there for one moment, I am not so ready as was the Supreme Court of Hong Kong to reject as \'93logically indefensible\'94 the line
 of reasoning adopted by the late Sir Travers Humphreys, not only one of England\rquote s greatest trial judges but before that Senior Counsel to the Crown, who has been appropriately described as \'93a master of the English criminal law\'94
 ([1956] Crim. LR 291).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In April 1969 a Home Office Circular No. 82/1969 was issued, the relevant portion of which reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\'93\'85 the Secretary of State is able to commend for adoption a revised practice which has the approval of the Lord Chief Justice and the judges of the Queen\rquote s Bench 
Division. This is that, notwithstanding that criminal proceedings may be pending or contemplated, the chief officer should normally provide a person, on request, with a copy of his statement to the police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
It is recognized that on occasion a chief officer may think it necessary to exercise his discretion to refuse to supply a copy of the witness\rquote 
s statement. Circumstances giving cause for refusal are where the chief officer has reason to suppose that the statement is sought for some sinister or improper purpose which might prejudice the course of justice \endash 
 for example, to enable the witness to lie consistently or where others are bringing pressure on the witness to obtain a copy of his statement with a view to persuading him to go back on it.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Pausing there again, prior to this Home Office Circular it was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 the practice of the Solicitor\rquote 
s Department of the Metropolitan Police, New Scotland Yard, to supply witnesses for the prosecution either with copies of their statements or their depositions in order that they may refresh their memory; and it may be that the decision in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
influenced to some extent this subsequent change of procedure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Richardson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
, each of five civilian witnesses called for the prosecution at a trial in November 1970, had on the initiative of the prosecution refreshed their memories, shortly before being called to give evidence at the trial, by reading statements which they had re
spectively made to the police in July 1969 relating to offences committed on 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 April 1969 and 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 May 1969, with which the defendant was charged and of which he was convicted. The defendant appealed on the grounds,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 , that the evidence of four of those witnesses was, in the circumstances, either inadmissible or worthless.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 The relevant portion of the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal reads as follows:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\'93\'85 it is, however, necessary to consider what should be the general approach of the court to there being shown in this way to witnesses their statements \endash  which were not \'93contemporaneous\'94
 within the meaning of that word as normally applied to documents used to refresh memory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 First, it is to be observed that it is the practice of the courts no
t to allow a witness to refresh his memory in the witness-box by reference to written statements unless made contemporaneously. Secondly, it has been recognized in a circular issued in April 1969 with the approval of the Lord Chief Justice and the judges 
of the Queen\rquote 
s Bench Division (the repositories of the common law) that witnesses for the prosecution in criminal cases are normally (though not in all circumstances) entitled, if they so request, to copies of any statements taken from them by police office
rs. Thirdly, it is to be noted that witnesses for the defence are normally, as is known to be the practice, allowed to have copies of their statements and to refresh their memories from them at any time up to the moment when they go into the witness-box 
\endash  
indeed, Mr Sedgemore was careful not to submit that there was anything wrong about that. Fourthly, no one has ever suggested that in civil proceedings witnesses may not see their statements up to the time when they go into the witness-box. One has only to
 think for a moment of witnesses going into the box to deal with accidents which took place five or six years previously to conclude that it would be highly unreasonable if they were not allowed to see them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Is there, then, anything wrong in the witnesses i
n this case having been offered an opportunity to see that which they were entitled to ask for and to be shown on request? In a case such as the present, is justice more likely to be done if a witness may not see a statement made by him at a time very muc
h closer to that of the incident?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
Curiously enough, these questions are very bare of authority. Indeed the only case which has a direct bearing on this issue is one which was decided not in this country but on appeal in the Supreme Court of Hong Kong in 1966:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
[1966] Crim. L.R. 443. In the view of each member of this court this case contains some sage observations, two of which are apt to be quoted. One of them is:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \lquote Testimony in the witness box becomes more a test of memory than of tr
uthfulness if witnesses are deprived of the opportunity of checking their recollection beforehand by reference to statements of notes made at time closer to the events in question.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
The other is:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \lquote Refusal of access to statements would tend to create difficulties for honest witnesses but be likely to do little to hamper dishonest witnesses.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
With those views this court agrees. It is true that by the practice of the courts of this country a line is drawn at the moment when a witness enters the witness-box; wh
en giving evidence there in chief he cannot refresh his memory except by a document which, to quote the words of Phipson on Evidence, 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 ed. (1970), p.634, para. 1528: \'93
must have been written either at the time of the transaction or so shortly afterwards that the facts were fresh in his memory.\'94
 (Incidentally, this definition does provide a measure of elasticity and should not be taken to confine witnesses to an over-short period). This is, moreover, a practice which the courts can enforce: when a witness
 is in the box the court can see that he complies with it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
The courts, however, must take care not to deprive themselves by new, artificial rules of practice of the best chances of learning the truth. The courts are under no compulsion unnecessarily to fol
low on a matter of practice the lure of the rules of logic in order to produce unreasonable results which would hinder the course of justice. Obviously it would be wrong if several witnesses were handed statements in circumstances which enabled one to com
p
are with another what each had said. But there can be no general rule (which incidentally, would be unenforceable, unlike the rule as to what can be done in the witness-box) that witnesses may not before trial see the statements which they made at some pe
riod reasonably close to the time of the event which is the subject of the trial. Indeed, one can imagine many cases, particularly those of a complex nature, where such a rule would militate very greatly against the interests of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
On the basis of thi
s general approach, this court now returns to the facts of the present case. There had been great delay in the matter coming before the court and it appears to this court that nothing unreasonable was done in the particular circumstances. Indeed, it can b
e said in addition that, in this case, the vital evidence was that of visual identification and that was evidence which was in no way assisted by the statements. In these circumstances, this court has come to the conclusion \'85
 that there is nothing as to which the defence can legitimately complain in that respect.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2450142 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 I must confess that I have some difficulty in understanding the sentence in the penultimate paragraph just quoted relating to \'93the lure of the rules of logic\'94
 (which, incidentally, is phrased differently in the report of the judgment in 55 Cr. App. R. at 251). Surely the rules of logic and the rules governing the proper administration of justice are not incompatible and what is logical is not unreasonable.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 While it is a truism, as the Supreme Court 
of Hong Kong pointed out and the English Court of Criminal Appeal endorsed, that testimony should not be a test of the witness\rquote s memory, it should however, be a test of the witness\rquote 
s observation of the event which is the subject of the trial. What did the 
witness see or hear; in the surrounding circumstances was he in a position to do so clearly and accurately; could he be mistaken, or lying; these are the sort of questions to which the Court requires answers and to which examination and cross-examination 
should be directed. In my view this is precisely what the late Sir Travers Humphreys had in mind, and far from his approach being illogical it is basically sound and in accord with other eminent opinions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 A statement made by a witness to the police is frequ
ently not a spontaneous narrative, but a series of answers to specific questions asked by the Police interrogator, the answers then being put in narrative form, which as Professor Glanville Williams observed \'93
effectually conceals the interrogation by which it was produced\'94 (The Proof of Guilt, Third Edition at p.99). As Professor Glanville Williams has pointed out \'93
Since the witnesses for the prosecution are generally interviewed first by the police, there is an obvious risk that the manner in which the evi
dence is taken will influence its content. The police are naturally on the look-out for all elements that may help them to fix responsibility. Hence there is a tendency for the statement as so taken to omit matters favourable to the defence. The matters s
o omitted will quite possibly be forgotten. Leading questions may be asked, and suggestions made, so that by the time of the trial the damage may have been done \endash 
 the false memory may already, perhaps in complete good faith, have been implanted in the witness\rquote s mind. What he said in the first interview tends to become his memory of the affair, to the exclusion of his original memory \'85
. There is the further fact that when the witness has once given his statement, he will probably be difficult to move from it, because he will not wish to contradict himself and appear mistaken.\'94
 (op. cit. 97). This is confirmed by Professor Hunter, head of the Keele Psychology Department in Memory (Revised Edition 1964 at p.169 et seq.). Further, psychological experiments have e
stablished that witnesses are less able to give an accurate account of an event if they have since engaged in any activity involving the memory of it (vide \'93Some Psychological Aspects of Oral Evidence\'94
 by LRC Howard, Principal Psychologist, Graylingwell Ho
spital, Sussex, in the British Journal of Criminology 1963 Vol. 3 No. 4 p.342 at p.349); and the reading and re-reading by a witness of a statement he has made relating to a particular incident can obliterate his recollection of details originally observe
d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 It must also be borne in mind that what is known as \'93refreshing memory\'94
 may in fact be a misnomer, as without reference to his statement the witness may have no memory of a particular matter at all. To quote Lord Goddard \'93Refreshing his memory\'94 is an ina
ccurate expression in some respects, but on most occasions it enables the witness to speak of something which his memory cannot carry from a record made at the time.\'94 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Bryant and Dickson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (1946) 31 Cr App R 146 at 150.) In some jurisdictions, a system o
f separate and distinct categories turning upon the degree of recollection has been formulated each of which gives rise to different consequences (vide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 King v Bryan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (No. 2) (1956) QSR 570); a system which, to my mind, is divorced from reality as the mental
 processes of observation and recollection are not contained in watertight compartments. However under English law all that turns on the distinction is whether or not the record has to be produced at the trial (Cross on Evidence, Third Edition p.191 et se
q
.). The only point I wish to make on this aspects of the matter is that the less recollection of an event a witness has and the more he has to rely upon a document, the more important the document becomes and the more necessary it is that the document be 
subjected to the closest scrutiny; which may not be possible if the witness does not refresh his memory from it in court, and impossible if the fact that he has refreshed his memory from it out of court is not disclosed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 As I have pointed out, so that a witness\rquote 
s observation is tested rather than his memory, he is permitted when testifying to refresh his memory if necessary from a contemporaneous statement. Attention has already been drawn to the possible dangers of a police statement being used for this pur
pose but when a witness refreshes his memory in court these dangers are minimized or removed \endash  and here I think we come to the crux of the matter \endash 
 by the fact that counsel for the accused then has a right to inspect that portion of the statement used to refresh memory and may cross-examine upon it (Phipson on Evidence, 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Edition para. 1532); and it is for this reason that \'93a line is drawn at the moment when a witness enters the witness-box.\'94 These are vital safeguards, Wigmore having written 
\'93On a general principle that has in view the risk of imposition and false aids, against which the opponent is entitled to the means of protection, the writing
 must be shown to him on request. Furthermore, as by this opportunity of inspection the opponent is guarded against imposition clearly apparent, so by cross-examination based on the paper he may further detect circumstances not appearing on the surface an
d may expose all that detracts from the weight of testimony.\'94
 (Wigmore on Evidence, Third Edition Volume III para. 762). These safeguards are utterly lacking if a witness is permitted to refresh his memory out of court from a document which is not produced,
 is not inspected, may not be contemporaneous, and may not be an accurate account of the incident in question. On the one hand, what is done is done in open court with all the protection attendant thereon, on the other what is done is \'93
under the counter\'94 so to speak and open only to abuse. The rules governing refreshment of memory in the witness-box were formulated more than two centuries ago (see the reference to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Tanner v Taylor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (1756) in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Doe v Perkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16416491 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281790%29%20100%20ER%20838" \\
o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 (1790) 100 ER 838}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4861958\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
at 841) and have been followed ever since. One might well ask what the point is of the courts scrupulously enforcing long-established procedures, the rationale of which is the verif
ication of testimony, if it can be set at nought by the witness behaving out of the witness-box in a way not permitted in it. To allow him to do so regardless is not only a denial of logic, it is a denial of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 It is not the intention of the Court to
 make it less easy for the guilty to be convicted; but it is the duty of the Court to guard against error and preclude tainted evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Notwithstanding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 the Home Office Circular and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Richardson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 , and although there is no rule of
 law forbidding it, I have no hesitation in concluding that the proper practice is for a prosecution witness not to be allowed to refresh his memory out of court from his police statement or deposition as the case may be, but for him to be told that if he
 
finds it necessary to refresh his memory he may ask to do so in the witness-box. The nature of the aide-memoir will then be revealed, the precise details on which the memory of the witness requires refreshing and their relevance will be known, and the rel
iability of his evidence on those details can be properly tested.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In an interesting article \'93Refreshment of Memory out of Court\'94 in [1972] Crim. LR at 351 the decisions in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 R v Richardson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 come in for cogent criticism (albeit that
 the learned author was perhaps somewhat handicapped by not having access to the actual observations of Humphreys J in the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Rex v Yellow and Thay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 to which he makes reference, nor to the full judgment of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 Lau Pak Ngam v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
which he mistakenly attributes to the Privy Council). He ends his article with the hope that \'93when the matter again comes before the courts a more constructive solution will be achieved.\'94 Let me hasten to add that while I share his hope I doub
t that the conclusions I have reached will fulfil it; but then it is not a matter which lends itself to a ready solution. While I consider that the view of Sir Travers Humphreys should prevail, there are insuperable difficulties in the way of enforcing it
.
 It would be unrealistic and impractical for the Court to impose a blanket prohibition on a prosecution witness refreshing his memory out of court. An exclusionary rule would be unprecedented and arbitrary. To compel the production of the aide-memoir may 
n
ot be possible; and in any event the damage might already have been done. And counsel for the accused could hardly insist on inspecting it as his approach would be not that it was a previous inconsistent statement, but that it was only too consistent, the
 witness having learned if off by heart and repeated it in evidence. In this situation the only sanction, to my mind, is a discounting of the witness\rquote s evidence as severe as the circumstances warrant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 If, in spite of the view which I have expressed as to th
e undesirability of a prosecution witness refreshing his memory out of court, it comes to the knowledge of prosecuting counsel that a witness has done so, he should disclose this in the course of examination in chief, as counsel for the accused ought to b
e able to cross-examine witnesses knowing whether or not they have refreshed their memories in this way. The matter can then be enquired into and the weight and value to be attached to the witness\rquote 
s testimony can be assessed. For instance if enquiries revea
l that the statement used to refresh memory out of court was contemporaneous and made, supervised or read by the witness, the fact that refreshing of memory would be known and the statement available for inspection will fully entitle the Court, in the abs
ence of special circumstances, to devalue the witness\rquote 
s testimony; and if it is elicited that the witness had no independent recollection of the matter at all so that had he refreshed his memory from the statement in court it would have had to be produced; 
or that the statement was not contemporaneous or was not the witness\rquote 
s, this could have a very marked effect on the weight and probative value that the Court attaches to his evidence. Thus, the witness refreshes his memory out of court at his peril and the
 value of his testimony will be discounted in direct ratio to the circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
The fact that a number of the prosecution witnesses herein refreshed their memories out of court has not affected my ultimate decision as identification, on which this case hi
nges, depends more on the visual image or impression made by the individual on the mind of the witness than on a written description.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2450142\charrsid2450142 In the final analysis every case turns on its own facts. This might well be described as a borderline case but, viewing th
e evidence objectively, I have come to the conclusion that it would be unsafe to convict the accused. I accordingly record a finding of not guilty and acquit the accused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
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