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{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020404030301010803}Garamond;}{\f43\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Verdana;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f336\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f337\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f339\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f340\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f341\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f346\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f347\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}
{\f349\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f350\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f351\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f352\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}
{\f353\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f354\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f356\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f357\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f359\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f360\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f361\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f362\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f363\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f364\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f676\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f677\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f679\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f696\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f697\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f699\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f700\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\f703\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f704\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\f706\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f707\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\f709\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f710\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f713\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f714\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\f756\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Garamond CE;}{\f757\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Garamond Cyr;}{\f759\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Garamond Greek;}{\f760\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Garamond Tur;}
{\f763\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Garamond Baltic;}{\f766\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f767\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}{\f769\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;}
{\f770\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}{\f773\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}{\f774\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qr \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14822109 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14822109\charrsid14822109 COURT OF APPEAL
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14822109 
\par Civil Jurisdiction
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6245634\charrsid14822109 RAM CHARAN AND OTHERS
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14822109\charrsid16258731 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14822109 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6245634\charrsid14822109 THE PUBLIC TRUSTEE OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6245634 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14822109\charrsid14822109 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 Marsack J. A., Henry J. A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14822109 
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\par 20th, 28th November 1973}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14822109\charrsid16258731 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6245634 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Tort}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 vicarious liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 whether owner of car vicariously liable for negligence of driver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 whether driver acting on owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16258731\charrsid6245634 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 s behalf as his agent.
\par Damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 
death caused by negligent driving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 principles of assessment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Compensation to Relatives Ordinance (Cap. 22).
\par Negligence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 
damages for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 
death caused by negligent driving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 principles of assess went}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Compensation to Relatives Ordinance (Cap. 22).
\par Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 damages
\emdash appeal against award}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 circumstances in which appellate court will interfere with such award.
\par Damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 
appeal against award}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 circumstances in which appellate court will interfere with such award.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 In order to fix liability on the owner of a car for the negligence of its driver, it is necessary to show either that the driver was the owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s servant or that at the material time, the driver was acting on the owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s behalf as his age
nt. In the present case the owner had assumed paramount authority over the car and could have taken control himself or given any order he wished. In these circumstances the owner was vicariously liable for the negligence of his driver.
\par The Court then applied the test laid down by Lord Wright in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Davies v Powell Duffyn Associated Galleries Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 [1942] AC 617, where he said that a court, before it interferes with an award of damages, should be satisfied that the judge had acted upon a wrong principle of law, o
r had misapprehended the facts or had for these or other reasons made a wholly erroneous estimate of the damage suffered.
\par In the present case applying this test the Court held that the trial judge in calculating the multiplicand and multiplier did not suff
iciently take into account the actual earnings of the deceased, the contingencies concerning advancement, the effect that present value had on the deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s probable earnings, and the prospect of the widow re-marrying. The amount of damages was therefore reduced by a third.
\par Cases referred to:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Cassell & Co. Ltd. v Broome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  [1972] 1 All ER 801; [1972] 2 WLR 645.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Morgans v Launchbury and Others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  [1972] 2 All ER 606: [1973] AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634  127.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Samson v Aitchison}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  [1912] AC 844; 107 LT 106.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Mallett v McMonagle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  [1969] 2 All ER 178; [1969] 2 WLR 767.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Davies v Powell Duffyn Associated Colleries Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  .; [1942] AC 617: [1942] 1 All ER 657
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 Flint v Lovell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  [1935] 1 KB 354; 51 TLR 127
\par Appeal against the judgment of the Supreme Court holding the third appellant
\par A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 vicariously liable for the negligence of his driver and against the award of damages.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 R. W. Mitchell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  for the first and second appellants.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 F. M. K. Sherani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  for the third appellant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid6245634 R. I. Kapadia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  for the respondent.
\par Judgment of the Court (read by HENRY J. A.): [28th November 1973}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 \emdash 
\par On Sunday night, August 4, 1968, a motor car registered No. L806 owned by Hari Ram and driven by Jaimuni Prasad in which Satya Nadan Mudaliar and the said Hari Ram were passengers came into collision with a truck registered No. 3325 which was owned by Ram
 Charau and was driven by Mania Buksh. Jaimuni Prasad and Satya Nadan Mudaliar were killed as a direct result of the collision. It is convenient to refer throughout this judgment to each of the said persons by name. The Public Trustee, acting as administr
ator of the estate of Satya Nadan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
Mudaliar sued the respective owners and drivers of the said. vehicles. It was alleged that one Sushila had intermeddled in the estate of Jaimuni Prasad. She was sued as executrix de son tort. The action was heard by the lea
rned Chief Justice who held both drivers negligent and awarded damages in the total sum of $29,377.12 against all four defendants. From this judgment Hari Ram, Ram Charan and Maula Buksh have brought appeals. Two points were taken on appeal, namely:
\emdash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 that the learned Chief Justice erred in holding that Jaimuni Prasad the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463215  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
driver of the said motor car No. L806 was the agent of the owner Hari Ram and therefore judgment ought to have been entered for Hari Ram with consequent relief for costs, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463215 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 that the damages awarded were excessive.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 The first ground affects only Hari Ram whilst the second ground affects all defendants even though Sushila, representing the estate of Jaimuni Prasad, had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 her appeal dismissed for failure to comply with an order for security for costs. There can be only one award as to amount in an action against joint to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16463215 rtfeasors: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16463215\charrsid16463215 Cassell & Co. Ltd. v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid16463215  Broome }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
[1972] 1 All ER 801. Both appeals were heard together.
\par We turn first to deal with the question whether the learned Chief Justice erred in ho
lding that Jaimuni Prasad was acting as the agent of Hari Ram at the time of the collision. Hari Ram, Satya Nadan Mudaliar together with two other left Suva on the afternoon of Friday August 2, 1968 for the purpose of witnessing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 soccer matches to be played at Ba over the August holiday weekend. They were in Hari Rain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s motor car No. L806. and he drove. Hari Ram said that, if all had gone well, the party would have returned to Suva in his car on Monday August 5 On Friday night the party stayed at the guest h
ouse of Jaimuni Prasad at Nadi. On Saturday August 3 Hari Ram drove Satya Nadan Mudaliar and two others to Ba to see the football. He drove them back later to the guest house of Jaimuni Prasad where he stayed for night.
\par On Sunday August 4, Hari Ram intende
d to go again to the football at Ba. On this occasion Jaimuni Prasad drove motor car No. L806 from the guest house. When asked who gave Jaimuni Prasad the keys to the car Hari Ram said " He asked for the keys and I gave it to him ". On the way petrol was 
o
btained and Jaimuni Prasad paid for it. The party set out to return to Nadi about 4 p.m. and again Jaimuni Prasad drove. At Lautoka they stopped at the house of one Ram Shenker. Jaimuni Prasad did not go into the house but the rest of the party did. Hari 
Ram agreed that Jaimuni Prasad could take the car on a trip which is stated to be " private business " of Jaimuni Prasad. The rest of the party mean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 while consumed liquor in Ram Shanker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s place and also at the Lautoka Club.
\par Jaimuni Prasad returned about 7.30 p.m. The party got into the car with the intention of returning to Jaimuni Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s guest house. Hari Ram gave evidence in chief as follows:\_
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 Q. He came back to pick you people up? A. Yes, he was coming. Q. Who was driving? A. Jai Muni Prasad. Q. Had you been drinking in Ba before coming down to Ram Shanker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s house? A. No. Q. Did Jai Muni come inside the house after he came back from his business? A. Yes, Sir. Q. You said you were drinking. Were you feeling sober or drunk? A. I was drunk. Q. You got int
o the car? A. Yes, Sir. Q. You remember getting into the car? A. Yes. B Sir. Q. Where did you sit? A. In the back seat, right hand side. Q. Now,the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 ear took off from Ram Shanker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s house, remember that? A. Yes, Sir. Q. Do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 you remember the accident. A. No, Sir. Q. Now. you left Ram Shanker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s house in Vitogo Parade, that is in Lautoka Town? A. Yes, Sir. Q. You know the area well? A. Quite, Sir. Q. Do you remember the area proceeding along Vitogo Parade towards Nadi? A. Yes, Sir. Q. What was the last thing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16463215  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 you remember, sitting in the back seat of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215  car? A. I was near Natabua. "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 In cross-examination the following passage appears:\_
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  Q. Is it after you returned from Lautoka Club you had drinks at Ram Shanker}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s, and you said you would not have driven the car in 
that condition? A. Yes. Q. And when Jai Muni Prasad came and asked you to drive to Namaka, you asked him to drive? A. No, Sir.
\par {\listtext\tab}[Court: Q. You did not object to his driving? A. No, Sir.] Q. In fact, he drove for you? A. No, Sir. Q. Well, it it was your car?
 A. Yes, but he was driving; I gave him the car. Q. And you asked him to drive it for you? A. No, Sir, Q. Now, we go hack to the time when you first gave him the car, that is when he drove you to Ba. That was the first time. You gave him the key and what 
d
id you say? A. He asked me for the key and I gave it to him. Q. Did he say why he wanted it? A. He said he wanted to drive. Q. And you accepted him to drive? A. Yes, Sir. Q. You wanted him to drive? A. Not exactly. Q. You had driven the previous day, had 
you not? A. Yes, Sir. Q. And you felt a bit tired to drive the next day? A. No, it was not that. He asked me for the car and I gave it to him. Q. And had you made arrangements to stay at Ram Shanker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s that evening? A. No, Sir. Q. In fact, you expected to return to Namaka? A. Well, we were not waiting. I could have slept there."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 The learned Chief Justice made the following finding of fact:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 " He (Jaimuni Prasad) returned at about 7.30 p.m. and after picking up his passengers set off for his guest house where t
hey were to spend the night. In the meantime the second named defendant, according to his evidence, had imbibed sufficient alcohol to become }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  drunk but not very drunk }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
. I am satisfied that at the time he re-entered the car he knew what he was doing and t
hat he was not only agreeable to the deceased driver driving the car for the purpose of getting them to the guest house but, having regard to the condition he was in, he desired him to do so."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 This finding, in our opinion, was fully supported by the evidence, and, in so far as inferences are drawn, they appear to us to be proper inferences.
\par Counsel argued that the interposing of the journey for " private business " completely brought to an end any question that Jaimuni Prasad continued to act as agent for H
ari Ram thereafter and further that agency must be established a fresh after the moment of his return to Ram Shanker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s house. The argument in effect was that Jaimuni Prasad was now in sole charge of the car for his own purposes and that he was merely oblig
ing Hari Ram by taking him and the other members of the party back to his guest house at Lautoka. We reject this submission.
\par The learned Chief Justice was entitled to look at the whole of the conduct as given in evidence in coming to his final conclusion. 
He certainly was not bound to look narrowly and freshly at the position when Jaimuni Prasad returned from what was called " his private business ". Moreover, the learned Chief Justice saw and heard Hari Ram in the witness box and the learned Chief Justice
 was not prepared to give Hari Ram much credibility about his condition as to sobriety.
\par The law as to vicarious responsibility, when a person other than the owner is driving a motor vehicle, was authoritatively laid down by the House of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid16463215 Morgans v Launchbury & Ors. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 [1972] 2 All ER 606. The headnote reads:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
" In order to fix liability on the owner of a car for the negligence of its driver, it was necessary to show either that the driver was the owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s servant or that, at the material time, the driver was acting on the owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s behalf as his agent. To establish the existence of the agency relationship it was necessary to show that the driver was using the car at the owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s request, express or implied, or on his instructions, and was doing so in performance of the task or duty thereby delegated to him by the owner. The fact that the driver was using the car with the owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s permission and that the purpose for which the car was being used was one in which the owner had an interest or concern, was not suffi
cient to establish vicarious liability."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 Lord Wilberforce at p. 609 said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 " I accept entirely that agency in contexts such as these is merely a concept, the meaning and purpose of which is to say }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  is vicariously liable, and that either expression reflects a judgment of value\emdash 
respondent superior is the law saying that the owner ought to pay. It is this imperative which the common law has endeavoured to work out thr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7962378 ough the cases. The owner ought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731  to pay, it says, because he has authorised the act, or requested it, or because the actor is carrying out a task or duty delegated, or because he is in control of the actor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s conduct. He ought not to pay (on accepted rules) if he has no control over the actor, has not authorised or requested the act, or if the actor
, is acting wholly for his own purposes."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16463215 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
Lord Pearson said at p. 614 that the fact that the journey was undertaken partly for the purposes of the agent as well as for the purposes of the owner does not negative the creation of the agency relationship. Eve
n if there were some merit in the contention that the last journey alone should be considered it is plain that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
Jaimuni Prasad was driving Hari Ham to the place where he (Hari Ram) intended to stay the night and from whence Hari Ram intended himself to driv
e his car back to Suva the next day. The finding of the learned Chief Justice is to the effect that Hari Ram had assumed paramount authority over his motor car and that Hari Ram could have given any order he wished or could have taken control himself. We 
consider that the finding that Hari Ram desired Jaimuni Prasad to drive him (Hari Ram) home was a finding that was impeccable: vide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid16463215 Samson v Aitchison}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16463215  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 [19121 AC 844 and particularly at p. 850. No case has been cited by counsel where the owner of the vehicle
 was himself in the vehicle and was being conveyed on a journey he intended to take and to a point where, after a night}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s stay, he intended to drive his car next morning to a distant destination. That is this case.
\par The appeal based on the first ground therefore fails.
\par The learned Chief Justice, in assessing damages, adopted the method of fixing a basic yearly figure for deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s probable earnings (a multiplicand) and a number of years purchase (a multiplier). This is a method commonly employed. The multiplicand was $2,700 less $900 for deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s own personal share making an effective figure of $1,800. The multiplier adopted was seventeen years purchase. This gave a figure of $30,600. These figures are challenged on appeal.
\par These damages are sought under t
he provisions of the Compensation to Relatives Ordinance Cap. 22, It is an action for the benefit of the wife and three children of deceased and relates to the damages they have suffered as the result of his death being negligently caused by the defendant
s. There are three children, all sons, the youngest having been born after deceased was killed. The children are:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215 Nagesh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 war}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
n born October 31, 1962.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 Sudeshwaran born December 24, 1965.
\par Dharmeshwaran born December 15, 1968,
\par Deceased was nearly 31 years old and his wife 24 years old at the date of death. The life expectancy of each is relevant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9922180 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
The family was totally dependent on deceased. The dependency of the children}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16463215  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9922180\charrsid16258731 will cease at such age as they might be expected to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9922180  leave school and become self-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 supporting
, usually about sixteen years of age. As each becomes independent there is more money for the remainder to enjoy including a possible increase in spending by deceased on himself. Deceased was described as a healthy active man of his age and of temperate h
abits. He had steady employment with an established airline. There was no suggestion that his wife did not also have a normal life expectancy. The children are apparently normal.
\par The learned Chief Justice fixed deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s annual earnings at $1,560 at the da
te of death. His basic wage was $1,360 and he worked overtime. Some attempt was made by counsel for the Public Trustee to claim that the sum of $200 (to make the total of $1,560) should be higher but the learned Chief Justice fixed overtime at $200. On th
e evidence this was proper since, although some figures were mentioned, no attempt was made to prove the actual pre-death earnings. The starting point at death is therefore $1,560. There was evidence that, at the date of hearing (February, 1973) four and 
one-half years after death, a clerk in the same position as deceased could expect to earn $2,400. There is no evidence as to overtime at this stage. Some increases in the basic rate were made after 1968 but the information is meagre. As to the figure of $
2,400 the witness said that in the opinion of the management
 deceased would have got this salary. It was claimed that this was hearsay and should be disregarded. No objection was taken at the hearing. If it had it might have been that the witness was qualified to give this evidence. We 
do not know so it must stand. Thus at the end of approximately five years deceased could be assessed at $2,400 per annum so, by then, he was still short of $2,700 which was taken as the basic figure for a total of seventeen years.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9922180 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9922180\charrsid9922180 Mallet v McMo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid9922180 na}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9922180\charrsid9922180 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid9922180 le}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9922180  [1969; 2 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 178, 189 Lord Diplock made these general observations about damages for a family}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s loss of their breadwinner, namely}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9922180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9922180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 " My Lords, the purpose of an award of dama}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9922180 ges under the Fatal Accidents }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 Acts is to provide 
the widow and other dependants of the deceased with a capital sum which with prudent management will be sufficient to supply them with material benefits of the same standard and duration as would have been provided for them out of the earnings of the dece
ased had he not been killed by the tortious act of the respondents, credit being given for the value of any material benefits which will accrue to them (otherwise than as the fruits of insurance) as a result of his death."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9922180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 His Lordship then went on to deal with the method of adopting a multiplicand to a multiplier and pointed out the many variables which might affect such calculations.
\par A convenient, and generally accepted statement of the law, on an appeal against}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9922180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 an award of damages is that contained in the
 speech of Lord Wright in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid9922180 Davies v Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 [1942; AC 617; [1942] 1 All ER 657, 661. His Lordship said an appellate court is always reluctant to interfere with the finding of the trial Judge on any question of fact but that
 it is particularly reluctant to interfere with a finding on damages and remarked that such a finding is much more a matter of speculation and estimate than a finding of fact. His Lordship then went on to say after dealing with jury awards at pages 664 an
d 665:\emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3635105 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
Where, however, the award is that of the judge alone, the appeal is by way of rehearing on damages as on all other issues, but as there is generally so much room for individual choice so that the assessment of damages is more like an exercise of di
scretion than an ordinary act of decision, the appellate court is particularly slow to reverse the trial judge on a question of the amount of damages. It is difficult to lay down any precise rule which will cover all cases, but a good general guide is giv
en by Greer, L.J., in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid3635105 Flint v Lovell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 (1935] 1 KB 354, 360. In effect, the court, before it interferes with an award of damages, should be satisfied that the judge has acted upon a wrong principle of law, or has misapprehended the facts, or has for these or 
other reasons made a wholly erroneous estimate of the damage suffered. It is not enough that there is a balance of opinion or preference. The scale must go down heavily against the figure attacked if the appellate court is to interfere, whether on the gro
und of excess or insufficiency."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3635105 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
The learned Chief Justice said deceased had the prospect of a long and successful working life with, in all probability, from time to time promotion and higher remuneration. He did not refer to the wife but clearly considere
d that she had a good life expectancy because that must also be weighed. Seventeen years would take deceased to 48 years of age and his wife to 41 years. The chances of re-marriage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 must be weighed as must all the contingencies and hazards of life, both goo
d and bad, which deceased must undergo if he had survived this accident. His wife must likewise be considered as to her future. In any figure fixed also that portion referable to the future, as from the date of hearing, requires to be discounted, or, as i
t is stated brought to a present value. Frequently this is done by calculations made from tables. No such evidence was given so the Court must make some form of discount for loss presently paid for but not yet suffered. The learned Chief Justice did not}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 det
ermine these matters specifically but, after fixing the basis of $2,700 less one-third and a period of seventeen years, he said " I assess the number of years by which that figure of annual dependency should be multiplied at seventeen. That assessment is 
b
ased on a consideration of the number of working years of which he has been deprived, the numerous and various perils of uncertainties in life, including the prospect of remarriage of the young widow who has the responsibility of raising the three childre
n, the fluctuations that may occur in the value of money and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
fact that the damages awarded will be paid in a lump sum from which interest may be derived during the period of dependency." Applying the test laid down by Lord Wright (supra) can it be said 
that the learned Chief Justice acted on a wrong principle of law, has misapprehended the facts or has for these or any other reasons made a wholly erroneous estimation of the damage?
\par Lord Morris of Borth-Y-Gest said in Mallen v. McMonagle (supra) at p. 188:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3635105 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
" In cases such as that now being considered it is inevitable that in assessing damages there must be elements of estimate and to some extent of conjecture. All the chances and the changes of the future must be assessed. They must be weighed not only wit
h sympathy but with fairness for the interests of all concerned and at all times with a sense of proportion."
\par {\listtext\tab}We turn to examine in greater detail the figures taken by the learned Chief Justice for deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s basic annual earnings ($2,700), deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s expe
nditure on himself ($900) leaving $1,800 for his family and the multiplier of seventeen years. The figure of $2,700 would not, as events turned out, have been reached at the present time, approximately five years after death. The commencing figure was onl
y $1,560 and would not, assuming all in deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s favour, have exceeded ($2,400) at the end of five years. This means that, at the expiration of any period fixed as a multiplier, deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s wages would require to show a large increase beyond $2,700 to sust
ain that as an average figure. With respect we are unable to see a sufficiently strong probability on the evidence that this would be so. If this is correct then the assessment of $900 as deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 s average share would reduce the balance available to his family. It may be argued that $900 was fixed on a basis of $2,700 but it is probable that deceased
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731\charrsid16258731 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
s expenditure might well be as high in any event. It was unfortunate that no assessment was made based on known circumstances at the date of his death but the
 impression is left that he was prepared to leave his family and indulge in holiday weekends with his male companions. We have the impression that, over the whole period, $900 would not be an unreasonable figure and snore realistic than a nominal one thir
d of a figure not reached in his life time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3635105 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
The multiplier is higher than that usually adopted in English cases and substantially higher than any figure for awards in Fiji. Two cases were cited to us. They were very low figures and were really of no value f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3635105 or comparative use. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3635105\charrsid3635105 Mallet v Mc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid3635105 Monagle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 (supra) at p. 191 Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105 Dlipock said that in cases of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 young widow about 25 years of age, with a husband about the same age, the multiplier was not infrequently sixteen hut, he added, " in those cases the prospect of re-marriage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
may be thought to be reduced to a point at which little account need be taken for this factor." In our respectful view a widow with three children who are all provided with a considerable lump sum award of damages ought, in Fiji, to be rega
rded as having a reasonable prospect of re-marriage.
\par The learned Chief Justice said he took into account interest which may be derived during the period of dependency which means that the figure of $1,800 (ie. $2,700\emdash $900) was the present value of the basi
c figure fixed for the period. This would mean that the estimated average earnings over the period would be still higher than $2,700. It would appear to us, with respect that the multiplicand and the multiplier clearly did not sufficiently take into accou
nt the actual earnings of the deceased, the contingencies concerning advancement, the effect that present value has on the figure of $2,700 and the prospects of the widow re-marrying.
\par We conclude, therefore, that the award is such that this Court ought, on 
the principles stated, set aside the judgment. Giving all factors the best consideration we can, and, taking into account family life and conditions in Fiji, we fix a multiplicand of $1,600 and a multiplier of fourteen. This gives a figure of $22,400 whic
h, when adjusted in accordance with other findings not challenged, means that judgment will be for the sum of $21,177.12. The division of this sum amongst those entitled must be adjusted. We divide damages as follows:
\par His widow ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 $13,677.12
\par His son (first one) ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 1,500.00
\par His son (second one)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 2,500.00
\par His son (third one) ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 3,500.00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
\par Total ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258731  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6245634\charrsid3635105 $21,177.12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
\par The appeal is allowed and the judgment in the Court below is set aside. In lieu judgment shall be entered for the sum of $21,177.12 together with costs in the Court below. Respondent was successful on the appeal by 3rd appellant Hari Ram }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3635105 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6245634\charrsid16258731 
 the substantial question of liability but she was unsuccessful on the appeal against quantum. Hari Ram will pay two-thirds of the costs of respondent on appeal. All other costs are to be borne by the respective parties themselves.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3635105\charrsid3635105 Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6245634\charrsid3635105  allowed to the extent of a reduction in the amount of damages.
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