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{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 JOHN NEIL FALVEY AND OTHERS \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid14765391 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 [}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 COURT OF APPEAL, 1973 (Gould V.P., Marsack J. A., }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319701 Henry J.A.) 19th, 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9311691 8th November]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid14765391 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391\charrsid2904387 Civil Jurisdiction}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid14765391 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 Parliament}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - parliamentary proceedings}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 -}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 whether doctrine of separation of powers breached- whether the English law that the House has absolute control over its own internal proceedings applicable to Fiji}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - to what extent affected or negatived}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 by Constitution of Fiji 1970 Article}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 54(1)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - Parliamentary Powers and Privilege}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 s Ordinance (Cap. 3) s. 17 and}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 23}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - Supreme Court Ordinance (Cap.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 9) s. 22(1) and 23}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - Fiji Independence Order 1970 s. 5(1)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - jurisdiction of Courts in relation to the Constitution- Constitution of Fiji 1970 Article 97}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - whether actions of respondents constitute breach of Constitution of Fiji 1970 Article 57(1)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - whether Supreme Court can interfere with the internal proceedings of the House if rights of persons outside the House unaffected. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid14765391 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 Courts}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 - }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 jurisdiction}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 -}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 whether Court can interfere with the internal proceedings of the House of Parliament. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid14765391 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 Practice and procedure-writ of summons}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 - Order setting aside- Rules of the Supreme Court 0.12 r. 8 and }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718731\charrsid2904387 0.18 r. 19}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718731\charrsid2904387 -}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718731\charrsid2904387 whether summary procedure under 0.18 r.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14765391 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718731\charrsid2904387 19 appropriate.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15075494\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718731 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 The appellant was a Member of the House of Representatives. At the end of a duly convened sitting of the House, the Speaker adjourned the House }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 sine die}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 under Standing Orders. The respondents objected to the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6650032 adjournment and physically took over the House and the fifth respondent purported to sit as Deputy Speaker.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6650032 The appellant had sought declarations from the Supreme Court, that the actions of the fifth respondent in sitting as Deputy Speaker were }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6650032 ultra vires}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6650032 the Constitution of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 Fiji and that the actions of the respondents in physically taking over the House were unconstitutional and illegal, a breach of the Constitution of Fiji, the doctrine of separation of powers and conventions of Parliamentary democracy.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6650032 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 \par The trial judge decided the matter under summary procedure in accordance with Rules of the Supreme Court 0.18 r. 19 and refused to make the declarations on the grounds that:- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 1. It was unquestionable that the allegation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413547 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 of the appellant were confined to proceedings in the House. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1802121 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 2. Article 54(1) of the Constitution of Fiji gave the House}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14495137 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 subject to provisions of the Constitution, power to regulate its own proceedings. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1802121 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 3. The rights of persons outside the House were not affected. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid14765391 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 4. A Court could not interfere with the internal proceedings of the House. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1802121 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 5. The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12805653 Constitution of Fiji}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 and in particular s.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 57(1) did not remove or diminish}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14495137 the power of the House to control its own internal affairs}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2102876 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1802121 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1802121 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 6. There was no breach by the respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 of the doctrine of separation of powers. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par On appeal against these finding it was held:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12805653 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 1. Rules of Supreme Court 0.18 r. 19 should be used sparingly but it was a matter for the discretion of the trial judge and no unfairness resulted in the present case. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1404789 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 2. The doctrine of separation of powers had no relevance to the facts of the present case. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1404789 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 3. The privilege of the House to control its own internal proceedings had become part of the law of Fij i unless the Constitution otherwise required. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1404789 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1404789 4. The House had}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 exclusive over its own internal proceedings under Constitution of Fiji Article 54(1). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid1404789 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 5. The decision as to who should preside as Speaker of the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1335164 House was exclusively one of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 internal procedure. The rights of persons outside the House being unaffected, it was for the House alone to pass upon the conduct of the Deputy Speaker in assuming the chair in the circumstances alleged. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par Per Curiam:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 Article 97 of Constitution of Fiji can only be called in aid by persons whose }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 interests are being or are likely to be affected by such contravention}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 . The Court did not attempt to define the word }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 interest}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 by in any event as a perquisite to the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court, the allegation should be made and the interest specified in the application or pleading.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722\charrsid9328722 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9328722 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 Cases referred to:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985006 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid547314 Bradlaugh v. Gosett}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 (1884) 12 Q.B.D. 271; 53 L.T. 620}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid547314 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid547314 Dingle v. Associated Newspapers Ltd.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 [1960]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 1 All E.R. 294; [1960]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid547314 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 2 Q.B. 405}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid547314 . \par Church of Scientology of California v. Johnson-Smith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 [1972] 1 All E.R.378; [1971] 3 W.L.R. 434. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid547314 Attorney General v. Shiu Prasad Halka}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 , 18 F.L.R. 210. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid547314 Waymer v. Southard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 , 10 Wheat 1 46. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid547314 Liyanage v. The Queen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 [1967] A.C. 259. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid547314 The Queen v. Richards}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 (1955) 92 C.L.R. 157. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx90\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 Appeal against the judgment of the Supreme Court refusing declarations condemning the respondents}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 actions as bein}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 g a breach of the Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069672 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid5069672 S.M. Koya and }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069672\charrsid5069672 K.C. Ramrakha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069672 for the appellant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid5069672 R}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069672\charrsid5069672 .I. Kapadia}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069672 for the respondents}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 \par Judgment of the Court (read by GOULD V.P.): [28th November 1973.]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16612232\charrsid2904387 - \par \par This is an appeal from an Order made by the Chief Justice on a summons brought under Order 12 rule 8 and Order 18 rule 19 of the Applied Rules under the Supreme Court Rules 1968 asking th at a Writ of Summons and Statement of Claim in Action No. 119 of 1973 be set aside. The summons was brought by the defendants on the following grounds:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid5518957 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 ) That the court has no jurisdiction to deal with the issues mentioned or to grant the relief sought. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207932 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid5518957 b}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 ) That the endorsement on the said Writ of Summons and the issue thereof is an abuse of the process of the Court. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 \par The Chief Justice, being of the opinion that there was no foundation for the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2904387 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 s action, made an order granting the a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2904387\charrsid2904387 pplication with costs.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069672 \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid81219 The action in question was, to say the least, an unusual one. The plaintiff is a member of the House of Representatives of Fiji. The first defendant is the Attorney-General, a member of the Senate and (by virtue of Article 60 of the Constitution of Fiji)} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 entitled to attend and take part in the proceedings of either House of Parliament. The other defendants are all members of the House of Representatives being respectively the Ministers of Finance, Labour, Fijian Affairs and Rural Dev elopment, and, lastly, the Deputy Speaker. The Parliament of Fiji, established by Article 30 of the Constitution consists of Her Majesty the Queen, the House of Representatives and the Senate. It will be convenient to continue to refer to the appellant as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 and to the respondents as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 the defendants}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 . \par \par In the endorsement on the writ the plaintiff alleged}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 - \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12805653 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 4. The Speaker o f the House of Representatives is on Raojibhai Dahyabhai Patel, who had been unanimously elected to the said position by all Members of the House of Representatives, including the defendants, and the rights and duties of the Speaker are defined by the Con stitution of Fiji.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9506398\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12805653 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 5. On the 4th day of April, 1973 at the end of a duly convened sitting of the House of Representatives, the said Speaker adjourned the House }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid15142876 sine die}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 under the provisions of the Standing Orders of the said House. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12805653 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 6. The defendants objec ted to the said adjournment and notwithstanding the direct ruling of the Speaker and his subsequent assertions that the House had been adjourned }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid15142876 sine die}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 , the defendants, and each of them, against the consent and express directions of the Speaker physicall y took over the House of Representatives, commandeered the staff of the Speaker in the House of Representatives, and physically, removed Her Majesty}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 s mace of Parliament from the Chamber of the Speaker and purported to stage a sitting of the House of Repre sentatives on two occasions on the said 5th day of April, 1973 with the fifth defendant purporting to sit as Deputy Speaker of the House.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15142876\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 7. The fifth defendant in purporting to sit as Deputy Speaker defied the Speaker, and sat against his express directions at a time when }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 the Speaker was neither absent no}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15142876 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 unable to sit, and the fifth defendant contravened all conventions of Parliamentary democracy, and the Constitution of Fiji.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11037638\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 8. The plaintiff says that the said sittings of the House were nullity, and a grave contempt of Parliament, and Her Majesty the Queen, and such demonstration that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 might was right}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 , and usurpation of the Parliamentary Chamber by the defendants were a direct contravention of the Constitution of Fiji, and breached the doctrine of separation of powers, and were contrary to all conventions, and traditions of Parliamentary democracy.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 \par In the Supreme Court some time was taken in debate on procedural matters- in particular whether the Statement of Claim filed by the plaintiff should be referred to. There was also an affidavit by the first defendant to the effect that the proceedings}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6250355\charrsid2904387 referred to in the writ of summons were wholly matter}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11037638 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6250355\charrsid2904387 relating to the internal management of the procedure of the House of Representatives.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3419328\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6250355\charrsid2904387 \par During the cour se of the argument, the Chief Justice ruled that counsel for the plaintiff was not entitled to extend his argument to cover allegations appearing in the Statement of Claim but not in the Indorsement of the Writ. While this was made one of the grounds of a p peal to this Court no serious argument was addressed to us upon it. We do not propose to devote time to the question, as we are satisfied that the allegations of fact contained in the Statement of Claim added nothing to those in the Indorsement, material to the issue that the Chief Justice had to decide. He said, very properly, in his judgment that he assumed all the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2904387 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6250355\charrsid2904387 s allegations to be true for the purposes of the proceedings before him and it is quite clear that the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2904387 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6250355\charrsid2904387 s case was in no way prejudiced by the exclusion of the Statement of Claim. As to the affidavit of the first defendant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 , whether or not it was admissible is not material, for it was no more than an expression of opinion on a question which it was for the Co urt to decide, and clearly played no part in the determination by the Chief Justice of the legal issues before him}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6250355\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 \par In the Supreme Court, Mr Koya, for the plaintiff, indicated that he would limit his claim in the action to the following two paragraphs:- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid13767961 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 ) a declaration that the actions of the fifth defendant in sitting as Deputy Speaker in the circumstances, and in direct defiance of the Speaker}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 s ruling, and directions, were }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid5443422 ultra vires}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 the Constitution of Fiji, and contrary to all conventions of Parliamentary democracy. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9920146 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid13767961 c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 ) a declaration that the actions of the defendants in physically taking over the House, commandeering the staf f of the Speaker, taking over the Mace of Her Majesty the Queen, and purporting to stage a sitting of the House with the fifth defendant as Deputy Speaker were unconstitutional, illegal, and a nullity, and constituted a breach of the Constitution of Fiji and of the doctrine of separation of powers, and conventions of Parliamentary democracy.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 \par At the hearing below the general submission of the defendants was that the matters complained of related exclusively to matters connected with the conduct of proceedi ngs in the House of Representative and that such proceedings are not subject to judicial control. By virtue of Article 54 of the Constitution, the House has power to regulate its own proceedings. The case for the plaintiff, in brief, was that (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid13767961 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 ) the English authorities are not applicable to a territory which has a written constitution, (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid13767961 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 ) that the action of the fifth defendant in purporting to sit in the circumstances alleged, was a breach of Article}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid2904387 57(1) of the Constitution (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid13767961 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid2904387 ) that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2904387\charrsid2904387 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid2904387 purported sittings of the House on the 5th May, 1973, were a breach of the Constitution and Standing Orders and (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid13767961 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid2904387 ) the action of the defendants in purporting}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2904387\charrsid2904387 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid2904387 to stage these meetings was a breach of the doctrine of separation of powers. A summary of the findings of the Ch ief Justice on these submissions is as follows:-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7559202\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978198\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid13767961 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) It is unquestionable that the allegations of the plaintiff were confined to proceedings in the House. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid13767961 b}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) There can be no question that the House, by}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 virtue of Article 54(1), may, s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ubject to the provisions of the Constitution, regulate the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 conduct of its own proceedings.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158\charrsid13767961 c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 ) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 There is n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 o allegation that the defendants with or with}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 out the support of others, passed any enactments or did anything that would affect the rights of persons outside the House. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid13767961 d}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) The authoriti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 es clearly established that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 control of the House over i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 ts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 internal proceedings is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 absolute and cannot be interfer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ed with by any Court. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158\charrsid13767961 e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 ) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 The provisions of the Constitution, and in particular Article 57(1) thereof do not remove or diminish the power of the House in Fiji to manage and control its own internal proceedings}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 ; the definitions of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 Speaker}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 sitting}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 carry the m}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 atter no further. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158\charrsid13767961 f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402158 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 While Chapters 5, 6 and 7 of the Constitution suggest that the Constit ution is based upon a separation of the functions of government the allegations of the plaintiff do not support in the slightest degree the claim that there has been a breach by the defendants of the doctrine of separation of powers. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par Before coming to the challenge to these findings on appeal it will be convenient to refer to one matter which is com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6501271 mon ground. It is accepted by M}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 r Koya that the authorities show that, und}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6501271 er the unwritten constitution of}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 England, the Courts have no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon matters which relate to proceedings within the House which do no affect the rights of persons outside the House. In his judgment the Chief Justi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6501271 ce quoted extensively from }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6501271\charrsid6501271 Bradla}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6501271 ugh v. Gosse}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9207317 t}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6501271 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 [1884] 12 Q.B.D. 271, the leading authority on the question, and referred also to the more recent cases of }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6501271 Dingle v. Associated Newspaper Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 . [196}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 0] 1 All}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 E.R. 294}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6501271 and }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6501271\charrsid15417429 Church of Sciento}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid15417429 logy of California v. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10956492 Johnson-}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid15417429 Smith}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10956492 [1972] 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 All E.R. 378. We will quote only two short passages from the judgments in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid15417429 Bradlaugh v.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid15417429 Gossett }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16275524 (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid15417429 supra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16275524 ):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Lor}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 d Coleridge C.J. said at p. 275-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 What is said or done within the walls of Parliament cannot be e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 nquired into in a court of law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 \par and, at p. 278, Stephen J. said-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10289506 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 I think that the House of Commons is not subject to the control of Her Majesty}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 Courts in its administration of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 that part of the statute-law which has relation to its own interna}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 l proceedings..................}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 See also Dicey on the Law of the C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 onstitution (10th Edn.) p. xliv-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 No court today would seriously challenge that matters concerning the proceedings within either House are to be discussed and adjudged i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 n that House and not elsewhere.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid6823377 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 We will deal first with a matter arising under Ground (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1907348 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 f the Memorandum of Appeal: Mr K}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 oya argued that the issues raised by t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429 he }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid6060324 plaintiff involved the deter}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6060324 mination of disputed facts and difficult questions of law and that the Chief Justice should not have decided the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid6060324 matter under summary procedure.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6060324 He relied upon the judgment of this Court in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6060324 Attorney-Genera}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15417429\charrsid6060324 l}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6060324 v. Shiu Prasad Halka} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 (18 FLR 210}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6060324 ) in which the refusal of a judge of the Supreme Court to deal summarily with a matter under Order 18 rule 19, was upheld.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6060324 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 This Court recognised that Order 18 rule 19 should be used sparingly, and not where legal questions of importance }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 and difficulty are raised. Mr K}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 oya has submitted that the legal questions in this case are important and difficult and that disputed questions of fact may well arise if the action came to trial. As to questions of fact, the defendants concede, for the purpose of the application, all the facts alleged, and the facts relied upon at the trial could not go outside the scope of the Writ and pleading s. But as to questions of law, we do not resile in any way}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 from what was said in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889\charrsid9378889 Attorney-}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid9378889 General v. Shiu Prasad Halka}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 , but it must lie very much }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4653690 in the discretion of the judge h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 earing the application, and upon his view of the legal issue}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 s involved, whether he}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 will be pre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 pared to deal with it summarily}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 or not. It may well be, that had the Chief Justice refused in this case, his decision would have been upheld on appeal. That does not mean, however, that he was not entitled, on his view of the case, to accept the burden unless his doing so would result in some unfairness to the opposing party. In the present case, the Chief Jus}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 tice accepted for the purpose }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 of the application, the truth of all facts asserted by the plaintiff and we are unable to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 see that any unfairness r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 esulted. It is not a case, as was }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889\charrsid9378889 Attorney-General v. Shiu}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid9378889 Prasad Halka}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 (supra), in which there was a doubt whether an important legal question would arise in the subsequent action. The appeal cannot, therefore, succeed on this ground. \par \par We propose to relate this judgment more to the findings of the Chief Justice (above) than specifically to the grounds of appeal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 , and think that by so doing we}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 will sufficiently }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 cover those grounds. Mr Koya}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 argument in relation to finding (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1907348 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) was that a matter could only be an internal matter of the House if the House is properly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378889 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 constituted. The implication is that anything done}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 by a house improperly constitu}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ted must be a nullity. That may or may not be correct but it is not the question for decision in this case. What is for decision here is whether it is for the House or the Courts to decide whether it is properly constituted. Finding (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1907348 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) is linked with finding (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1907348 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 ) which we do not understand Mr Koya to contest- }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 the proceedings affected no one outside the House. On the facts it appears to us}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 that these two findings are unchallengeable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par \par Before turning to the main issue, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 we will deal with finding (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503\charrsid1907348 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 )-}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 the s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 eparation of powers- }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 and say at once that we are entirely in agreement with the views of the Chief Justice, as expre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 ssed in the following passage of his judgment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16739466 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768780 Insofar}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 as Mr Koya}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s contention rests on the doctrine of separation of powers, Chapters V, VI and VII of the Constitution certainly suggest that the Constitution is based upon a separation of the functions of government which means in the words of Marshall C.J. in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid13986503 Waymer v. Southard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 10 Wheat, 1, at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768780 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 p. 46 that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 the legislature makes, the executive executes and t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 he judiciary construes the law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 But there appears to me to be nothing whatever in the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768780\charrsid2904387 plaintiff}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768780\charrsid2904387 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 allegations to support his claim that on the occasions concerned, the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Executive, in breach of that doctrine, usurped the functions of the L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 egislature. Assuming }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 that all or some of the defendants f orm part of the Executive it is obvious that on those occasions they were not the Executive of Fiji nor did they do anything that would suggest that they acted as if they were.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Whatever they did in connection with the purported sittings of the House it is not alleged that they passed or attempted to pass any enactments or did anything else which would amount to an exercise or attempted exercise of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768780 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 law-maki}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 ng functions of the Legislature.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 In these circumstances }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16739466 Liyange}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006\charrsid16739466 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16739466 s case}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 and the other cases cited by Mr Koya in this connection become irrelevant. In my opinion the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768780\charrsid2904387 plaintiff}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768780\charrsid2904387 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 allegations, which I am assuming to be true for the purpos }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 es of the proceedings before me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 , do not support to the slightest degree the claim that the defendants}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 have breached the doctrine of separation of powers.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 We do not need to express any opinion on the question whether the doctrine of separation of powers applies in Fiji. The case relied}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503 upon by Mr Koya, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986503\charrsid13986503 L}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid13986503 iyan}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9207317 a}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid13986503 ge v. The Queen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1907348 [1967]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 A.C. 259, may be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 of some assistance on that matter but by no mea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 ns provides a complete parallel.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 As the Chief Justic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 e has indicated, the doctrine }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 has no relevance on the facts of this case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 We now turn to o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 ur sum}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 mary of the Chief Justice}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s findings under heads (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16454830 b}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ), (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16454830 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) and (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16454830 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ). The preliminary q}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 uestion is whether the English l}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 aw that the House has absolute control over its own internal proceedings is applicable to Fiji; if so to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 hat relevant extent is it affected or negatived by the Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 As to the former, we th ink that, so far as local legislation does not provide, the privileges of the English Parliament (of which the sole right of regulating its internal proceedings is one) would attach to the newly created Houses in Fiji}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 It is true}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 that there is no statement in the Fiji Constitutio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 n in the same terms as that of s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ection 49 of the Australian Constitution, which states that until the powers privileges and immunities of the House are declared by Act of Parliament, the powers privileges and immunities of the House sha}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 ll be those of the Commons House of Parliament of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 the United Kingdom at the establishment of the Commonwealth: see }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid15954223 The Queen v. Richards}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 [1957}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9464085 ] }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 92 C.L.R. 157. In Fiji, Article 54(1) gives Parliament power to make provision for the powers privileges an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 d immunities of the two Houses}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 for the purpose of the orderly and effective discharge of the business}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954223 of the two Houses}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 . \par \par The Parliamentary Powers and Privileges Ordinance (Cap. 3) provides for some powers and privileges but does not purport to be an exclusive list and is concerned largely with procedural matters and offences by individuals. It is not in our opinion intended by implication to abolish those establi shed privileges of the House itself, the power to punish for contempt and the exclusive right to control its own internal proceedings. This view receives support from section 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 3 of the Ordinance which reads:-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, a copy of the Journals of the Commons House of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland printed or purporting to be printed by the order or by the Printer of the Commons House aforesaid shall be received as }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16348888 prima facie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 evidence without proof of its being such copy u}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 pon any inquiry touching the privileges, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888\charrsid15930890 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid15930890 mmuniti}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888\charrsid15930890 es}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 and powers of Parliament or of any member thereof.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par Section 17 also contains a reference to the usage and practice of the Commons House of Parliament. A further li nk with the English practice can be seen in the Standing Rules and Orders where, by rule 86 cases of doubt are to be resolved in accordance with the relevant practice of the Commons House of Parliament, and likewise in any cases not provided for in the Fi ji Rules and Orders that practice is to be followed. \par \par By section 22(1) of the Supreme Court Ordinance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 (Cap. 9) the common law, the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 rules of equity and the statutes of general application which were in force in England}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 on the 2nd January, 1875, became law in Fiji (subject, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16348888 inter alia}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 , to any }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 Fiji legisla}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 tion). By section 23 of the same Ordinance such portions of the practice of the English Courts as existed on the date aforesaid (and were not inconsistent with general rules of the Supreme Court) were also bro ught into force. The Ordinance itself, of course, is preserved as an existing law by s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 ection 5(1) of the Fiji Indepen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 dence Order 1970. It would appear that at first the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16348888 lex et}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid16348888 consuetudo Parliamenti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 was regarded as not being part of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 the ordinary law. Sir Edward Cok}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 was apparently of that opinion- }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 see Erskine May}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s Parliamentary Practice (17th Edn.) p. 165 and the authorities cited there. Later, however, the courts }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 came to regard the privileges of}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16348888 Parliament as part of the law of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 the land of which they were bound to take judicial notice (Op. cit. p. 172). Whether, therefore, the privileges of the House to control its own internal proceedings is part of the Common law, or based upon general statute}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 law (e.g. the Bill of Rights) or even if it arose }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 through a d evelopment in court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 practice during the protracted co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 ntroversy on th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 e question between Courts and Parliament, it has, in our op}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 inion, become part of the law of Fiji unless the Constitu}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 tion otherwise requires. We do not think that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 Parliamentary Powers and Privi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 leges Ordinance negatives this position.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 The general jurisdiction of the courts in relation to the Constitu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 tion is conferred by Article 97;}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 special provision is made elsewhere for Chapter 2, and Articles 37, 44(2), 51, 78(3) and 117(1) also apply to special cas}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 es. None of these special provi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 sions affects the question now under co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 nsideration. Article 97 reads:-}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15933287 97(1)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Subject to the provisions of sections 44(2), 78(3) and 117(1) of this Constitution, if any person alleges that any provision of this Con}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 stitution (other than Chapter II}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) has been contravened and that his interests are being or are likely to be affected by such contravention, then , without prejudice to any other action with respect to the same matter which is lawfully available, that person may apply to the Supreme Court for a declaration an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 d}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1462572 for relief under this section.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid1462572 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1462572 (2) The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction, in any appl ication made by any person in pursuance of the preceding subsection or in any oth}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623\charrsid1462572 er proceedings lawfully brought}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1462572 before the Court, to determine whether any provision of this Constitution (other than Chapt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623\charrsid1462572 er II) has been contravened and}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1462572 to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623\charrsid1462572 make a declaration}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1462572 accordingly}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623\charrsid1462572 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid1462572 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863793 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid1462572 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 Provided that the Suprem}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 e Court shall not snake a declaration in pursuance of the jurisdiction conferred by this subsection unless it is satisfied that the interests of the person by whom the application under the preceding subsection is ma de or, in the case of other proceedings before the Court, a party to those proceedin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623 gs, are being or are likely to b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 e affected.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863793 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4219623\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid1462572 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 (3) Where the Supreme Court makes a d}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 eclaration in pursuance of the preceding subsection that any}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 provision of th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 e Constitution has been contra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 vened and the person by whom the application under subsection (1) of this section was made or, in the case of other proceedings before the Court, the party in those proceedings in respect of whom the declaration is made, seeks relief, the S upreme Court may grant to that person such remedy, being a remedy available against any person in any proceedings in the Supreme Court under }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 any law for the time being in force}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 in Fiji, as the Court considers appropriate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863793 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid1462572 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 (4) The Chief Jus}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 tice may make}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 rules with respect to the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court in relation to the jurisdiction and powers }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6095288 confer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181\charrsid6095288 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid6095288 ed upon}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 it by this section (including rules with respect to the time within which applications shall be made under subsection (1) of this section).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863793 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid1462572 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 (5) Nothing in this section shall confer jurisd}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 iction on the Supreme Court to hear or determine any}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 such question as is referred to in section}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 37 or 51 of this Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863793 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 It is Mr Koya}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 s contention that this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Article empowers the Supreme Court to adjudicate in the present case. For the provision of the Constitution alleg}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 edly broken he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 points to Ar}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15930890 ticle 57(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 ) which is as follows}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15930890 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 57(1) The Speak}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 er or in his absence the Deputy Speaker or in their absence a member of the House of Representatives (no}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 t being a Minister or Assistant Minister) elected by the Ho}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 use for the sitting shall pre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 side at any sitting of the House.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid11825736 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11825736 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 Mr Kapadia,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 for the defendants, relied}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 upon Article 54(1) which reads}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15930890 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11825736 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid11825736 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15930890 54(1}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ) Subject to the provisions of this Con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 stitution, each House of Parlia}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ment may regulate its own procedure and may make ru}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 les for that purpose including }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 in particular the orderly }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181 conduct of its own proceedings.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768181\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 This, it is contended, makes the House the complete mas ter of its own procedure and is in conformity with the privilege we have discussed above, of having exclusive jurisdiction in such matters. Mr K}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 apadia also mentioned Article 6}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 9(5) but as Mr Koya, at least before this Court, limited his submissions to the unauthorised replacement of the Speaker by the Deputy Speake}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 r at the two meetings of the 5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 th April 1973}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 , this }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10568614 A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 rticle is not relevant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 The Chief Ju}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 stice dealt with those matters}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 in th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 e following passage of his judgment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9207317 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11825736\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 I reject Mr Koya}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s contention that if the Deputy Speaker presided over the House when the Speaker was neither absent nor unable to attend in the course of a dispute within the walls of the House }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 it is for this Court to decide whether or not he ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ted contrary to the Constitution. Article 57(1), like}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Order 10 of the Standing Orders of the House, recognises the need for someone to preside}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 over the House when it is sitti}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ng and makes provision to ensure that there wi ll be someone to perform that function. In my opinion it was inserted in the Constitution to meet that need and for no other reason. It concerns a matter of procedure and I can find nothing whatever in it to even suggest that its intention is to remove or diminish the power of a House of Parliament in this Dominion to manage a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 nd control its own internal pro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ceedings. It has no more significance in this respect than Order 10 which Mr Koya conceded might justify the contention that the conduct of the fifth defendant was a matter relating to the internal management of the House and, presumably, not subje}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 ct to the control of this Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12481019 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Assuming that the defendant acted contrary to the provisions of the Article and the Order it is for the House alone to pass upon his conduct so long as the rights of persons outsi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 de the House are not affected.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 With respect we agree entirely with what the Chief Justice has said there about the purpose of Article 57(1) being to ensure that there will be someone to preside }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1580874 over the sittings of the House. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 At least in part, it is procedural but, unlike most procedural matters, it has been made a part of the Constitution. That being so, it must be a provision of the Constitution within the wording of Article 97 and contravention of its terms may, provided the other requirements of Article 97 are fu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10883032 lfilled, be the subject of an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 application to the Supreme Court under that Article. The Court would have jurisdiction to ascertain whether there had been a contravention. The Constitution is, by Article 2 thereof, the supreme law, and to any extent that the Parliamentary privilege was inconsistent with it, but only to that extent, the privilege would be void.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10883032\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 It is to be noticed that in an exam}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10883032 ple given by Stephen J. in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10883032\charrsid10883032 Bradl}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10883032 augh v. G}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid10883032 ossett}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid10883032 (supra)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529 at p. 278, he says}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9207317 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529\charrsid2904387 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 The legal question which this statement of the case appears to me to r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529 aise for our decision is this:-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Suppose that the House of Commons forbids one of its members to do that which an Act of Parliament requires him to do, and, in order to enforce its prohibition, directs its executive officer to exclude him from the House by force if necessary, is such an order one which we can declare to be void and restrain the executive officer of the House from carrying out? In my opinion, we have no such power. I think that the House of Commons }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529 is not subject to the control of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 Her Majesty}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s Courts in its administration of that part of the statute-law which has relation to its own internal proceedings, and that the use of such actual force as may be n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529 ecessary to carry into effect s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 uch a resolution as t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529 he one before us is justifiable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-1812\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin-1812\lin0\itap0\pararsid7419106 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 It is one of the functions of a Court so to construe the law as to avoid conflict, if that can properly be done. The passage just quoted from the judgment of St ephens J. indicates that even the statute law will not be examined by the Courts if it relates to the internal proceedings of the House. We think it both permissible and proper to apply that approach to Article 57(1) and}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7733529 to hold that the basic require}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ments that the Speaker, Deputy Speaker or elected Member shall preside are constitutional, and if material business is transacted at a sitting of the House not so presided over it may be a contravention of the Constitution challengeable (by a person qualified) under Article 97. But the decision which of the persons mentioned shall preside is essentially one of internal procedure, which must necessarily be resorted to by the House in deciding the question. In that sphere the privilege mentioned continues to oper ate and the Courts may not inquire whether the House has interpreted the law correctly or not. It has often been said that this particular privilege is one of necessity and it would lead to a chaotic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 situation if any mem}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ber could rush to the Courts for a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 declaration that the election of a mem}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ber to preside was in some way defective. We agree entirely with the Chief Justice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 view that, the rights of persons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 outside the House being unaffected, it was for the House alone to pass upon the conduct of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 the Deputy Speaker in assum}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ing the chair in the circumstances alleged.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 We would therefore uphold the judgment under appeal on this around. There is one matter which should be mentioned, though not fully argue}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 d in the Supreme Court. As Mr Kapadia pointed out, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 section 97 of the Constitution can only be c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 alled in aid by a person who}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 interests are being or are likely to be }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 affected by such contravention}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 . Under Article 97(2) the Court is empowered to make such a declaration in any other proceedings law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 fully brought before the Court,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 but again only where the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9207317\charrsid2904387 person's}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 interests are being or are likely to be affected. The restriction would apply to the plaintiff in the present case, but he has made no claim in either the Writ or the Statement of Claim of such prejudice or likely prejudice to his interests. The qualification is not doubt inserted to prevent irresponsible or futile resort to the Courts.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 We do not propose to attempt to de}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 fine what is meant by the word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15226477 interests}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6823377 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 . What does seem clear is that}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 mere motive, politic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 al or otherwise, is not within the term}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ; furthermore, as an allegation that a person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985006 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 s interests are being or are likely to b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 e affected is made by Article 97}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 prerequisite to the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court, the allegation should be made and the in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 terest specified in the applica}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 tion or pl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2894969 eadings,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 As we have said we did}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 not have }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 the benefit of full argument on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 this question, and do not need to rely upon it, but would point o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 ut that, as the pleadings stand,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 the absen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 ce of a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 n interest must have led to the inevitable failure of the action.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913\charrsid2904387 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 For the reasons we have given}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 the appeal fails and is dismi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 ssed with costs.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913\charrsid2904387 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15408913 Appeal dismissed.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid15408913 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293274\charrsid2904387 \par }}