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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15407046 [}{\insrsid218272\charrsid10289983 1973}{
\insrsid15407046 ]}{\insrsid218272\charrsid10289983  19 FLR 85
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid218272\charrsid10289983 
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\par 
\par SHER MOHAMMED KHAN SHERANl
\par 
\par }{\i\insrsid8729493\charrsid10289983 v.}{\i\insrsid5129925\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5129925\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 MANOHAR JAGROOP AND OTHERS}{\insrsid5129925\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5129925\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s5\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3423119\charrsid10289983 [SUPREME COURT, 1973}{
\insrsid8729493\charrsid10289983  (Tuivaga J.), 24}{\super\insrsid8729493\charrsid10289983 th}{\insrsid8729493\charrsid10289983  October]
\par 
\par }{\insrsid5129925\charrsid10289983 CIVIL JURISDICTION}{\b\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5129925\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Contract}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{
\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 lease and option to purchase beneficial interest in residuary estate}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{
\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 whether
\par such disposition legally enforceable prior to the administration of the estate.
\par }{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Contract}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  \endash  }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 certainty}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 whether contrac}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983 t}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  for lease unenforceable for lack o}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983 f}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  certainty of subject
 matter.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Executors and trustees}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
powers of executors to sell and lease land for the purposes of administration}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
Succession Probate and Administration Ordinance 1970, s. 11 (1) (2) (3)}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid10891292\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
whether purported lease and sale effected in course of administration.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par Under the will of the deceased, the third defendant was given one undivided half share of the residuary estate. The third defendant was granted probate whereupon he agreed with the plaintiff to lease to him his one half undivided share of all the land
 comprised in a particular Certificate of Title together with the shop premises erected thereon. Under the terms of the lease the plaintiff acquired an option to purchase the undivided half share for $2500, which option was }{
\insrsid13177023\charrsid10289983 exercisable}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  at any time during the currency of the lease. A month later the plaintiff exercised his option to purchase.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Subsequently the third defendant was removed from the executorship of the estate and was replaced by the first and second defendants as the new executors. By order of 
the Supreme Court the estate became vested in the first and second defendants. The plaintiff then requested the new executors to transfer to him the third defendant's undivided half share in accordance with their agreement, but the executors refused to ac
knowledge the plaintiff's alleged rights to any part of the estate.
\par 
\par }{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Held:}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
 1. Until the residuary estate had been ascertained in the course of administration and distributed, a residuary legatee and devisee under a will had no claim or any right of dealing 
with his share. In the present case the administration of the estate was still incomplete and the third defendant had no right in his personal capacity to enter into any agreement for a lease.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 2. According to the Succession Probate and Administration Ordi
nance 1970, s. 11(3) the powers of an executor to sell and lease real estate can only be exercised for the purposes of administration. Even if the third defendant was acting as an executor, the purported lease and sale by him of his own undivided half sha
re in the Certificate of Title could not be construed to have been carried out in the course of administration of the estate, but was a private commercial transaction.
\par }{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 3. It was, in any event, impossible to ascertain and identify the particular area and nature of the land which the third defendant purported to lease to the plaintiff.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 Cases referred to:
\par 
\par }{\i\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 Bernado's Homes v. I.R.C.}{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983  [1921] 2 A.C. 1.
\par }{\i\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 Lord Sudeley v. Attorney General}{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983  [1897] A.C.}{\insrsid10289983  }{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 11.
\par }{\i\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 Re Kemnal and Still's Contract}{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983  [1923] 1 Ch. 293.
\par 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Action by the plaintiff against the first and second defendants as executors and the third defendant for breach of agreement for a. lease.
\par }{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\i\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 F. M. K. Sherani}{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983  for the plaintiff.
\par }{\i\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 K. Parshotam}{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983  for the first and second defendants.
\par }{\i\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 R. G. Kermode}{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983  for the third defendant.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 TUIVAGA J.}{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983  [24th October 1973]-
\par 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 This action is brought by the plaintiff against the 1st and 2nd }{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 defendants as }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
executors and trustees of the estate of Sohan Jag Roop s/o Jag Roop and the 3rd defendant for breach of an agreement for a lease allegedly entered into by the plaintiff and the 3rd defendant when the 3rd defendant was executor of the said estate.
\par }{\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 
\par The plaintiff claims -
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 (i) specific performance; or alternatively;
\par 
\par (ii) refund of $1430.50 paid as consideration damages for breach thereof; and
\par 
\par (iii) costs of this action.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11027959\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
The facts in this case are substantially not in dispute and I hold them to be as follows. On the 8th August 1960 Probate No. 6859 in the matter of the estate of Sohan Jag Roop (deceased) was granted to the 3rd defendant an
d one Sanohar s/o Jag Roop who had died prior to the dealing in question. Paragraph 1 of the Will of }{\insrsid15995070 the said Sohan Jag Roop states:}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
I GIVE DEVISE AND BEQUEATH all my real and personal property whatsoever and wheresoever to my}{\super\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  trustees
 UPON TRUST to sell call in and convert into money such parts of my estate as shall not consist of money or of investments (with power in their absolute discretion to postpone such sale calling in or conversion without being responsible for any loss occas
i
oned thereby) and out of the ready moneys of which I shall be possessed at my death and the clear moneys to arise from such sale calling in and conversion to pay my death duties funeral and testamentary expenses and to stand possessed of the residue of th
e proceeds of such sale calling in and conversion and of such investments and of all parts of my estate for the time being unsold (hereinafter called my }{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 residuary estate}{\insrsid8589016 "}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 ) upon the following trusts:
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\i\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (a)}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  t
o divide my residuary estate into two equal parts and to }{\insrsid6643728\charrsid10289983 give one such }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 part to my said son Baldeo absolutely.
\par }{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (b)}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  to divide the other such part into four equal shares and to give one such share to my brother Nohar and his son Balichand as tenants in commo
n in equal shares, and one such share to my brother Manohar, and one}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 such share to my brother Sanohar and one such share to my brother Lalchand.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Thus it is clear that under th}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 e Will one undivided half share}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  of the residuary estate of the testator was to 
be given to the 3rd defendant while the other undivided half share was to be divided in four equal shares and given respectively to the 1st and 2nd defendants and other named beneficia}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 ries. On the 21st September 1967 }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 the plaintiff and the 3rd defendant ent
ered into an agreement (Ex.7) whereby the third defendant agreed to lease to the plaintiff his one undivided half share of all land comprised in Certificate of Title No. 7108 being Lot 1 on Depo}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 
sited Plan No. 2882 containing 1}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  acre, 3 roods and 23.9 perche
s together with the shop premises erected thereon. Under the terms of the lease the plaintiff acquired an option to purchase the 3rd defendant's undivided half share in Certificate of Title No. 7108 for a sum of \'a3
2,500 and this option may be exercised at any time during the currency of the lease. It was further agreed that in the event of the option being exercised by the plaintiff the land would be subdivided and the costs involved would be}{
\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983  paid out of the sum of \'a32,500}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 . On the 12th October, 1967 the plaintiff exercised his option to purchase and paid the 3rd defendant a sum of \'a3
40 In cash being part payment towards the purchase of his one undivided half share in Certificate of Title No. 7108. The operative parts of the agreement whereby the plaintiff exercised his option to purchase are as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
(i) the lessee has this day exercised his option to purchase and has paid the lessor the sum of \'a340 (Forty pounds) in cash being part payment towards the said purchase price of \'a32,500 at the request of the lessor. (The receipt of which said sum of 
\'a340 the lessor doe}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 s hereby admit and acknowledge)}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 ;
\par }{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (ii) the lessor undertakes to proceed with the subdivision of the demised land;
\par }{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (iii) the lessor shall be paid the balance of the purchase price of \'a3
2,650 or such sum as may be due and owing when the subdivision is completed and when the lessor is able to give a title free from all encumbrances at the rate o}{\insrsid8589016 f \'a350 (Fifty pounds) per month."}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 On the 15th September 1968 the 3rd defendant
 was removed from the executorship of the estate of Sohan Jag Roop and was replaced by the 1st and 2nd defendants as the new executors. By the order of the Supreme Court the estate became vested in the 1st and 2nd defendants as executors and trustees. On 
or about the 5th of March 1969 the plaintiff through his solicitors made representations to the 1st and 2nd defendants as executors of the estate to}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983  transfer to him the 3rd defend}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
ant's undivided half share in Certificate of Title No. 7108 in accordance with
 the agreements of 21st September 1967 and 12th October 1967 but the 1st and 2nd defendants have refused to acknowledge the plaintiff's alleged rights to any part of the estate. It is admitted that a total sum of $1,430.50 was paid by the plaintiff to the
 3rd defendant towards the purchase price of his one undivided half share in the said Certificate of Title No. 7108. The plaintiff was and is still ready, willing and able to pay the balance of the purchase price.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Counsel for the plaintiff submits that the
 agreement to lease the 3rd defendant's undivided half share in Certificate of Title No. 7108 and the exercise of this option to purchase same was binding at law in as much as the 3rd defendant as executor}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983  }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 at the material time had powers by virtue of Section 11 of the Succession, Probate and Administration Ordinance, 1970 to enter into a lease or sale of the testat}{\insrsid1452645\charrsid10289983 
or's land. Section 11 provides:-}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 11.}{
\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (1) The real as well as the personal estate of every deceased person shall be assets in the hands of the e
xecutor to whom probate has been granted, or administrator, for the payment of all duties and fees and of the debts of the deceased in the ordinary course of administration.
\par }{\insrsid3298616\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (2) No executor or administrator shall by virtue of such office have or exercise any right of retainer in priority to the other creditors of the estate in respect of any debt due to him.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (3) An executor to whom probate has been granted, or administrator, may, for the purposes of administration, sell or lease such real estate, or mortg
age the same, with or without a power of sale, and assure the same to a purchaser or mortgagee in as full and effectual a manner as the deceased could have done in his lifetime.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3298616\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Apart from the above provisions which give wide powers to the 3rd defendant as executor of the estate the 3rd defendant as a beneficiary and }{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 sui juris}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  was entitled to enter into an agreement in his personal capacity to lease or sell his }{\insrsid1189089\charrsid10289983 interest in }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Certificate of Title No. 7108.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Counsel for the 3rd defendant has made submissions 
with which counsel for the 1st and 2nd defendants has expressed full agreement. Counsel for the 3rd defendant submits that at the material time the 3rd defendant had no vested title in the land in question as to enable him to dispose of it by way of lease
 or sale. It follows that there was no b}{\insrsid1453584\charrsid10289983 inding contract. Thus as there }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
could not have been any breach of contract the question of specific performance cannot possibly arise in the circumstances of this case. Counsel referred to the following statem}{\insrsid8589016 ent in paragraph 367 of Halsbury}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 's}{\insrsid352440\charrsid10289983  Laws of England (2nd Edition):-}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
Want of mutuality is in general a ground for refusing a judgment of specific performance: if a contract cannot be enforced against one party by reason of circumstances existing at the date of th}{\insrsid352440\charrsid10289983 
e contract, such as personal in}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
capacity or the nature of the contract, that party will not be enabled to enforce the contract against the other party. Thus............ a vendor of property in or over which he had no estate or power at th
e time of the sale may be met by this fact as a defence to a suit by him of specific performance.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid352440\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Counsel also referred this Court to paragraphs 382 and 385 which state:}{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
382. Where it is sought to enforce specific performance of a contract, the Court must be satisfied (1) that there is a concluded contract in fact; (2) that the contract so }{\insrsid352440\charrsid10289983 concluded is not incomplete by }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 reason that the parties have failed to agree, expressly or by implic}{\insrsid15995070 ation, on some essential matter;}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  (3) that the contract is precise 
and certain, or, in other words, that, although all essential matters may have been dealt with, there is not such uncertainty and vagueness that exact performance cannot be ordered.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 385. The Court,}{\insrsid1453584\charrsid10289983  before enforcing a contract, must}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  be satisfied that it is certain.
\par }{\insrsid352440\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Uncertainty may arise in various ways, whic}{\insrsid352440\charrsid10289983 h may be classified as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
(1) where the contract is so vague in its general terms that the obligations of the parties are not ascertainable; (2) Where the subject}{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 matter of the contract }{
\insrsid1453584\charrsid10289983 is not sufficiently identified}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 ; (3) Where the parties are not sufficiently}{\insrsid352440\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid6912912\charrsid10289983 identified; }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (4) Where in the case of a sale, the price is not ascertained; and (5) Where some material t}{\insrsid6912912\charrsid10289983 erm of the contract is omitted.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6912912\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 It is also submitted that the agreement was oppressive as against the 3rd defendant. Under the terms of the agreement he was requi}{\insrsid6912912\charrsid10289983 red to pay the costs of the sub}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 division out of his own purchase price of the lease i.}{\insrsid1453584\charrsid10289983 e}{\insrsid8589016 .}{\insrsid1453584\charrsid10289983  }{\insrsid6912912\charrsid10289983 out of \'a32500. In this connec}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 tion Counsel refers to paragraph 414 which states:}{\insrsid3432886\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 The disc
retion of the Court to grant specific performance is not exercised if the contract is not }{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 equal and fair.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
 In such a case, even though no fraud such as to justify rescission is alleged, the Court does not int}{\insrsid3432886\charrsid10289983 erfere to enforce the contract.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3432886\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 It is also submitted that supervision of the Court }{\insrsid1453584\charrsid10289983 would be required for specific}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
 performance. The testator's Will does not make any specific devise to the 3rd defendant whose share must await the ascertainment of the residuary estate.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Thus they will be faced with an 
overwhelming practical problem of enforcement. Furthermore it is submitted that the agreement to lease or the option to purchase is legally unenforceable on the ground of uncertainty of the land purported to be demised.
\par }{\insrsid15034364\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 On the evidence adduced before this
 Court I think it is quite clear that the 3rd defendant purported to enter into the agreement for lease with the plaintiff not in his capacity as executor of the estate but in his personal capacity. The real question therefore is whether the 3rd defendant
 
could legally dispose of his beneficial interest in the residuary estate by way of lease or sale in his personal capacity and before the estate has been administered. It is clear from the authorities that until the residuary estate has been ascertained in
 the course of administration and distributed a residuary legatee or devisee under a will has no claim or any right whatsoever of dealing with his share. The legal position is summarised in Parry's Law of Succession (4th E}{
\insrsid15034364\charrsid10289983 dition) at page 225 as follows:-}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
A residuary legatee or devisee, however}{\insrsid15034364\charrsid10289983 , has no claim to any of the de}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
ceased's estate in specie nor to any part of that estate until the residue is ascertained. His right is to have the estate administered and then applied for his benefit.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15034364\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 In support of the above statement the case of }{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Bernado's Homes v. I.R.C.}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  [1921] 2 A.C.}{\insrsid8589016  1}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
 was cited amongst others. In that case Viscount Cave at page 10 observed:
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
When the personal estate (and undoubtedly including real estate) of a testator has been full
y administered by his executors and the net residue ascertained, the residuary legatee is entitled to have the residue as so ascertained, with any accrued income, transferred and paid to him; but until that time he has no property in any specific investme
nt forming part of the estate or in the income from any such investment, and both corpus and income are the property of the executors and are applicable by as a mixed fund for the purposes of administration.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 A similar observation was made in the same case by Viscount Finlay where at page 8 he said}{\insrsid15034364\charrsid10289983 :}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
It appears to me that the present case is really decided by the decision of this House in }{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Lord Sudeley's}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  case [1897] A.C. 11. It was pointed out in that case that
 the legatee of a share in a residue has no interest in any of the property of the testator until the residue has been ascertained. His right is to have the estate properly administered and applied for his benefit when the administration is complete.}{
\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15034364\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 In similar vein Lord Atkinson at page 11 said:
\par }{\insrsid15034364\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 The case of }{
\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 Lord Sudeley v. Attorney}{\i\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 General}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
 [1897] A.C. 11 decided in this House conclusively established that until the claims against the testator's estate for debts, legacies, test}{\insrsid15995070 a}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 mentary expenses, etc., h
ave been satisfied, the residue does not come into actual existence. It is a non}{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
existent thing until that event has occurred. The probability that there will be a residue is not enough. It must be actually ascertained.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 There is no evidence that at the t
ime of the purported lease to the plaintiff the residuary estate had been ascertained and administered in accordance with the will nor is there any evidence that Certificate of Title No. 7108 forms part of the residuary estate of the testator and in which
 he was to take one undivided half share. In these circumstances I would infer that administration of the estate was still in process and is not yet complete so that the 3rd defendant had no}{\insrsid1654775\charrsid10289983  }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 right in his personal capacity at the material time to enter into an agreement}{\insrsid1654775\charrsid10289983  for a lease with the plaintiff}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
 in the manner which he purported to have done. It fo}{\insrsid1654775\charrsid10289983 llows in my opinion that the agreement to lease and th}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 e option to purchase cannot be legally enforced.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 If contrary to my finding of fact}{\insrsid2040691\charrsid10289983 ,}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  the 3rd defendant was
 indeed acting as executor of the estate when he purported to lease and sell the land in question, the plaintiff would still have to overcome in my opinion th}{\insrsid2040691\charrsid10289983 e difficulty raised by section }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 11 of the Succession, Probate and Administration Ordinance. I do no
t think the section gives an executor such wide powers of leasing and sale of land as counsel for the plaintiff contends. Subsection (3) thereof makes this I think quite clear. It states:}{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 (3)}{
\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 -}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 An executor to whom probate has been granted, or administrator, may, for the purposes of administration, sell or lease such}{\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 
 real estate or mortgage the sam}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 e, with or without a power of sale, and assure the same to a purchaser or mortgagee in }{\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 as}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  }{
\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 full and effectu}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 al a manner as the deceased could have clone in his lifetime.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 According to these provisions the powers of an executor to sell or lease real estate can only be exercised for the }{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 purposes of administration}{\insrsid8589016 "}{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 . This is a restriction which has always been recognized in this bran}{\insrsid16139003\charrsid10289983 ch of the}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  law. (See }{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid15995070 
Re Kemnal and Still's Contract}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  [1923] 1 Ch. 293). On the evidence before this Court I do not think it can be said that the purported lease and sa}{\insrsid16139003\charrsid10289983 le by the executor of his own }{
\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 beneficial interest in the form of one undivided half share in Certificate of Title }{\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 No. }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 7108 was done in the course of administration of the es}{
\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 tate. I think there can be no }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
doubt that the arrangement between the executor of the estate and the plaintiff concerning Certificate of Title No. 7108 was more in the nature of a commercial deal
ing quite unrelated to any question of realization of assets of the testator. These statutory provisions would therefore appear to afford little or no assistance to the plaintiff in support of his claim.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 There is a further difficulty against the plaintiff
's claim arising from the contention which I wholly accept that the contract for a lease is unenforceable for lack of certainty of the subject matter of the contract. The description of the property, the subject matter of the alleged lease, is in the foll
owing terms:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9046634 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 
lease of one undivided half share of all that land comprised in Certificate of Title No. 7108 being Lot 1 on Deposited Plan No. 2882 containing 1 acre 3 roods and 23.9 perches together with the shop premises erected thereon and more particula
rly delineated in the sketch p}{\insrsid16139003\charrsid10289983 lan annexed hereto and marked }{\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 RED to which the lessor is beneficially entitled.}{\insrsid8589016 "}{\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10289983 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 As matters stand and having regard to the evidence it would be impossible to ascertain and identify the particular area}{\insrsid16139003\charrsid10289983  and nature}{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983  of the land w
hich the 3rd defendant purported to lease to the plaintiff. This was not ascertained nor can it possibly be ascertained even with parol evidence because there are other beneficiaries who are also entitled by way of undivided shares in the same residuary e
state and in particular in Certificate of Title No. 7108 and who clearly have not been consulted about the purported lease of the property in question to the plaintiff.
\par }{\insrsid5204103\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 For the reasons I have indicated in the foregoing the substantive action against the defendants}{\insrsid16139003\charrsid10289983  must }{\insrsid2179439\charrsid10289983 
fail and is accordingly dismissed. The payment by the plaintiff to the 3rd defendant of a sum of $1430.50 having been admitted, a refund thereof is ordered. The plaintiff must pay the costs of the 1st and 2nd defendants. No order as to cost i
s made as between the plaintiff and 3rd defendant who must each bear his own costs.
\par }{\insrsid14549179\charrsid10289983 
\par }{\i\insrsid2179439\charrsid15995070 Plaintiff's action dismissed.}{\i\insrsid2179439 
\par }{\insrsid15995070\charrsid15995070 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15995070 {\insrsid15995070\charrsid15995070 -------------------------------------------------
\par }}