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{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\f41\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Verdana;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f336\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f337\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f339\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f340\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f341\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f346\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f347\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}
{\f349\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f350\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f351\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f352\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}
{\f353\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f354\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f356\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f357\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f359\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f360\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f361\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f362\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f363\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f364\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f676\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f677\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f679\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f696\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f697\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f699\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f700\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\f703\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f704\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\f706\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f707\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\f709\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f710\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f713\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f714\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\f746\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f747\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}{\f749\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;}{\f750\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}
{\f753\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}{\f754\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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\par Criminal Jurisdiction
\par 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144 v
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\par Gould V.P., Marsack J.A., Perry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14962142 J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10891196 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 Criminal law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 
principles of criminal liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 mens rea\emdash manslaughter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 unlawful act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 causing death}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 
must be recognisable as subjecting the other to risk of harm, though not serious harm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962142  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 
Penal Code (Cap. 11) s.227.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 The appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
s conviction of manslaughter was based on evidence that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 the deceased died as a result of strangulation at his hands. On the appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 it was argued that the trial judge had erred in law by not directing himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 and the assessors that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  was an essential ingredient of the offence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 of manslaughter and that the prosecution had fa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196 iled to prove it at the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2766885\charrsid10891196 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  1. The law as state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10891196 d in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196  Church}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  (post) is that to justify}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 a conviction of manslaughter the unlawful act relied upon must be such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 as all sober and reasonable people woul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196 d inevitably recognise must sub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
ject the other person to, at least the risk of some harm resulting th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196 ere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 from, albeit not serious harm.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10891196 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 The trial judge had directed the assessors and himself in those terms and it was not necessary for him to introduce the technical term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 The trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2766885\charrsid10891196 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 s finding that the appellant knew that his unlawful act would subject the deceased to at least the risk of some harm resulting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 therefrom, was amply supported by the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2766885\charrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 t was a case in which the court was bound to presume, because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 
 there was nothing to suggest the contrary, that the appellant intended the consequences that would naturally folow from the exercise of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 degree of force used.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10891196 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10891196 The Queen v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196  Sharmpal Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  [1962}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196 
] AC 188; [1962] 2 WLR 238, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 applied.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 Quaere:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  Whether the law as stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 Church}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  (post) applies in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
in view of section 227 of the Penal Code.
\par Other cases referred to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196  Church}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  [1966] 1 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  59; [1965] 2 All ER }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 72.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 Bharat v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196  The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  [1959] AC 533; [1959] 3 All ER }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 292.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10891196\charrsid10891196 Lee Chun Chuen v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196  Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  [1963] AC 220; [1963] 1 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 73.
\par Appeal against conviction and sentence in the Supreme Court for the offence of manslaughter: reported only on the question of mens rea.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 S. M. Koya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 Ram Krishna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  for the appellant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid10891196 G. Mishra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  for the respondent.
\par The facts sufficiently appear from the judgment of the court.
\par 6th April 1972
\par Judgment of the Court (read by Gould V.P.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
The appellant was convicted by the Supreme Court of Fiji at Lautoka on the 8th November, 1971, of the offence of manslaughter. He had been charged with the murder of a woman named Mohmoodan Nisha on the 15th April, 1971, before a judge and three
 assessors: after a retirement of eighteen minutes the assessors returned and expressed three different}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2766885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 individual opinions. One considered the accused to be not guilty of either murder or manslaughter, one was of the opinion that he was not guilty of murd
er but guilty of manslaughter, and the third considered him guilty of murder. This rather unusual diversity of opinion cannot have been of great assistance to the learned trial Judge, who, as we have indicated, gave judgment convicting the accused of mans
laughter.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
It will be necessary to outline the main facts. The deceased was about 25 years of age, married, but separated from her husband since 1969. The appellant in his unsworn statement in court said that she was his girl friend and that he had been inti
mate with her. She was about three months pregnant at the time of her death. On the date mentioned in the charge, Subramani, a taxi driver drove the appellant and the deceased from Lautoka along King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s Road in direction of Ba. At a certain point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
on the road the appellant requested Subramani to stop. The two passengers alighted and crossed the road in the direction of the sea \emdash 
 a cane-field lies along on that side of the road. Before leaving, the appellant requested Subramani to return after an hour, the time being then approximately 4.45 p.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10891196 
\par A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 little over an hour later Subramani returned to the same spot and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
sounded the horn. He was joined by one Ward Raju, a fisherman but also the owner of the canefield. The appellant emerged from the cane-field shortly a
fterwards and alone. There was a conversation between the three men to which we will refer in greater detail later. At this stage it is sufficient to say that the trial Judge accepted Subramani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s version of it, and that the important aspect of the matter is that the appellant, in reply to questions, said that the girl was scared and was not coming}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 out, that she had told the appellant to go, and that she herself would go to Ba. Subramani then drove the appellant back to Lautoka.
\par Ward Raju joined his brother 
Mahadeo and the two entered the cane-field and found the deceased lying in the cane. Ward Raju at first thought she was "pretending" but Mahadeo felt for a pulse at her wrist and breast and then thought she was dead. Neither noticed any injuries. The two 
brothers left the deceased as she lay and Ward Raju made his way to Ba and reported to the police. He returned with the police van and showed the police where the body lay.
\par Meanwhile Mahadeo had taken five people from another car to see the "body" \emdash  he said that no one inteferred with it. After that he waited on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 the road until the police arrived. The time at which the body was discovered cannot be fixed with certainty, but, in addition to Subramani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s evidence, there was an estimate of 6 p.m. by Ward Raju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196 s daughter Par}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
wati, who based her evidence upon the arrival of a bus. One Chandar Singh, whose car was stopped at the scene, put it at 5.45 p.m. Police Corporal Salik Ram said that Chandar Singh reported the matter to him at Ba at 7.38 p.m. \emdash  that he picked u
p Ward Raju and was at the scene by 7.55 p.m. He stayed there until a party of Lautoka police arrived. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
relevance of the question of time will appear later in this judgment.
\par With the Lautoka police party was Dr. Eseroma Daulako, who found that the deceased was dead, saw superficial bruising in part of the neck and evidence of free blood in the mouth. The trial Judge found the time of his examination to have been 8.18 p.m.

\par Later that night the appellant was interviewed by the police. The C admissibility o
f the evidence of what he then said to A.S.P. Muniappa Swami was the subject of a trial within a trial in the Supreme Court but the evidence was admitted and that question has not been raised again on the appeal. The material part of the appellant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s statement is as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10891196 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 "A. I will tell the truth. I took Mohmoodan to Tavarau in Sub- D ramani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s car. Myself and Mohmoodan got down off at Tavarau and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
told Subramani to pick after an ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14962142 ur. The car left and I took Moh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 moodan into the cane field. In the cane fi
eld, we had some quarrel because Mohmoodan wanted to come and live at my home like my wife. I told her that my relatives were not willing but Mohmoodan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 did not agree to that. Then I gave her 3 or 4 slaps. Mohmoodan began to get hold of me. I punched her on
ce on the face and she E fell beside a stone and became unconscious. Mohmoodan was lying on the ground and I was sitting. In the meanwhile, I heard the tooting of the car. I left Mohmoodan there and came by the car. Subramani asked me where is the girl. I
 told lies to Subramani that girl would go away to Ba."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10891196 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 Finally, in relating the case against the appellant, there is the evidence of Dr. Michael Sorokin, Medical Superintendent of Lautoka }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14962142 
Hospital who performed the post}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 mortem. We will set out the relevant portion of his evidence verbatim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10891196 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 "On external examination, number of marks, i" abrasion and bruise, angle of right jaw.
\par {\listtext\tab}Bruis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138250 e \'be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 " x }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138250 \'bc }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 " on right chin. Small bruise in mid-line of throat about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138250 \'bc }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 ".
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13661161 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 
Superficial bruise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138250 \'bd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 " under right breast. In the region o
f lower vulva, a few small cracks in the skin. They were fresh bruises in the region of the neck. These were injuries apparently.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 I then opened up the body.
\par {\listtext\tab}Thoracic cavity \emdash  bruising of the larynx immediately inferior to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 the vocal cord. There was slight c
urling of the epiglottis and no other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 vocal cords. Bruising were fresh brui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161 
sing. Police photographer photo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 graphed the opened neck. Ex. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138250 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
 shown. There is bruising but does not appear clearly.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161\charrsid2766885 Slight curling of epiglottis is pressure of cartridge right on top of larynx. The bruising of larynx and curling of epiglottis is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 evidence of other injuries. Larynx is part of the throat surrounds consistent with asphyxia.
\par {\listtext\tab}I opened scalp. I found no abnormality. I examined cranial cavity. No abnormality. Blood vessels were normal.
\par {\listtext\tab}Abdominal cavity \emdash  stomach contained small amount of digested food.
\par {\listtext\tab}Uterus contained a foetus which I estimated 3 months. She was pregnant. Abdominal cavity otherwise normal.
\par {\listtext\tab}In my opinion, I thought cause of death was asphyxia due to strangulation."
\par {\listtext\tab}There was no cross-examination of Dr. Sorokin.
\par {\listtext\tab}The appellant called no witnesses but made a long unsworn statement. After describing in greater detail the quarrel in the canefield about whether he should take the deceased to live with him, he continued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
"I said I would not be able to keep her in that way and then she started holding me, even tried to kiss me, sir, as usually she did in all the other occasions. I tried to move away from her and she came up again holding me then I slapped her. That 
slapping is not anything new, sir, as on many other occasions I have slapped her and also received slaps from her. But on that occasion, when I slapped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2766885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 her she had an umbrella in her hand and I don}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 t know what came in her mind she tried to use that on me.
 I grabbed hold of the umbrella and while snatching it away from her she fell down. She fell down and quickly sat up, then I asked her to stand up and she did not. Then at that time I heard voices on the road and when I asked her, she did not get up. I ca
ught hold of her both hands and wanted to make her stand up but she started yelling and became sort}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13661161  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 of stubborn. Then I left her and I asked her again to get up and to go with me to Lautoka. I said that "I would drop you in town and you can go to your auntie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
s place." But she said she was not going back to Lautoka. Then I told her as I have said that I heard noises outside, that noise was made by some man and one particular word was something like he was trying to swear and relating to that I told her that s
ome people outside seem to be angry. I said if we could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13661161  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
go out as quickly as possible and to that she was scared and when I insisted that she come back to Lautoka with me she said it was waste of time asking her to go to Lautoka and she would go to Ba and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13661161  I should go to Lautoka. Then I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 came out on to the road and called the taxi driver."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13661161 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 The first ground of appeal is that the trial Judge erred in law in not directing the assessors on the question of provocation. Counsel did not rely upon provocation in his 
closing address at the trial and we venture to think this ground is only now put forward by reason of the following passage in the judgment of the trial Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13661161 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 "Bearing this in mind, I feel now that there is a possibility of some provocation on the part o
f the deceased as a result the accused strangled her. In my summing up to the Assessors, I did not direct them on the question of provocation because there is strictly no sufficient material before the Court to call for a direction on that question but af
t
er reconsidering the matter, I feel that there might have been some provocation. Apart from this, after reviewing the whole of the evidence and the circumstances of this case, I am left in doubt whether at the material time the accused intended to kill he
r or even cause her grievous harm. I am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161  also in doubt whether he knew }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
that what he was doing will probably cause the death of or do grievous harm to the deceased; although I am satisfied that when he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
was pursuing the unlawful act which caused the deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161 s death}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
 he knew that it would subject the deceased to at least the risk of some harm resulting therefrom."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13661161 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 It will be noticed that the real basis of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173 e reduction of the offence to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
manslaughter was that the trial Judge was in doubt as to the intention of th
e appellant, but counsel argues that as he also appears to have accepted provocation as a possibility, he should have left that possibility to the assessors. The argument continues along the well known line based on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9111173\charrsid9111173 R v Bharat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  [1959] 3 All ER }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 292, that the
 trial Judge disabled himself from receiving the opinions of the assessors based upon a proper direction. In the present case, of course, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173 the argument (if valid) could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 have weight in relation to only one of the three assessors \emdash  one was already in favour o
f manslaughter and one of complete acquittal. We are, however, unable to appreciate how a direction on the subject of provocation could (properly appreciated by the assessors) have resulted in a more favourable verdict than the one actually arrived at. Le
gal provocation can only reduce murder to manslaughter. Finally, with all respect to the trial Judge we consider that his bel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661161 ated doubts on the subject of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 provocation were entirely unnecessary. Nowhere in the evidence, or of the two unsworn statements of th
e appellant, do we find material fit to be left to assessors as a basis for provocation in law. Even the alleged assault with an umbrella was the result of slaps administered by the appellant and could never, in the circumstances, be regarded even as a pr
ovocative incident. In no way could it, or any other aspect of the evidence, form a substratum upon which could be based findings of an act of provocation, loss of self control and proportionate retaliation, all of which are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14962142  recognised in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14962142\charrsid14962142 Lee Chun Chuen v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid14962142  Reginam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14962142  [1963] 1 All ER }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 73 as integral components of provocation in law.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 The second ground of appeal reads as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
 the Learned Trial Judge erred in law and in fact in not directing the Assessors and himself, firstly that Doctor Sorokin had given inconclusive opinion as to the cause of the deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s death, secondly that Doctor Sorokin had not furnished to the Court with the necessary scientific criteria for testing the accuracy of his conclusions,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 thirdly that Prosecution Witnesses Ward Raju and Mahadeo had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
given inclusive opinion on the Prosecution assertion that the deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
was dead when they saw her body in the cane field on the afternoon of the 15th April, 1971 and fourthly that in the particular circumstances the only available evidence on the question of pronoucement of death was that of Doctor Daulako."}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 As we understand the argument under this head it is that:\emdash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af0\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a) \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 Dr. Sorokin's evidence was insufficient to establish death by manual or any other form of strangulation;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af0\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b) \tab}That the trial Judge went 
too far in finding on the basis of the evidence of Ward Raju and Mahadeo that when they saw the deceased in the canefield she was dead;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af0\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c) \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
That the first time at which the evidence establishes that death had occurred is at 8.15 p.m. when Dr. Daulako saw the deceased; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af0\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d) \tab}
As a result the possibility that her death had been caused by some third party had not been excluded. In this latter connection counsel pointed out that a track leading to the sea was near at hand.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 As to point (a) we have set out Dr. Sorokin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s
 evidence above. Counsel made a point of the words used by the doctor "In my opinion, I thought cause of death was etc." as implying some doubt \emdash 
 not a firm opinion. We see no reason to put such a construction upon the words. The injuries had been detailed and the doctor gave his opinion. He was not challenged upon it in cross-examination. In relation to this, counsel for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 the appellant said in his closing address that he was "not fool enough" to cross-examine the two doctors. It can be assumed that he meant
 he was not going to fill in gaps in the Crown case, but the result is that the doctor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
s opinion stood unchallenged. The court was therefore entitled to accept the evidence of strangulation, rely upon the evidence of the surrounding circumstances in decidi
ng whether it was manual, or one of the other types of strangulation to which counsel referred e.g. by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
ligature, self-inflicted or accidentally caused. We agree that the medical evidence was not very full but in the context of the whole case it was sufficient, if the court accepted it.
\par As to point (b) we have no hesitation in rejecting this contention. Ward Raju and Mahadeo were not permitted to testify as to what they had said to each other at the relevant time but the narrative leaves no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 doubt that having
 examined the deceased they thought she was dead. They left the body untouched and reported to the Police. Mahadeo said that, after feeling her pulse he thought she was dead. Earlier impressions by Ward Raju that she was pretending,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885  that she look normal, and Maha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 deo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
s statement that "her eyes were open but they were not open as of living person" do nothing to detract from the total effect of the evidence. The witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  failure to notice bruises seen later by medical experts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 does not appear surprising. The 
opinion of Ward Raju and Mahadeo was, of course, not an expert one but when the trial judge pronounced himself as fully satisfied that the deceased was dead when found, he would not be excluding from his mind the subsequent evidence that the body was left
 untouched and that at 8.15 she was found to be dead by a medical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
witness. The trial Judge referred to that, and added that there was nothing in evidence to show or even suggest that death occurred after Ward Raju and Mahadeo saw the body. We have no criticism of the trial Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s handling of this question of fact. There is therefore no need to refer to point (c) above.
\par We turn to point (d) and would observe that in relation to it the argument under point (a) does not appear of very great moment. If the dece
ased died at the hands of some unknown, it could presumably have been by strangulation. We have noted some of the times above. The deceased was found after a search of some 6 or 7 minutes. If that was about 6 p.m. it was less than two hours afterwards tha
t police were on the scene \emdash 
 in the meantime Mahadeo had shown the deceased to a party of five, and had waited on the road for the remainder of the time. Even if Ward Raju and Mahadeo were wrong in supposing the deceased to be dead when found, the possibili
ty of her having been strangled by a passer-by in the intervening periods can in our view be safely and completely discarded.
\par The third ground in the Notice of Appeal is as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 "(c) THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
 the Learned Trial Judge erred in law and in fact in not directi
ng the Assessors and himself when considering the circumstantial evidence adduced by the Prosecution the full significance of my conversation on the 15th April, 1971 after my return from the cane field with the Prosecution Witnesses Subramani and Ward Raj
u and whether my conduct as a whole at that time was consistent with the conduct of an innocent man."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 The argument on this ground was prefaced by criticism of the trial Judge for having accepted Subramani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9111173 s version of the conversation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  between Subramani and 
Ward Raju on the one hand and the appellant on the other, when the latter emerged from the cane field. More particularly the submission was, that in accepting the whole of Ward Raju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s evidence except his version of that conversation, the trial Judge was being inconsistent.
\par What Subramani said was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 "Accused got into the front of the car and said, "Let}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s go." I said "Where is the girl?"
\par {\listtext\tab}Accused said that the girl was scared and that is why she was not coming out and that she had told him to go and she would go to Ba.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
Ward Raju said that it was not a good thing to bring girls and leave them alone and go away. When he said this the accused said "What can I do. I called her and she doesn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 t want to come. She told me to go and she would go to Ba."
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 I told him to go and fetch the girl and that the fisherman will not do anything to him.
\par {\listtext\tab}He said that what could he do, she was not coming. I told the fisherman that if the girl came out, not to say anything to her. After that I Left and drove off."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 The material point of Ward Raju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s evidence was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
"I told him to fetch the girl and take her away. He said that the girl wanted to come but he did not want to take her away. I asked "Why don}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 t you want to take her?" He said that his parents would get annoyed and that is why he di
d not want to take her. I said that if that was so why did he bring the girl. Then I said where would she go then. Then he said she would go to Ba when the bus arrives."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 As counsel for the Crown pointed out, Ward Raju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
s version presents the appellant in a 
slightly less favourable light than that of Subramani: therefore we consider there is no materiality in this point and do not feel called upon to discuss the right of a judge, in the infinite variety of circumstances in which he finds himself, to accept t
he evidence of a witness in part while rejecting another part.
\par The basic argument under this ground of appeal was that the conduct of the appellant at this stage was that of an innocent man. He did not try to conceal that the deceased was in the cane field 
or say she had disappeared. As part of the circumstantial evidence this factor should have been given weight. For ourselves we would not be inclined to say that the conduct of the appellant at that point was more consistent with innocence than guilt. If g
uilty he would know that the discovery of the body would be inevitable. But the point is that the assessors were reminded of the conversation and the trial judge obviously kept it in mind. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9111173\charrsid2766885 question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885  of weight was for them: we find no materiality in this ground.
\par The fourth ground of appeal alleges failure by the trial Judge to direct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
the assessors upon the possibility of death having been caused by accident. Counsel used the word "accident" here in the sense of accidental death caused, after a push a blow 
by the appellant, by a fall, perhaps against a stone. Such a direction by a judge must of course, be based on evidence or upon a reasonable inference from evidence. In the present case there is only the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s statement to A.S.P. Muniappa Swami that "I punched her once on the face and she fell beside a stone and became}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 unconscious." There is evidence of a stone nearby. But counsel for the appellant conceded that such a defence depended for its validity upon the cause of death having been other than str
angulation. The medical evidence showed that there were no injuries to the body other than those which pointed to asphyxia. That being the case, there can be no criticism of the trial Judge for not having directed the assessors on that point.
\par The fifth ground is expressed as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 (e) THAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 the Learned Trial Judge erred in law in not directing the Assessors and himself that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
 was an essential ingredient of the offence of Manslaughter and that the Prosecution had failed to prove this element of proof at the trial."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 Counsel based his argument upon the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9111173\charrsid9111173 R v Church }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9111173 [1965] 2 All ER }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
72 in which the Court of Appeal, after saying that the passage of years had achieved a transformation in the old law under which any unlawful act to a human being res
ulting in death justified a conviction for manslaughter, stated the present law to be as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
"For such a verdict inexorably to follow, the unlawful act must be such as all sober and reasonable people would inevitably recognise must subject the other persons to, at least the risk of some harm resulting therefrom albeit not serious harm."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9111173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 We are rather at a loss to understand why this ground of appeal has been put forward, for the trial Judge adapted the relevant words from the passage just cited, both 
in his direction to the assessors and in his own judgment. It would not have helped the assessors if he had introduced the technical term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 . In his judgment he said that he was satisfied that when the appellant was pursuing the unlawful act which caused the deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s death, he knew that it would subject the deceased to at least the risk of some harm resulting therefrom.
\par In this finding the trial judge was amply supported by the evidence. It was not a case like that of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 The Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9111173\charrsid9111173 
ueen v Sharmpal Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  [1962] AC 188 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
in which there were circumstances rendering the use of some degree of force permissible, and in which the verdict of manslaughter was based on evidence that more than the permissible degree had been used. In the present case the appellant had at 
no time given any explanation of how the deceased came to die of asphyxia. Therefore once the evidence established that it was the appellant who inflicted the injuries found on her body (here we paraphrase words used by the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 Sharmpal Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2766885\charrsid9111173 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
 case) the court was bound to presume, because there was nothing to suggest the contrary, that the appellant intended the consequences that would naturally follow from the exercise of the degree of force used. The degree of force was indicated by the medi
cal evidence and in our opinion, the trial Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s finding was fully justified.
\par We would add that whether the law as stated in Church}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 
s case is applicable in Fiji, where section 227 of Penal Code provides specifically that any person who by an unlawful act
 causes the death of another person is guilty of manslaughter, is not a question which it is necessary for us to consider. The Privy Council in Sharmpal Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2766885\charrsid2766885 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6248144\charrsid2766885 s case had to give effect to a similar section of the Penal Code of Kenya, and at one point of th
eir judgment used the words "the only question under the Code is whether that act is unlawful." Whether that statement would have been qualified in a different set of circumstances is not a question upon which we need express any opinion. It is enough tha
t the trial Judge placed upon the law the construction more favourable to the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248144 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173\charrsid2766885 The final ground of appeal is that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138250 verdict is unreasonable and can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173\charrsid2766885 
not be supported having regard to all the evidence. We have set out above in outline the establis
hed facts, and discussed the various matters raised on the appeal. It is implicit in what we have already said that in our opinion this ground of appeal cannot succeed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173\charrsid2766885 In the final result we do not find merit in any of the grounds of appeal and the appeal
 against conviction is accordingly dismissed. There is an appeal also against the sentence of seven years'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173  imprisonment passed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111173\charrsid2766885 
the trial Judge. We do not find that to be wrong in principle or manifestly excessive, and that appeal also is dismissed.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9111173\charrsid9111173 Appeals dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248144\charrsid9111173 
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