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Native land - agreement for sale and purchase of native leasehold - deposit paid but no further implementation of agreement - sale 
subject to consent of Native Land Trust Board - vendor failing to lodge application for consent and making default - legal position of agreement in absence of consent - agreement inchoate and inoperative - whether damages recoverable: - Native Land Trust 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
The appellant company entered into an agreement with the respondent for the sale and purchase of a parcel of land held under a native lease. A deposit was paid but there was no further implementation of the agreement. The con
sent of the Native Land Trust Board to the transaction was necessary by virtue of section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance and the respondent signed and passed to the appellant company the necessary application form; the appellant company failed to p
roceed with the matter and sold the land to a third party. In the Supreme Court the respondent was awarded damages for breach of contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
: 1. The agreement was one in which the parties intended to effect the transfer of the native lease after satisf
ying the requirements of the law as to the consent of the Native Land Trust Board; not having been implemented in any way except by payment of the deposit the agreement had not been vitiated by lack of the consent. ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
2. Pending the granting of the consent the agreement was inchoate or inoperative and could not therefore be made the basis of an action for damages when the consent was not forthcoming.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Semble}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
: (Per Gould V.P.) The respondent could have proceeded against the appellant company for enforcement of the implied promise to apply for the consent of the Native Land Trust Board or, (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 per Marsack J.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 ) made the application himself directly to the Board.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 3. The respondent was entitled to the return of his deposit with interest, but not to an award of damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Cases referred to:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1963] 3 All E.R. 552; [1963] 1 W.L.R. 677.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Harnam Singh & Bakshish Singh v. Bawa Singh\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15146406 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281958%29%206%20FLR%2031" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (1958) 6 F.L.R. 31}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid84744\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Jai Kissun Singh v. Sumintra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(1970) 16 F.L.R. 165.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Day v. Singleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1899] 2 Ch. 320;\~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15146406 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=81%20LT%20306" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 81 L.T. 306.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid84744\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Braybrooks v. Whaley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1919] 1 K.B. 435;\~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15146406 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=120%20LT%20281" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 120 L.T. 281.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid84744\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Court Brothers (Furnishers) Ltd. v. Sunbeam Transport Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15146406 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281969%29%2015%20FLR%20206" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (1969) 15 F.L.R. 206.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid84744\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri1152\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1152\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
Fong Lee v. Mitlal & Ram Kissun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(1966) 12 F.L.R. 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Denning v. Edwardes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
[1961] A.C. 245; [1960] 3 W.L.R. 801.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Hayes v. Sutherland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1959] N.Z.L.R. 1377.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Joe v. Young}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1964] N.Z.L.R. 24.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Wainuiomata Golf Club Inc. v. Anker Developments Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
. [1971] N.Z.L.R. 278.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court awarding an action for breach of an agreement for sale and purchase.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 M. V. Pillai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~for the appellant company.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 K. A. Stuart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~for the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 The facts sufficiently appear from the judgment of Gould V.P. 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~October 1972.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri2880\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2880\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 The following judgments were read:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 GOULD V.P.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court of Fiji dated the 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
April, 1972, in an action in which the respondent claimed against the appellant company specific performance of an agreement to sell a Native Leasehold property, together with damages for breach of contract in lieu of or in addition to specific performanc
e. The claim for specific performance was later abandoned and the judgment given in favour of the respondent and now under appeal, was for damages in the sum of $5,130 and costs. The damages comprised the sum of $2,002 which the respondent had paid on acc
ount of the purchase price under the agree\-ment with $283 interest, and $2845 representing the estimated excess of the market value of the property over the price stated in the agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 A counterclaim by the appellant company was dismissed by the trial 
Judge and an appeal against that dismissal was originally included in the present proceedings. That portion of the appeal was, however, abandoned by counsel at the outset, and this court is no longer concerned with it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 On the 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~August, 1968, an agreement in the following terms was signed by the parties \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'93
D. B. Waite (Overseas) Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Civil Engineering Contractors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~August, 1968.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
It is agreed that D. S. Waite (O/S) Ltd, will sell to S. L. Wallath the land described on Plan 3892 area 3a 3r. Op. Vuda Subdivision together with all building erected thereon for the sum of $10,000 N.Z. payable in New Zealand and sum of \'a3
250 sterling payable in London land being leasehold approximately 70 years to run rent \'a310 p.a. settlement to be made within 14 days from above date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 18/8/68}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
Received the sum of \'a31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
Balance by $2000 to be paid 20/8/68.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (Sgd.) D.B. Waite}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (Sgd.) S.L. Wallath\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 The $2000 mentioned was paid on the following day.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 It will be convenient at this stage to say a word about the parties. D.B. 
Waite clearly signed the agreement on behalf of the limited company mentioned. S.L. Wallath\rquote 
s signature is a personal one but at a later stage of the proceedings the respondent asked to have the transfer made out to his wife and himself, and, still later, 
substituted a limited company. There was also some negotiation concerning the currency in which the transaction was to be completed. As the case has been conducted in the court below and by counsel for both parties on the appeal, it is unnecessary to cons
ider these matters, and the issues fall to be considered as between the original parties only.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 The respondent\rquote 
s claim as plaintiff was in essence that the appellant company refused to complete the agreement above set out and was therefore liable in damage
s. The trial judge found all relevant disputed issues of fact in favour of the respondent, whose evidence he accepted as that of a reliable and honest man. It is necessary therefore only to outline those facts which are relevant to the issues of law argue
d on the appeal, issues which arise in the main by virtue of section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance (Cap. 115). On this basis the facts admitted or found, were:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-698\li1418\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (a) \~\~\~
\~\~\~ The land in question was native land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (b) \~\~\~\~\~ After completion of the agreement set out above the respondent\rquote s solicitors sent a form of transfer to the appellant company\rquote 
s solicitors; at the same time they arranged for a form of application for the consent of the Native Land Trust Board to the transaction, to be signed by the respondent and passed on to the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (c) \~\~\~\~\~\~ A series of letters was sent by the respondent\rquote 
s solicitors to those of the appellant company raising various points but pressing for settlement; they elicited no reply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (d) \~\~\~\~\~ The writ in the action was issued on the 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~February, 1969.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (e) \~\~\~\~\~\~ Further correspondence ensued up to the 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~August, 1969.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (f) \~\~\~\~\~\~ Subsequently a meeting between the parties was arranged but nothing resulted from it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (g) \~\~\~\~\~\~ It was the appellant 
company which was unwilling to go on with the transaction and the respondent was at all times ready and willing to fulfil his obligations under the agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (h) \~\~\~\~\~\~ In late 1969 the appellant company sold the property to a Mr. Weaver for $13,000 \endash  t
he consent of the Native Land Trust Board to this dealing was given on the 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~November, 1969, having been applied for on the 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~October.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (i) \~\~\~\~\~\~\~ No application for consent to the dealing between the present parties was ever submitted to the Native Land Trust Board.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (j) \~\~\~\~\~\~ Possession of the land in question was never taken by the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 It is necessary to add a few words on this last mentioned fact, as it alone was challenged by Mr. Pillai for the appellant company, on the appeal. The e
vidence disclosed that the respondent lived next door to the property in question, on which were a dwelling and some outbuildings. The respondent\rquote 
s employee at times cut the grass on the land which was subject to the agreement and Mr. Pillai relied upon this as evidence of possession. The trial judge however accepted the respondent\rquote 
s evidence that he grass cutting was done to prevent fire danger to both properties, and also his evidence that the keys of the house, which was the only building kept locked, we
re retained by Mr. Waite. I find no justification for thinking that the trial judge erred in finding that possession was not given and taken.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 The relevant portion of section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance is in the following terms:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'9312(1) Excep
t as may be otherwise provided by regulations made hereunder, it shall not be lawful for any lessee under this Ordinance to alienate or deal with the land comprised in his lease or any part thereof, whether by sale, transfer or sublease or in other manner
 
whatsoever without the consent of the Board as lessor or head lessor first had and obtained. The granting or withholding of consent shall be in the absolute discretion of the Board, and any sale, transfer, sublease or other unlawful alienation or dealing 
effected without such consent shall be null and void:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (2) For the purposes of this section \'93Lease\'94 includes a sublease and \'93lessee\'94 includes a \'93sublessee\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 It is common ground that the transaction contemplated by the parties to the agreement above set 
out could not have been completed without the consent of the Board under section 12. The consent had not been applied for or given at the time the appellant company finally refused to complete the transaction and was not applied for at any later time.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
That the necessity for the consent was known to both parties, or their legal representatives, is clear from the fact that the respondent's solicitors prepared the application form and had it transmitted, signed by the respondent, to the appellant company.
 
It was clearly in contemplation that the appellant company was to lodge the application with the Board but did not. That it lay upon the appellant company to make the application is shown by this course of conduct, by the wording of section 12. where it s
ays, "it shall not be lawful for any lessee to alienate ... without the consent", and by the general law applicable to the assignment of private leaseholds to which the consent of the landlord is required.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Section 12 has been considered by various courts 
on a number of occasions each involving its own particular set of circumstances. The question for decision in the present case is whether the respondent, as would - be purchaser, retained any rights under the agreement when negotiations were terminated in
 the circumstances outlined above; in particular whether he had a right to damages, or a right to the return of the money he had paid, whether as damages or otherwise. This particular question does not seem to have arisen before.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Reference to some of the cases is necessary.\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
[1963] 3 All E.R. 552 was a case in which by a "friendly arrangement" with the owner of native leasehold land the appellant built a house on part of that land and entered into possession. No consent of the Native Land
 Trust Board was obtained. The Privy Council considered the transaction as a sublease but even regarding it as a licence to occupy coupled with possession, their Lordships held that it was a "dealing" within the meaning of section 12 and consequently unla
wful. They referred, however, to the fact that in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Harnam Singh and Bakshish Singh v. Bawa Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15146406 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281958%29%206%20FLR%2031" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (1958) 6 F.L.R. 31}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid84744\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 , the Fiji Court of Appeal had said that it would be an absurdity to say that a mere agreement to deal with land would contravene section 12, for there must necessarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
be some prior agreement in all such cases. The Privy Council did not dissent from this, but said that in the case before them there had been, on one side, full performance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 In\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Jai Kissun Singh v. Sumintra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(1970) 16 F.L.R. 165, this court relied upon that aspect of the judgment in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
to which I have just referred and held that an agreement for the sale of a 
native lease, under which the purchaser had, on his own showing, taken over possession and control for a number of years, had passed the stage at which it could be called a permissible agreement and had become unlawful as a "dealing" contrary to section 1
2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
It was not sought in that case to say exactly at what point an agreement, lawful when made, becomes unlawful, but I have no doubt, on the facts as found and outlined above, that the present agreement never reached the latter stage and it was never inte
nded that it should do so. The payments of $2 on signature and $2000 the following day were obviously by way of deposit; completion was to be after fourteen days and possession was not taken, even when the date for completion had passed. It was a straight
 
forward dealing pursuant to which the parties intended, after satisfying the requirements of the law, to effect the transfer of the native lease. I accept therefore, that the agreement was lawful and. remained so right up to the time it was repudiated by 
the appellant company; up to that time the consent of the Native Land Trust Board could have been applied for without any impropriety, and given or refused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 But the difficult question remains whether it was binding, pending the consent of the Native Land 
Trust Board or whether the lawfulness depended on its remaining inoperative so that either party could repudiate it at will. If it was binding then, on the principles laid down in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Day v. Singleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1899] 2 Ch. 320 and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Braybrooks v. Whaley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1919] 1 K.B. 435
, cited to the court by Mr. Stuart, it was upon the appellant company to apply for the consent, and on its failure to do so and repudiation of the agreement, the respondent would have been entitled to full damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 At first sight it seems to be a reasona
ble and straight forward solution to say that, as no stage of illegality had been reached before repudiation took place the parties could rely upon the agreement as regulating their legal rights. It is only with reluctance that I have concluded that this 
would be to draw more from the inference based upon\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(supra) which I have suggested above, than is justifiable. True, the judgment implicitly approved the statement that there must of necessity be some prior agreement in all such cases. Bu
t, though the Privy Council did not quote this part of the judgment in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Harnam Singh's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~case, that judgment went on to say that such an agreement would be inoperative until such consent had been given. The Privy Council cannot therefore be taken as saying th
at a binding and enforceable agreement would be lawful. Having regard to the wording of section 12, "it shall not be lawful, for any lessee . . . to alienate or deal with the land . . . whether by sale, transfer or sublease or in any other manner whatsoev
er". I am impelled to the conclusion that an operative agreement for sale must be a contravention of the section. Such an agreement creates an interest in land in the purchaser and must therefore amount to a dealing in land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 For these reasons, if the pres
ent agreement is to be regarded as lawful it must be accepted that, so far as it touches the land at least, it was not in operation. That is not to say that the respondent could not have proceeded against the appellant for the enforcement of the implied p
romise to apply for the consent of the Native Land Trust Board. There was a strong suggestion in the judgment in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(supra at p. 556) that the appellant in that case could have taken such a course. That would be in my view, an action to enfo
rce a collateral promise which did not of itself create any interest or constitute a dealing in land even though its success would probably result in the bringing into effect of the agreement as a whole. The respondent did not, in the present case take ac
tion along those lines.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
On the case as a whole I have reached the conclusion (although as I have already said, with some reluctance) that no action for damages for breach of contract was available to the respondent and that the trial judge erred in 
including in his judgment, damages for loss of the respondent's bargain. In relation to the moneys paid, however, there being no illegality, the respondent is entitled to\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 restitutio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 in integrum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~and therefore to retain his judgment for $2,285 and costs. Tha
t sum includes an amount of $283 for interest which I consider the trial judge had a discretion to allow under the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Death and Interest) Ordinance (Cap. 20) on the basis that the appellant company had had the use of th
e money, which should in equity be treated as a debt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
I would therefore allow the appeal to the extent of reducing the amount of the judgment in the Supreme Court to $2,285 and costs. Although that represents a certain measure of success for the appellant
 company I think the circumstances are such that there should be no order for costs on the appeal. As all members of the court are of the same opinion there will be orders in the terms I have mentioned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 MARSACK J.A.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri144\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri144\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
I have had the advantage of reading
 the full and careful judgment of the learned Vice President, and do not find it necessary to recapitulate the facts as set out in that judgment. With regard to the submission that the respondent had actually taken possession of the land concerned I agree
 with the learned Vice President, confirming the finding of the trial Judge, that the acts performed by the respondent with regard to the land did not amount to an entry into possession. Accordingly there had been no part performance of the agreement.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri144\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri142\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin142\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 It 
is I think relevant to consider the respective dates upon which certain parts of the transaction took place. The original sale and purchase agreement between the parties was signed on the 18th August, 1968. A transfer, together with an application form fo
r
 the consent of the Native Land Trust Board, was sent by respondent's solicitors to appellant's solicitors for signature on 2nd September, 1968. Further correspondence, and abortive negotiations, followed; and the writ in this present action was issued on
 7th February, 1969. The sale from appellant to Weaver took place late in 1969; the precise date does not appear from the evidence, but application for the Board\rquote 
s consent was lodged on the 25th October, 1969 and granted on the 5th November, 1969. At no time, during a period of over twelve months, did the respondent apply for the consent of the Native Land Trust Board.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri142\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin142\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri142\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin142\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
It will be convenient at this stage to point out, that it was competent for the respondent himself to apply for consent. It is true that: in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(1963) 3 All E.R. 552 their Lordships of the Privy Council said at page 554:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri144\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri144\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'93
The Board could act only on application made in. proper form by Mr. Pardoe or someone acting on his behalf.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri144\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
The primary responsibility for applying for the Board\rquote 
s consent undoubtedly lies on the vendor. But, as I see it, there is no definite rule that in no circumstances is the Board entitled to grant its consent to a dealing in land except upon the application of the vendor. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Court Brothers Limited v. Sunbeam Transport Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15146406 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281969%29%2015%20FLR%20206" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 (1969) 15 F.L.R. 206}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid84744\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~and in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Fong Lee v. Mitlal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(1966) 12 F.L.R. 4 the consent of the Board to the sale was granted upon the application of the purchaser and the legality of the contract was confirmed by this Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri144\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
The fate of this appeal in my view depends upon the determination of the difficult question as to what rights are acquired by the parties inter se under a pr
eliminary agreement for the sale and purchase of land subject to the provisions of section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance. Section 12 has been considered by the Privy Council in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(supra), and by this Court in the cases to which ref
erence is made in the judgment of learned Vice President. Briefly, it has been held that the preliminary agreement between the parties cannot be held to be unlawful or null and void\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 ab initio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~because the consent of the Board has not been first obtained to 
it; as was said in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Harnam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Singh's case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~(1958 -\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15146406 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=59%20FLR%2031" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 59 F.L.R. 31)}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid84744\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
there must necessarily be, in all cases, some prior agreement to submit to the Board. Otherwise, to quote from the judgment in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Denning v. Edwardes}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1961] A.C. 245 at p. 253, negotiation would be impossible. The Fiji cases cited have been mainly concerned with the definition of the phrase \'93
dealing in land\'94. I have been unable to find any judgment on section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance authoritatively determining the question as to what rights are acquired\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 inter partes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
under an agreement such as that in issue in this case before the consent of the Board is obtained or refused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi288\li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 The New 
Zealand cases such as\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Hayes v. Sutherland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
[1959] N.Z.L.R. 1377,\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Joe v. Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
[1964] N.Z.L.R. 24 and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Wainuiomata Golf Club v. Anher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\~[1971] N.Z.L.R. 278, are helpful only as showing the position of the parties when the consent required to a transaction in la
nd is not obtained within the time prescribed by the relevant statute, with the result that the transaction must be deemed to be unlawful and to have no effect. The opinion of Adams, J. in Hayes v. Sutherland, accepted by Wild, C.J. in the Wainuiomata cas
e, is that in respect of such a transaction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'93\'85
on any other question that may arise as to the civil rights of the parties, the Court, in my opinion, bound to proceed exactly as if the contract had never been entered into.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 It is clear that the principles
 enunciated in the New Zealand cases cited might have application to the present contract only if it were held that the contract had become of no further force or effect. If, for example, it were concluded that the agreement remained inchoate until the co
n
sent of the Board had been given or refused, then it might well be held that as from the time when the agreement became impossible of performance - that is, in this case, upon the duly approved sale to Weaver - the parties should be restored to the positi
on they were in before the document was signed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
The following extract from the judgment of the Privy Council in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Denning v. Edwardes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~[1961] A.C. 245 at p. 253 is I think helpful in determining the status of the preliminary agreement at material times in the present case:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'93
Subsection (1) requires the written consent of the Governor to an \lquote agreement for any of the transactions\rquote  set out in the subsection. They include a transaction of sale. It has been argued that the consent of the Governor must be obtained
 before the agreement is entered into and that subsequent consent is insufficient. Some form of agreement is inescapably necessary before the Governor is approached for his consent. Otherwise negotiation would be impossible. Successful negotiation ends wi
t
h an agreement to which the consent of the Governor cannot be obtained before it is reached. Their Lordships are of opinion that there was nothing contrary to law in entering into a written agreement before the Governor's consent was obtained. The legal c
onsequence that ensued was that the agreement was inchoate till that consent was obtained. After it was obtained the agreement was complete and completely effective.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 It is true that the wording of the relevant statute in that case differs from the wordin
g of section 12 under consideration here. The section of the Act considered in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Denning v. Edwardes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~provided that any instrument, in so far as it purported to effect any of the transactions referred to in subsection (1), would be void unless the consent of 
the Governor had been obtained. Subsection (1) provided that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'93
No persons shall except with the written consent of the Governor sell, lease, sub-lease, assign, mortgage or otherwise by any means whatsoever \'85 alienate, encumber, charge or part with the possession of any land\'94 subject to the Ordinance.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 I think that there is very little basic difference between an \'93agreement for any of the transactions\'94
 referred to in the Kenya Ordinance quoted, and the preliminary agreement with which we have to deal in the present case. In\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Denning v. Edwardes}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
the Privy Council held that until the Governor's consent was obtained the agreement was inchoate; that it did not become complete and fully effective until after consent had been given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 In my view that principle cou
ld be correctly applied in the present case. The preliminary agreement contains all the essential ingredients of an agreement for the sale and purchase of land; and if it is to be regarded as completely effective from the time of signing it must be held t
o
 be a dealing in land and consequently, under section 12, unlawful, null and void. But it has been authoritatively decided that the preliminary agreement does not in itself convey an interest in land; and therefore, in my opinion, it must be that the prel
iminary agreement is inchoate in its character and would remain incomplete, and not fully effective, until the Board's consent had been given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 If this view is correct then I think this Court could properly follow the course set out by Adams, J. in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Hayes v. Sutherland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
(supra.); that is to proceed exactly as if the contract had never been entered into.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 The practical result of this would be that the appellant would be entitled to a return of his deposit. He would not be entitled to recover damages for 
breach of contract. In my view a right to damages for breach of contract could arise only under a contract which was complete and fully effective; in other words, in this case a contract under which an interest in land was acquired by the purchaser. As th
e preliminary agreement cannot, without losing its validity, give an interest in land to the purchaser, then it cannot in my opinion form the basis of an action for damages for its breach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Before leaving the subject of what force and effect should be give
n to the preliminary agreement, I should like to refer to one or two passages in the judgment of the learned trial Judge from which, with respect, I must dissent. In the course of his judgment he says}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li288\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin288\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'93
For illegality to be present there must be some performance \'85 I am, after referring to the cases cited, of the opinion that (the agreement) is not null and void or unlawful and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 unenforceable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~
as being in contravention of section 12 of the Ordinance. It is a valid Agreement.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
It cannot, I think, be said that the Agreement is \'93not unenforceable,\'94
 i.e. enforceable. Until the consent of the Native Land Trust Board is obtained, full effect cannot be given to the agreement, to the extent that it is an agreement to transfer the leasehold land. Section 12 makes it 
abundantly clear that such an agreement, if completely effective, is unlawful null and void without the consent of the Board first had and obtained. It may be that some rights\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 inter partes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~are created by the agreement, but in the absence of the consent of 
the Native Land Trust Board the agreement to transfer the land is definitely unenforceable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
For the reasons which I have endeavoured to set out I would allow the appeal in part and reduce the judgment in favour of the respondent to the amount of his depo
sit, $2,002, plus the interest allowed, $283, for the reasons given by the learned Vice President with which I respectfully agree. He should have his costs in the Court below as on a claim for that amount. It is impossible to avoid the conclusion reached 
b
y the learned trial Judge that the appellant deliberately went back on the agreement with the respondent because another buyer was willing, later, to pay a higher price. In all the circumstances obtaining here I would allow no costs in respect of this app
eal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 SPRING J.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
I have read the separate Judgments of the learned Vice - President and my learned brother Marsack J.A. in this appeal and with respect agree with the conclusions and reasoning\rquote s that they have each reached. There are some observations o
f my own that I wish to add.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
It is not necessary to traverse the facts as they are fully set out in the judgment of the learned Vice - President. In the Court below the learned trial Judge awarded damages to the respondent upon the basis that the agreeme
nt for sale of land concluded between the appellant and the respondent dated the 18th August, 1968 was valid; was not null and void; not unlawful, nor unenforceable in contravention of Section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance. With respect I cannot a
gree with the learned trial Judge's conclusion\rquote s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
In my view the respondent if he is to receive damages for the loss of his bargain can do so only upon the premise that the agreement is valid and fully effectual thereby conferring upon him an interest in 
the land. Section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance, says (inter alia)-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \'9312.(1) \'85\'85
\'85\'85\'85\'85. it shall not be lawful for any lessee under this Ordinance to alienate or deal with the land comprised in his lease or any part thereof, whether by sale, transfer
 or sublease or in any other manner whatsoever without the consent of the Board as lessor or head lessor first had and obtained. The granting or withholding of consent shall be in the absolute discretion of that Board, and any sale, transfer, sublease or 
other lawful alienation dealing effected without such consent shall be null and void.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
In my view as the consent of the Native Land Trust Board to the land sale has not been first had and obtained the agreement cannot while it remains unconfirmed be made 
the basis of an action for damages. Section 12 of the Native Land Trust Board in express terms makes the validity or effect of such an agreement, as we have in the instant case, dependent upon the consent of the Board. Further can it be said with certaint
y that the Board would have granted consent to the agreement?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
It is with reluctance that I have come to the above conclusion particularly as the main purpose of the Native Land Trust Ordinance was to protect Fijians in the control and administration of th
eir lands, whereas, here, Section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance is being availed of by the appellant - a European and an experienced businessman - to preclude the respondent vindicating a wrong done to him by the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 I would allow the appe
al in part and reduce the amount of the Judgment in the Supreme Court in favour of the respondent to $2,285 for the reasons given by the learned Vice President. I agree with his conclusions as to costs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 Appeal allowed in part.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8914452 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
--------------------------------------------------------------------}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8914452\charrsid8914452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 
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