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\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The appellant brought an action against the respondent for damage to his tractor caused by a co
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\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
(post) and held, without finding specific facts, that the respondent could not be liable for any tort which the driver might have committed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
1. That the magistrate had shown that he had correctly ascertained the law to be applied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
2. The 
court on appeal would assume, in the case of a professionally qualified magistrate, in the absence of any clear indication to the contrary, that he understood the law and did not misdirect himself; also that he weighed the evidence in the normal manner an
d decided the issue on the balance of probabilities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
In view of the summary nature of proceedings in the Magistrate's Court and the lack of formal pleadings, a general traverse of all allegations of a claim which were not specifically admitted in a Statemen
t of Defence, was held adequate to indicate a denial that the driver was a servant or agent of the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Cases referred to:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
Hewitt v Bonvin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4546846 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1940%5d%201%20KB%20188" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 [1940] 1 KB 188}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1598303\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 ;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4546846 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=161%20LT%20360" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 161 LT 360}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1598303\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 ;\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Norman v King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4546846 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1946%5d%201%20All%20ER%20339" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
[1946] 1 All ER 339}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1598303\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 ; 96 L.Jo. 108.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Appeal against a judgment of the Magistrate's Court dismissing an action or damages for negligent driving.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 K P Mishra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 for the appellant.\line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 M S Sahu Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 for the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 THOMPSON J:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 [28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 May 1969] -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
This is an appeal against a judgment dismissing the appellant's claim for the cost of repairing damage suffered by his tractor when it was in collision with the respondent's taxi. The collision occurred between 8 pm and 9 pm on the King's Road near Naria.
 The respondent's taxi was being driven by a man named Onisi, who was killed in the collision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
Evidence was adduced by the appellant that Onisi used to drive that taxi as an employee of the respondent. The respondent gave evidence that Onisi had been employ
ed by him only as a casual driver and that three months before the accident the number of his taxis had decreased and he had told Onisi that there was no further work for him. He said that on the day of the accident Onisi was not his servant and had borro
wed the car without his knowledge while he was absent from home. He explained that he was not operating the taxi that day because it was "missing" and using a lot of fuel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The learned trial magistrate rightly decided that, unless Onisi had been proved to be
 the respondent's servant on the day of the collision, the respondent was not liable for any tort which he might have committed. The judgment was, therefore, concerned entirely with the issue whether or not Onisi was driving the taxi as the respondent's s
ervant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 He referred to the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Hewitt v Bonvin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4546846 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1940%5d%201%20KB%20168" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 [1940] 1 KB 168}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1598303\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
and quoted passage from the judgments of Mackinnon LJ and du Parcq LJ in that appeal. In particular he quoted the following passage from du Parcq LJ's judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 "\'85
 It is plain that ownership of the car cannot of itself impose any liability on the owner. The owner, without further information, is prima facie liable, because the Court i
s entitled to draw the inference that the car was being driven by the owner, his servant or agent, but when the facts are given in evidence the Court is not left to draw an inference. The owner is liable if the driver had authority, express or implied, to
 drive on the owner's behalf. This depends, not on ownership, but on the delegation of a task or duty. Permission to drive the car is consistent with a mere loan or bailment."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 He then went on to refer to evidence relevant to this issue in the following terms:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
"in the present case although two witnesses called by the Plaintiff were able to say that they knew Onisi used to drive taxis for the Defendant and had seen him driving that particular car neither witness was able to say that at the time of the acci
dent Onisi was still employed by the Defendant and was driving on his behalf, with his authority and on a task or duty. On the contrary the Defendant, in evidence on oath, stated that Onisi had taken the car that day without his knowledge or permission. H
e explained that Onisi had driven taxis for him but on the basis of a casual driver and further that Onisi had ceased to be in his the defendant's employment on the 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 May, 1966; the accident occurred on the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 June, 1966."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 He did not record any specific finding of fact but continued as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
"It is clear that the Defendant cannot be liable for any tort which may have been committed that day by the driver of the car and the Plaintiff's claim must fail."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The first ground of appeal is:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
"The Respondent/Defendant's vehicle being a commercial vehicle the learned trial Magistrate failed to direct his mind to the burden of proof cast in law on each party on proof of agency."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Mr Mishra has submitted on behalf of the appellant that the learned trial magistrate d
id not direct his mind to the weight of the evidence and did not make any proper finding of fact on the issue which he was deciding: and that he had misunderstood du Parcq LJ's judgment as meaning that the inference that the car was being driven by the ow
ner's servant could not be drawn if any evidence was adduced to the contrary regardless of the credibility of that evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Mr Mishra has submitted that, in view of the evidence adduced by the appellant that Onisi
 had previously been driving the taxi, the presumption was strengthened and the evidence of the respondent, who failed to produce the taxi's record of journeys, was not sufficient to rebut it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 This is essentially a matter of the weight to be accorded to th
e evidence of the respondent. Undoubtedly his evidence needed to be of some considerable weight to prevent the inference being drawn that Onisi was driving as his servant. It is unfortunate, therefore, that the learned trial magistrate did not adopt the c
ourse normally taken of stating clearly and unambiguously his findings of fact and the reasons for them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
Learned counsel for the respondent has submitted that there was no need for the magistrate to record his findings of fact and that he must be presumed t
o have made findings of such a nature as could properly form the basis for his statement that it was clear that the respondent "cannot be liable for any tort which may have been committed that day by the driver of the car." He referred to the case of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Norman v King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4546846 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1946%5d%201%20All%20ER%20339" \\
o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 [1946] 1 All ER 339}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1598303\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
as an authority for the proposition that it is for an appellant to satisfy the court that a judge, or magistrate
, has misdirected himself and that, if the court is left in any doubt, it should adopt a benevolent construction of the judge's language so as to support his judgment. In that case Lord Greene MR said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
"The language of the arbitrator is not clear, but it is, to my mind, certainly very far from establishing with any certainty that he was misdirecting himself."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The same can well be said of the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The learned trial magistrate has, by quoting certain passages from the judgments in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Hewitt v Bonvin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 , sh
own that he has correctly ascertained the law to be applied. This Court must, I consider, in the absence of any clear indication that he has misunderstood, or misdirected himself upon, that law, assume that he has understood it correctly and has not misdi
r
ected himself. It must assume that, as a professionally qualified respondent against the evidence adduced by the appellant, taking into account the inference to be drawn in the absence of any acceptable evidence of the circumstances in which Onisi was dri
ving the car on the day of the accident, and that he decided the issue on the balance of probabilities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The appellant cannot, therefore, in my view succeed on the first ground of his appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 His second ground of appeal is:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
"Since the dismissal of the servant and unauthorised user of the car at the time were matters especially within the knowledge of the defendant he ought to have pleaded same by way of a traverse."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Formal pleadings are not required in civil proceedings in magistrates' courts unless specifica
lly ordered. The plaintiff did not set out his claim in a formal Statement of Claim but in a manner appropriate to summary hearing of the action. There was no affidavit of no defence under O.VI r.6 of the Magistrates' Courts Rules; consequently no affidav
it setting out the grounds of defence was necessary. The so-called "Statement of Defence" filed by the defendant was not a formal pleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The defendant was under no obligation to state his defence before the hearing. As he chose to do so, however, he was 
not entitled to use his "Statement of Defence" to mislead the plaintiff and he should have traversed any allegations which he did not admit. In fact he did include in the second paragraph a general traverse of all allegations not specifically admitted. If
 
there had been formal pleadings this general traverse would have lacked the proper particularity but, as Mr Sahu Khan pointed out, if there had been formal pleadings the plaintiff would first have set out his claim by paragraphs and the allegations in it 
c
ould have been dealt with in the statement of defence seriatim in the usual manner. In view of the summary nature of the proceedings and the lack of formal pleadings, the general traverse in the "Statement of Defence" was, in my view, quite adequate to in
dicate to the plaintiff that the defendant denied the allegation that Onisi was his servant or agent and was not misleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The appellant's third ground is:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
"Having regard to the circumstances of the case and especially in view of grounds 1 and 2 hereof the finding of the Learned Magistrate was against the weight of evidence generally."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 The weight to be given to particular portions of the evidence depends essentially on the credibility of the witnesses. If the defendant is believed, that is the end of the m
atter. His evidence was not corroborated in any way; nonetheless the learned trial magistrate had the advantage not enjoyed by this Court of hearing him give his evidence and seeing the manner in which he respondent or reacted to cross-examination. I such
 
a case it is unfortunate, as I have already observed, that the magistrate should not have followed the usual practice of reviewing the evidence and stating his reasons for his decision. However, it is clear that he must have believed the defendant otherwi
se he could not have decided the action as he did. That being so and in the absence of any strong reason for doing so, this Court cannot say that his decision was against the weight of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Accordingly the appeal is dismissed. The appellant is to pay the respondent's costs, $60.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 Appeal dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5848464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 ------------------------------------------------}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5848464\charrsid5848464 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 
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