{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang2057\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}
{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f49\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}
{\f50\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f52\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f53\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f54\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
{\f55\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f56\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f57\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f59\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f60\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f62\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f382\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f399\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f400\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f402\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}
{\f403\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f406\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f407\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\f409\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid3953809 Indent1;}{\s22\qj \fi-720\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
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\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\sectlinegrid272\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7759763\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3
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{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2179487 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2179487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1968] 15 FLR 1
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2179487 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2179487 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2179487\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 COURT OF APPEAL
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2179487\charrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Civil Jurisdiction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2179487\charrsid331074 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RAM NARAIN
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid331074\charrsid331074 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid789312\charrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid331074\charrsid789312 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RAM KISUN
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid331074\charrsid3953809 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gould V.P., Hutchison J.A., Marsack J.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid331074 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3rd, 22nd October}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1968}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\super\insrsid9721831 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 *{\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s45\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs47\super\insrsid9721831 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 *}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9721831 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721831\charrsid9721831 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The report of this judgment was \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 inadvertently\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 omitted from Volume 14 - Ed}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid331074\charrsid3953809 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid331074 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Native land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 native leasehold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 
\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid331074\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to occupy part}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 breach of section 12 of Nat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ive Land Trust Ordinance (Cap. 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 04-1955)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
recovery of possession by lessee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 notice of revocation of leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid331074\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  unnecessary.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Acti\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pleading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13587722\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to occupy native leasehold l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 transaction illegal, null and void under section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance (Cap. 104-1955)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 action for possession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 plaintiff succeeding on strength of own title}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 unnecessary to plead unlawful transaction.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 jurisdiction of Magistrate's Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 action against trespasser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
no jurisdiction under section 16(1) (a) of the Magistrates' Courts Ordinance to entertain action for the recovery of land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Magistrates' C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 urts Ordinance (Cap. 10) ss.16(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
1) (a) (b) (e) (f) (Proviso), 16(4), 27(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 County Courts Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c.43) (Imp.) ss.56, 59}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 County Courts Act 1934 (24 & 25 Geo. 5, c.53) (Imp.) s.40.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 jurisdiction of Magistrate's \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 personal action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 construction of Magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ' Courts Ordinance (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid331074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cap. 10) s.16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12334905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The appellant commenced proceedings in the Magistrate's Court for a declaration that the respondent was a trespasser upon a quarter acre section of land comprising part\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of the appellant's native leasehold and for an order for possession thereof. The magistrate granted the relief claimed, holding that the respondent had been in occupation by leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12334905\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of the appellant but, on the revocation of the leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12334905\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , had become a trespasser. In the Supreme Court this judgment was reversed on the ground that the leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid789312 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12334905\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  had not been revoke}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, until after the writ in the action was issued and the appellant had no cause of action when he commenced the proceedi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ngs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10505932 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid12334905 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 : 1. (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 per }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13587722\charrsid10505932 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 curium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) The land in question being native land subject to a native lease the leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 to occupy it given by the appellant to the respondent amounted to a dealing in the land contravening section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid133193 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance, which rendered the transaction unlawful, null and void. The appellant could rely on the strength of his own title and no notice to revoke the leave and licence was necessary.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2. (a) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Hutchison and Marsack JJ.A. \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  Gou\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ld V.P. dissenting) The Magistrate's Court had no jurisdiction to entertain the action because the jurisdiction (if any) fell to be derived from subsection 1 (a) of section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 16 of the Magistrates' Courts Ordinance, which is confined to personal suits arisin\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
g out of contract or tort, and which does not therefore include actions for the possession of land.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 Gould V.P., dissenting) (i) The action being based on trespass was a personal action for the purpose of section 16(1) (a) of the Magistrates' Cour\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ts Ordinance and none the less so because part o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f the relief claimed was the eje}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ctment of the trespasser (ii) The word "property" in the sub-section is governed by the word "claimed" and includes real as well as personal property.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases referred to: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Cheshire County Court Judge and United Society of Boilermakers; ex parte Malone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1921] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid133193 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2 KB 694; [1921] All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Rep.) 344: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1963]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid133193 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  3 All ER 552; [1963] 1 WLR}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  677: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Joe v. Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid133193 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1964] NZLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  24: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Amar Singh v. Kulubya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid133193 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 964] AC 142; [1963] 3 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 All ER}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  499.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court sitting in appellate jurisdiction from the Magistrate's Court in an action in trespass.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10505932 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 K. P. Mishra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the appellant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 M. S. Sahu Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the respondent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10505932 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The following judgments were read: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505932 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Gould}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  V.P. [22nd October, 1968]\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 These proceedings were commenced in the Magistrate's Court by the issue of a writ by the present appellant against the respondent, on which the following Particulars of Claim were endorsed:\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10505932 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "The Plaintiff says that he is lesse\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e of the Native Lease No. 9444 containing 215 acres situate at Nadrau in the District of Ba and that the Defendant is in occupation of approximately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid133193 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'bc\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 acre of the said lease without consent of the Native Land Trust Board obtained as required by Section 12 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the Native Land Trust Ordinance, Cap. 104, volume 2 of the Laws of Fiji. The Plaintiff further claims that such occupation therefore is an unlawful one. Wherefore the Plaintiff claims \hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5798730 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a) }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The declaration that the Defendant is a Trespasser.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Order\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 for possession of the said land.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 General damages.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Costs.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5798730 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The defence filed by the respondent reads as follows :\hich\f0 \emdash 

\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5798730 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"1. That the defendant denies that he is trespasser and says that he has been living there with the leave and licence of the Plaint\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 iff.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5798730 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
That the defendant had been occupying the same area for the last forty years.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5798730 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
That the plaintiff has many such tenants and the defendant has been living on the land and paying rents and therefore the Plaintiff is not entitled to the declaratio\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n asked for."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5798730 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Having heard evidence, the learned magistrate held that after the leave and licence under which the respondent occupied the land was revoked, the respondent was a trespasser and the appellant was entitled to possession.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There was an appeal to\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the Supreme Court in which the learned judge reversed the judgment of the Magistrate's Court upon the ground that the evidence showed that the leave and licence of the respondent was not revoked until after the writ was issued and therefore the appellant
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
had no cause of action when he commenced his proceedings. Certain other matters were argued in the Supreme Court but the learned judge did not find it necessary to deal with them. They will be referred to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5798730 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 later in this judgment.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On his appeal to this court\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the appellant is limited to questions of law, and he has challenged the correctness of the judgment of the Supreme Court on the ground that, having regard to the provisions of section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance (at the relevant time Cap. 104 o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the Laws of Fiji, 1955 \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  now Cap. 115 of the Laws of Fiji, 1967) the question of leave and licence is immaterial. Section 12 reads:\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3953809 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"12. (1) Except as may be otherwise provided by regulations made hereunder, it shall not be lawful for any lessee under t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
his Ordinance to alienate or deal with the land comprised in his lease or any part thereof, whether by sale, transfer or sublease or in any other manner whatsoever without the consent of the Board as lessor or head lessor first had and obtained. The grant
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ng or withholding of consent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5798730 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 shall be in the absolute discretion of the Board and any sale, transfer,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5798730 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sublease or other unlawful alienation or dealing effected without such consent shall be null and void:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15220759 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Provided that nothing in this section shall make i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t unlawful for the lessee of a residential or commercial lease granted before the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15220759 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 twenty-ninth day of September, 1948, to mortgage such lease.
\par {\listtext\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (2) For the purposes of this section "lease" includes a sublease and "lessee" includes a sublessee."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613532 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is suffi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ciently clear and not a matter of challenge, that the arrangement between the appellant and respondent under which the respondent occupied the quarter acre in question was a dealing within the meaning of section 12; it is also common ground that the land 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s land to which the Ordinance applies, and that the consent of the Native Land Trust Board was never obtained. Section 12 has been considered in a number of cases, but it will be necessary to refer only to the most authoritative of these \hich\f0 \emdash 
\loch\f0  that of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid8027381 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Chalmers\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 [1963] 3 All E.R. 552. The Privy Council there held that where there was an arrangement which amounted to a dealing with land contrary to the section, it was unlawful to the extent that the person purporting to acquire the interest in the land w
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 deprived}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of the aid of equity to which, but for the illegality, he would have been entitled. It will be observed that section 12, as well as declaring transactions which contravene its terms to be unlawful, provides that they shall be "null and void". S
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 imilar provisions, where the additional words were "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3613532\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 has no effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ," wer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272808 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e considered by the Court of App}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
eal for New Zealand in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Joe v. Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 [1964] N.Z.L.R. 24 in which a conclusion similar to that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Chalmers v. Pardoe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (supra) was reached.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 So far as pleadin\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
g is concerned the appellant does not have to rely upon anything but the strength of his own title to assert his claim. He does not have to rely upon anything illegal though the particulars he in fact gave included the allegation that the respondent's pos
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ession }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
unlawful. The position was very similar to that which arose in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3613532\charrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Amar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid3613532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Singh v. Ku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ubya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1964] A.C. 142, 150 where the Privy Council said, "although as has been seen, \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the plaintiff set out in his plaint that he had entered into agreements to lease the plots of land to the defendant, his claim to possession did not depend on those agreements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272808 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 
\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  He was able to rest his claim upon his registered ownership of the property. T\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he defendant did not have and could not show any right to the property". On the real issue between the parties in the present case it was the respondent who had to assert the illegal transaction to justify his claim to remain on the land. This he could no
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  lawfully do.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Counsel for the respondent has argued that even though the leave and licence given by the appellant is unlawful, nevertheless the tort of trespass requires that the alleged trespasser must be on the land against the will of the plaintiff; tha
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t a form of de facto leave and licence existed and would subsist until terminated by notice. I do not think that this can be a valid argument in the circumstances. The nearest to a parallel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I have been able to find, is the right of a person who enters on t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he land under a contract unenforceable by action because of the lack of writing, to justify his possession on the ground that the contract gave him a right to enter \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Halsbury's Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Vol. 38 (3rd Edition) p.757. Such a contract of course is 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 something which exists, though not enforceable for lack of evidence. The present case is one in which the leave and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid789312 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 licenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 given has been shown to be null and void. There is no evidence of any other leave or licence, and indeed any renewed leave or licenc\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e to do the things on the land which the respondent has been doing would be equally null and void. There is no evidence of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 de facto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  leave or licence to be on the land for any purpose which would not amount to a dealing contrary to section 12 of the Nativ\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e Land Trust Ordinance. It is not a case of holding over after the expiry of a lawful tenancy (in which case demand would be necessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) because such title as the res}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pondent relied upon to justify his presence is null and void. Therefore, subject to the que\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
stion next to be discussed, I am of the opinion that the judgment in the Supreme Court was incorrect in that it held that notice to determine a leave and licence which was by law already null and void, was necessary.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Counsel for the respondent next relied \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 upon a submission that a magistrate's court had no jurisdiction to grant a declaration except by way of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3613532\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ancillary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 relief to a money claim, and no jurisdiction to make an order for possession except in landlord and tenant cases. The judgment of the learned \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
magistrate, as I understand it, grants a declaration that the respondent is a trespasser, an order for possession, and refuses the claim for damages. Counsel for the respondent (additionally to the two points I have mentioned above) quoted authorities in 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
upport of a submission that a magistrate's court has no jurisdiction to give damages unless they are specified in the Particulars of Claim in an amount within the jurisdiction of the court. As, however, no damages were awarded in this case, it is unnecess
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ry to pursue that matter further. Neither is the question of a declaration an essential one, as once the court was satisfied that the cause of action was established, it could give effect to that finding by relief in such form as was appropriate and withi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  its jurisdiction. Counsel before this court w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272808 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ere in agreement that a declara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion could be granted only as an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3613532\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ancillary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  remedy, and, in the light of such authorities as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Cheshire County Court Judge}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1921}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272808 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  All E.R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3613532 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Rep. 344, they may well be correct. I
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t is not a matter upon which need express a concluded opinion in this case, though it seems apparent that ancillary relief might cover a wider field in an action for the recovery of (say) goods than in one for debt.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10822243 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The important matter is whether the lear\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ned magistrate has jurisdiction to make an order for possession. The provisions conferring jurisdiction in civil matters upon the magistrates' courts, so far as they are relevant to the question now arising for decision, are contained in section 16}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10822243 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Magistrates' Courts Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272808 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (Cap. 10 \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  Laws of Fiji, 1967)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. It will suffice to set out subsection (1) (a) (b) (e) and (f) and subsection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272808 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
(4) : \_
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1272808 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8651830\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1)
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2098\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2098\itap0\pararsid1272808 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8651830\charrsid8651830 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid8651830 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In all personal suits, whether arising from contract, or from tort, or from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  both were the value of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 property or the debt or damage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3953809\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
claimed, whether as balance claimed or otherwise, is not more}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
than four hundred pounds;
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2098\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2098\itap0\pararsid1451642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8651830 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in all suits between landlord and tenant for possession of any lands or houses claimed under agreement or refused to be delivered u
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p, where the annual value or rent does not exceed four hundred pounds;
\par {\listtext\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (e) to grant in any suit instituted in the court injunctions or orders to stay waste or alienation or for the detention and preservation of any property the subject of such suit, or to
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  restrain torts or breaches of contract.
\par {\listtext\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (f) to enforce by attachment any order made by the court;
\par {\listtext\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (4) If, in any suit or matter before a magistrate's court, the title }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  land is disputed, or the question of the ownership thereto arises, the court ma\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
y adjudicate thereon if all parties interested consent; but, if they do not all consent, the presiding magistrate shall apply to the Supreme Court to transfer such cause or matter to itself."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8651830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mention should also be made of the proviso to subsection (1) whi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ch enacts certain exceptions to the jurisdiction, including, in paragraph (v), actions for malicious prosecution, libel, slander, seduction or breach of promise of marriage. The court was informed by counsel that, although it is not recorded in the notes 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 f the learned magistrate, it was agreed in the Magistrate's Court that the value of the matter in dispute (which I take to include the land) was below \'a3\loch\f0 
400, and that consent was given to adjudication on questions of title in terms of section 16 (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 One}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8651830 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 fu
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rther section of substantial importance is section 27 of which the second subsection reads :\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3953809 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
" (2) A magistrate in the exercise of the jurisdiction vested in him by this Ordinance shall have power to grant, and shall grant, either absolutely or on such r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
easonable terms and conditions as shall seem just, all such remedies or relief whatsoever, interlocutory or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 final, as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  any of the parties thereto may appear to be entitled to in respect of any and every legal or equitable claim or defence properly brought f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
orward by them respectively, or which shall appear in such cause or matter; so that as far as possible all matters in controversy between the said parties respectivel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8651830 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
y may be completely and finally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
determined, and all multiplicity of legal proceedings conc\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 erning any of such matters avoided."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1451642 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1451642 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The power to grant relief given by that subsection is very wide indeed subject only to the limitation imposed by the words "in the exercise of the jurisdiction vested in him by this Ordinance".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14093145 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
My task is to construe the Ordinance, and in particular section 16 thereof. Only limited assistance can be derived from the consideration of legislation in other jurisdictions in which different words are used. For example section 56 of the County Courts 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ct, 1888, embraces "All personal actions, where the debt demand or damage claimed is not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 more than \'a3\loch\f0 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3953809\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1451642 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ". Section 40 of the County Courts Act, 1934, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uses the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  words "action founded on contract or tort where the debt etc." Neither section includes reference
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , as does section 16 (1) (a) of the Fiji Ordinance to the value of the "property" claimed.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In relation to the use of the word "personal" which occurs in the County Courts Act 1888 as well as the Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1451642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Ordinance, there is an enlight}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ening passage in the judgm\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ent of Scrutton L.J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid1451642 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Cheshire County Court Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 (supra) at page 351, where, dealing with the argument that a demand could be enforced by a declaration in a personal action, he said :\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3953809 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "I cannot help thinking that would have much astonished the l
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
earned men who first used the phrase "personal action." I think they had not the advantage of being acquainted with such a thing as a declaration, and they would have been very much puzzled by an action for a declaration in a case where no other relief wa
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  claimed. I refer merely to one authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1451642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 -}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1451642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 BLACKSTONE'S COMMENTARIES, vol. 3,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p. 117 \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  and I find :
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2098\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2098\itap0\pararsid1451642 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1451642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Personal actions are such whereby a man claims a debt or personal duty, or damages in lieu thereof; and likewise whereby a man claims a satisfaction in d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
amages for some injury done to his person or property. The former are said to be founded on contracts, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 latter upon torts or wrongs.'
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1451642 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The idea of something which was not a claim for money founded on contract, or on tort, but was a demand for a declarat\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ion, never, I think, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 occurred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to Sir William Blackstone, and I do }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
not think, when the legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 used the phrase "personal actions," it was thinking of any such matter as declarations, which were practically unknown in the county court. It was thinking of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the old distinction which is dealt with in the statute between personal and real actions, for, having dealt with personal actions in s.56, the legislature goes on to real actions, or actions similar to real }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1451642 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 actions in s.59 where it deals }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 with the recovery\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of lands and tenements :"
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14093145 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
I am not, in this aspect of the case, dealing with declarations, but with an action which appears to me to be based on trespass though the recovery of land is the main object. In a section in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Halsbury's Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (3rd Editi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
on) Vol. 1 p. 23 dealing with the old forms of action there is mention of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ejectione firmae}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  which was a personal action in the nature of trespass originally confined to claims for damages but under which at a later date a tenant could recover his term. It t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hen became what Halsbury calls a "mixed" action. Generally speaking other forms of the action of trespass were personal actions. In the chapter on trespass in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1451642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Salm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ond }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid1451642 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on Torts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (14th Edn.) at p. 71 it is stated that every person wrongfully dispossessed of l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
and may sue for it in the action of ejectment, which was originally a special variety of trespass; all fictions having been swept away the term ejectment has been replaced by the term action for the recovery of land. As to the historical argument I think 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hat the modern approach, where an action was originally "mixed", would be to construe it as personal rather than real.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The old forms of action have, of course been abolished and I think}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14093145 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
it is proper to construe the word "personal" in section 16 (1) (a) in the light of the words "arising from contract, or from tort" which words were absent from the section which Scrutton L.J. was considering. I am satisfied that an action based on trespas
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 is a personal action for the purpose of the section and none the less so if part of the relief claimed is the ejectment of the trespasser. The action of ejectment itself is a remedy against a trespasser and so arises from tort \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 
 if it has any wider signi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 icance that is not material for the purposes of this case.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I turn now to the word "property" in section 16 (1) (a). Prima facie it is a word of wide meaning and includes property both real and personal. It would be a departure from normal canons of constru
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ction to limit the meaning to "personal property" unless the context requires it. There appear to be two considerations which might have such an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 influence. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  first is again the phrase "personal suits", the second is the presence of section 16 (1) (b) whi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ch deals with lands and houses in some degree.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6900551 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Does the limitation to personal suits automatically restrict the property recoverable to personal property? It would seem that at one time it might well have done so and the argument has weight. The Magistrate\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s' Courts Ordinance however, was first passed in its present form in 1944,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
long after the abolition of forms of action, and at which date historical considerations would be of less moment. It may well be at the present day the phrase "personal action" call\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s to mind the action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid1711814 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6900551\charrsid6900551 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  as distinct from the action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid1711814 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 and that all suits are regarded as personal unless they fall into the latter category. As I read the section, the word "property" as well as "debt" and "damage" is governed by the word "cl\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
aimed" and if the intention was to refer only to such matters as recovery of chattels wrongfully detained, it would have been easy to use the phrase "personal property" and the risk of using the wider word must have been apparent: the word appears before 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he reference to debt or damage and is entitled to be given full weight. Section 16 (4) also provides a safeguard in that actions in which title or ownership is in dispute, may only be entertained by consent. I do not find an easy or clear answer to this q
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 estion but think that the better view is that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 word "property" should be given its normal and unrestricted meaning. The basic limitation of course remains, that the action must arise out of contract or tort, or both.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The argument concerning section 16 (\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
1) (b) was relied upon by counsel for the respondent. His contention was that, as recovery of possession of land was dealt with there, it was implied that there was no jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in that regard except such as arose from that particular subsection. I woul\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
d not accept this as valid. Subsection (b) in the first place makes a distinction in the matter of value. Whereas subsection (a) is limited to a property value of \'a3\loch\f0 
400 the special cases of subsection (b) are dealt with in terms of annual value \hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 higher l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 imit. Secondly, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
subsection (a) deals with matters arising from contract or tort, subsection (b) though it may include some matters of contract, goes beyond such matters into all relations of landlord and tenant some of which might not fall within subsectio
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n (a). It will be observed that when in the passage of his judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Cheshire County Court Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , which I have quoted, Scrutton L.J. refers to "actions similar to real actions in section 59" the provision mentioned does not limit actions for recove
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ry of land to "landlord and tenant" cases but is quite general, subject to the limitation in annual value. There woul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d be good reason to regard that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as an exclusive provision but, in my opinion, the same reasoning does not apply to section 16 (1) (b) which
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  fulfils its own limited object, leaving untouched the question of the construction and effect of subsection (a) .
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 For these reasons, I take the view that section 16 (1) (a) confers jurisdiction upon a Magistrate's Court to entertain an action arising out \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the tort of trespass in which the relief claimed is the recovery of land in the occupation of the defendant as a continuing trespasser, provided the land is within the jurisdiction in the matter of value, and provided that either no question of title o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  ownership arises, or consents have been given in terms of sections 16 (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In such a case if the plaintiff succeeds, the court has power to give all appropriate relief, including an order for possession, under section 27 (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6900551\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In the light of the fact that actions involving land of even higher value may be entertained under section 16 (1) (b) I do not think that there can be any practical objection to this view.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I would therefore allow the appeal with costs, set aside the order \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the Supreme Court and restore the judgment of the learned magistrate to the extent of his order for possession and for costs. My opinion being a minority one, and as each of my learned brethren take the view that, for the reasons in their judgments (wh
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ch differ from those relied upon by the Supreme Court) the appeal must be dismissed, it is accordingly dismissed with costs.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HUTCHISON J.A. :
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On the substantial issue arising on s.12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance, I agree entirely with the learned Vic\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e-President.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Upon the point of the jurisdiction of the Magistrate's Court, however, I find myself, with all respect, in disagreement with him.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 At the risk of being thought repetitious, I again set out as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 such subsections of s.16 of the Magistrates'\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Courts Ordinance as may possibly be relevant :\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6900551 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
" (1) A magistrate empowered to hold a court of the first class, shall, in addition to any jurisdiction which he may have under any other Ordinance for the time being in force, have and exercise jurisdictio\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n in civil causes 
\_
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2098\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2098\itap0\pararsid6900551 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6835070 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
in all personal suits, whether arising from contract, or from tort, or from both, where the value of property or the debt or damage claimed, whether as balance claimed or otherwise, is not more than four hundred pounds;
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2098\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2098\itap0\pararsid3953809 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in all\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  suits between landlord and tenant for possession of any lands or houses claimed under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6900551 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 agreement or refused to be deli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vered up, where the annual value or rent does not exceed four}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3953809\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hundred pounds;
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2098\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2098\itap0\pararsid6900551 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (e) to grant in any suit instituted in the court injunction\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s or orders to stay waste or alienation or for the detention and preservation of any property the subject of such suit, or to restrain torts or breaches of contracts;
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2098\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2098\itap0\pararsid13587722 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid6900551 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Provided that a magistrate's court shall not exercise jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6835070 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6835070\charrsid6900551 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (v) in any actio\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n for malicious prosecution, libel, slander, seduction or breach of promise of marriage.
\par {\listtext\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (4) If, in any suit or matter before a magistrate's court, the title to any land is disputed, or the question of the ownership thereto arises, the court may adjudicat\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e thereon if all parties interested consent; but, if they do not all consent, the presiding magistrate shall apply to the Supreme Court to transfer such cause or matter to itself."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 One further subsection which counsel for appellant submitted is of importan
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ce is s.27 (2) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ordinance: \_}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3953809 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
" (2) A magistrate in the exercise of the jurisdiction vested in him by this Ordinance shall have power to grant, and shall grant either absolutely or on such reasonable terms and conditions as shall seem just, all such \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
remedies or relief whatsoever, interlocutory or final, as any of the parties thereto may appear to be entitled to in respect of any and every legal or equitable claim or defence properly brought forward by them respectively, or which shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 appear in such c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ause or matter, so that as far as possible all matters in controversy between the said parties respectively may be completely and finally determined, and all multiplicity of legal proceedings concerning any of such matters avoided."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
These powers, however, may be exercised, as the subsection says, only "in the exercise of the jurisdiction vested in him by this Ordinance",}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and in my opinion, the subsection does not widen the jurisdiction conferred by s.16.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Returning then to s.16, the ac\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion, not being between landlord and tenant, does not come within para. (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid2968025 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) of s.5 (1), and, if the Magistrate had jurisdiction, it ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968025 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d to be by virtue of para. (a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2968025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It is in my opinion clear that, to fall within para. (a), the suit has to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968025 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
arise from contr\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
act or from tort or from both. The word "personal" can restrict the scope of that, but it cannot enlarge it. As to what that word means, I think that assistance may be obtained from the judgment of Scrutton L.J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid13587722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Cheshire County Court Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1921] \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
All E.R. (Reprint) 344 at p. 351. There his Lordship quotes from Blackstone's }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Commentaries:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \emdash 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"Personal actions are such whereby a man claims a debt, or personal duty, or damages in lieu thereof; and likewise whereby a man claims a satisfaction in damages \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
for some injury done to his person or property. The former are said to be founded on contracts, the latter upon torts or wrongs."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 And then he said, below the letter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2968025 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"It (the Legislature) in using the phrase "personal actions" was thinking of the old d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
istinction which is dealt with in the statute between personal and real actions, for having dealt with personal actions in s.56, the legislature goes on to real actions, or actions similar to real actions in s.59, where it deals with the recovery of lands
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and tenements".
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3953809 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 So here, in my opinion, para. (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3953809\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s.16 (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  confined to such suits or actions as arise out of contract or tort or both as can properly be called personal, cannot, in my opinion, include actions for possession of land. The learned Vice-Presi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dent in his judgment placed some weight on the use of the word "property" in paragraph (a). I do not think that any assistance can be obtained from that. The value of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968025 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 perty is relevant only to the magistrate's jurisdiction as to value. I can agree t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hat the word may apply to real property as well as to personal property. For instance, if a motor driver negligently driving his car collides with and damages another person's fence or gate post, that other person's claim for damages in respect of that in
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 j\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ury to his real property could, in my opinion, be a personal claim arising out of tort within paragraph (a).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The question then is whether this action was one for trespass or }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 one for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 possession of land. In my opinion it was one for possession of land. It wa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s common ground on the argument that a declaration in the Magistrate's Court may be made only as ancillary to other relief sought, and that was, in my opinion, the justification, and the only justification, for the seeking of the declaration sought in par
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . (a) of the Particulars of Claim.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Holding then, as I do, that the suit was not a personal suit arising from contract or from tort or from both, I am of the opinion that the Magistrate had no jurisdiction to entertain it.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In my view, then the appeal should\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  be dismissed with costs, but on the grounds with which the learned Judge in the Supreme Court did not deal.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 MARSACK J.A. :
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I have had the advantage of reading the judgments of the learned V}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968025 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ice President and of Hutchison J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A., and agree with both on the que\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 stions arising on the interpretation of section 12 of the Native Land Trust Ordinance, Cap. 104.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 With regard to the issue concerning the jurisdiction of the Magistrates' Court to deal with the claim, I am of the same opinion as my brother Hutchison that th\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e matter is outside the jurisdiction of the Magistrates' Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2968025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
With the greatest respect I feel that more weight should be given to the use of the phrase "personal suits, whether arising from contract, or from tort or from both", in subsection (1) (a) of \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
section 16 of the Magistrates' Courts Ordinance. Although there appears to be a singular lack of direct authority on the subject, I am inclined to the view that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968025 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 definition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of "personal action" in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7759763\charrsid13587722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Jowitt's }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid2968025 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Dictionary of English Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  is applicable to the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
present case. The term "personal suit" could in the context of the Ordinance be regarded, I think, as synonymous with "personal action". Jowitt says:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid2968025 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Personal action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . In the division of actions, a personal action originally meant one which was brought to
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  enforce a remedy against a person, while in a real action the remedy was to recover a thing, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid2968025 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , itself. Thus, an action on a contract or tort was a personal action, while an action to recover land was a real action, because the land itself could alw
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ays be recovered."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13587722 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
If this definition is adopted, as I think it should be here, it would result in excluding from the jurisdiction of the Magistrates' Court any action for the recovery of land, whatever the value of the land in issue, except an action unde
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r subsection (1) (b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Although in his statement of claim the appellant asks for a declaration that the respondent is a trespasser and for damages in respect of that trespass, yet he also asks for an order for possession of the land; and, in my view, his cl
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 aim is, in its essence, one for recovery of the land. It is conceded that the action is not founded on subsection (1) (b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13587722\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ),}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  as the relationship of landlord and tenant does not exist between the parties. Any jurisdiction the Magistrates' Court had to enterta
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
in the action must be derived from subsection (1) (a) of section 16 and, for the reasons I have given, I am of opinion that this section does not confer on the Magistrates' Court the jurisdiction required to entertain and adjudicate upon the appellant's c
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 aim.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In my view, the word "property" must be read only in relation to what is covered by the rest of the subsection. Although the word itself is very wide in meaning, I do not think it was intended to refer here to anything more than what might be claimed 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
in a "personal suit whether arising from contract or from tort or from both". If my view of the meaning of the phrase "personal suit" is correct then the word "property" in the section refers only to the property which might be in issue in a personal suit
,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  which does not include an action for the recovery of land.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 For these reasons I agree with Hutchison J.A. that the appeal should be dismissed with costs to the respondent.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7759763\charrsid13587722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7759763\charrsid3953809 .
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