{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi37\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang5129\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times};}
{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f382\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f409\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}
{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15602392\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 v.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15602392\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 LATCHMAN AND OTHERS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid15602392\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15602392\charrsid16123065 [COURT OF AP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13983052\charrsid16123065 PEAL, 196}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10562549\charrsid16123065 8*}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16123065\charrsid16123065  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
(Gould V.P., Adams J.A., Marsack J.A.) 6th, 7th December, 1967, 5th April, 1968]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15602392\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid15602392\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6953447 Bills of sale-registration not renewed-action on personal covenant-meaning of "fraudulent and void" in section 7 of Bills of Sale
 Ordinance-limited construction to avoid injustice-personal covenant not affected-Bills of Sale Ordinance (Cap. 193-1955) ss.2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15-Bills of Sale Act 1854 (17 & 18 Vict., c.36) (Imperia1)-Bills of Sale Act 1866 (29 and 30 Vict., c.96) (Imp
erial)-Debtors Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict., c.62) (Imperial) ss.26, 27-Bills of Sale Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict., c.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10362400\charrsid6953447 3I) (Imperial) ss.8, 11, 14-Bills of Sal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6953447 e (Amendment) 
Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict., c.43) (Imperial) ss.4, 5, 8, 9, 12-Bills of Sale Ordinance 1879, s.20-Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1571 (13 Eliz. 1, c.5).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid11945570\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5064659 Interpretation-bills of sale-construction of Ordinance-limited interpretation of general words of avoidance-c
onstruction to avoid injustice-meaning of "fraudulent and void" in section 7 of Bills of Sale Ordinance-possible constructions of Ordinance-whether personal covenant rendered void by failure to renew registration-Bills of Sale Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5064659\charrsid5064659  (Cap. 193-1955) ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5064659 2
, 3, 7, 8. 11, 14, 15-Bills of Sale Ordinance 1879, s.20-Bills of Sale Act 1854}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5064659\charrsid5064659  (17 & 18 Vict., c.36) (Imperial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5064659 )-Bills of Sale Act 1866 (29 & 30 c.96) (Imperial)-Debtors Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict., c.62) (Imperial) ss.26, 27-Bills of Sale Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vi
ct., c31) (Imperial) ss.8, 11, 14-Bills of Sale (Amendment) Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict., c.43) (Imperial) ss.4, 5, 8, 9, 12-Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1571 (13 Eliz. 1, c.5).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid11945570\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5064659 Courts-Court of Appeal-earlier decision of Court of Appeal-whether binding-stare dec
isis principle-less stringent approach preferable-circumstances justifying refu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5064659\charrsid5064659 sal to follow earlier decision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5064659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid5314971\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 The respondents e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11695344\charrsid1514934 xecuted a bill of sale on the l1}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 th August, 1961, in favour of one Sahbaz Khan, giving security over chattels in respect of a loan of \'a3
1,500 and interest. The bill of sale was registered on the 16th August, 1961. No payments whatever were made on account thereof. Sahbaz Khan died on the 29th May, 1964, and the appellant, his ad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11695344\charrsid1514934 minis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 trator, issued a writ against the respondents on t
he 20th April, 1967, claiming \'a3
1,500 and interest, basing his action upon the covenant in the bill of sale. It was common ground that the registration of the bill of sale became void in August, 1966, owing to its non-renewal within the five years allowed b
y section 14 of the Bills of Sale Ordinance (Cap. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11695344\charrsid1514934 193 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1514934\charrsid1514934  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11695344\charrsid1514934 1955), The Supreme Court up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 held the defence that by virtue of section 7 of the Ordinance the non-renewal of registration rendered the bill of sale "fraudulent and void," that there were no grounds }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1514934\charrsid1514934 for holding that a covenant to p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 ay in such a bill of sale w}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1514934\charrsid1514934 as not an integral part thereof,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 
 and that the covenant, not being severable, was also to be deemed fraudulent and void. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid9118705\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 
: 1. The non-renewal of the bill of sale as required by section 14 of the Ordinance made it "fraudulent and void" within the meaning of those words in section 7, but the instrument was valid and effectual in all respects up to the moment when the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1514934\charrsid1514934 registration was rendered void.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid1514934 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6496593\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12854672 2. (a) There is abundant authority for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid12854672 
 the proposition that, in appro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12854672 
priate circumstances, general words of avoidance such as "void," "null and void," "void to all intents and purposes," "absolutely void" and the like, may be interpreted as merely rendering the transaction voidable, or as vo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12854672 id only to some limited extent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12854672\charrsid12854672 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12854672 
(b) Where the language of a statute leads to inconvenience, absurdity, hardship or injustice presumably not intended by the legislature, a court may, in appropriat
e circumstances, depart from the natural meanings and grammatical construction, and even clear words may be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12854672\charrsid12854672 made to give way to good sense.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12854672 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12854672\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12854672 (c) In view of the many errors, accid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid12854672 
ents, inadvertances or irregula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12854672 rities (sometimes of the most excusable kind) i
n relation to registration, renewal of registration and otherwise, which might render a bill of sale "fraudulent and void," causing many instances of grave injustice, there was a clear case for a limited construc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12854672\charrsid12854672 tion of the words of avoidance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12854672 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12854672\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 (d) The construction which must be placed upon the Ordinance in Fiji must be one which will apply to all bills of sale, whether ab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12854672\charrsid7683567 solute or securities for money.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12854672\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 (e) Having regard to the objects of the English Bills o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1397109\charrsid7683567 f Sale Act, 1854, in force in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 
 prior to the enactment of the Ordinance, and of the Bills of Sale Act, 1878, upon which the Ordinance was modelled, the word "fraudulent" in section 7 of the Ordinance has reference to fraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7683567\charrsid7683567  such as frauds upon creditors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7683567\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 (f) It is necessary to impose some lim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1397109\charrsid7683567 
itation on the prima facie mean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 ing of the words "fraudulent and void" in section 7 of the Ordinance, but, whether the appropriate limitation is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6496593\charrsid7683567 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7683567\charrsid7683567  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7683567 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6496593\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 
(i) one which would render the bill of sale v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7683567\charrsid5006012 oid against creditors and their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 representatives, or 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7683567\charrsid5006012 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 (ii) one which, by giving dominance to section 2 of the Ordinance, would invalidate the bill of sale both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 inter partes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 
 and as against strangers, in respect only of powers to seize or take possession of chattels, or 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7683567\charrsid5006012 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 (iii) one which would result in avoidance of the title to the chattels as well as the right to seize and take possession, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1444343 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1444343 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 all have the one feature in common, namely, that they can have no effect on the validity of any covenants to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5006012\charrsid5006012  pay the principal or interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5006012 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6496593\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 3. The appellant was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7744478\charrsid7744478  therefore entitled to succeed.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1397109\charrsid7744478 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 Per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 
 Gould V.P.: The appellant was also entitled to succeed on the basis that the personal coven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7744478\charrsid7744478 ant was in any event severable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1397109\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1397109\charrsid7744478 An earlier d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 
ecision of the Court of Appeal (Civil appeal No.7 of 1961 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3373904\charrsid7744478 -unreported) was not q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 uoted in argument by counsel and came to the attention of the court after judgment h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid7744478 ad been reserved. On facts simi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 
lar to those of the present case, the decision, so far as is relevant, was that the covenant for payment was void. After making observations on the principle of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 stare decisis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 
 and for reasons stated in detail, the court concluded that it should not follow the decision on the point as to the validity of the covenant. If the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 
stare d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid7744478 ecisis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid7744478  rule as laid down in Aus}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7744478 tralian authorities is less stringent than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3373904\charrsid7744478 
that in England, the less strin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7744478\charrsid7744478 gent rule in preferable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid3373904\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Cases referred to: .. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (Civil Appeal No.7 of 1961 -unreported): }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1444343  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 1960}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1444343 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  7 FLR 105: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Fenton v. Blythe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (1890) 25 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6830233 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6830233 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6830233 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  417; 63 LT 534: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Cowper v. Godmond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (1833) 9 Bing. 748; 2 L.J.C.P. 162: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Huggins v. Coates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (1843) 5 QBD 432; 13 L.J.Q.B. 46: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
Mitchell v. Harris Engineering Co. Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 . [19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16459099\charrsid10507894 
67] 2 Q.B. 703; [1967] 2 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 R 682: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
National Provincial Bank v. Gaunt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  [1942] 2 All ER 112: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Davies v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (1886) 17 QBD 408; 54 LT 813: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Tidyman v. Collins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (1878) 4 V.L.R. 478 FC: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Burdett, Re, Ex parte Byrne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (1888) 20 Q.B.D. 310; 58 L.T. 708: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Isaacson, Re, Ex parte Mason}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  [1895}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1444343 ] 1 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 B 333; 71 LT 708: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 North Wales Produce and Supply Society Ltd., Re,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
 [1922] 2 Ch. 340; 127 LT 288: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Mouys v. Leake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
 (1799) 8 TR 411; 101 ER 1461: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Kerrison v. Cole }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 (1807)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13635367\charrsid10507894  8 East 231; 103 ER 330: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13635367\charrsid10507894 Phill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 potts v. Phillpotts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 (1850) 10 CB 85; 138 ER 35: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 R. v. Dow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3373904\charrsid10507894 -ling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3373904\charrsid10507894  (1857) 8 E. & B. 605; 120 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 ER 226: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Attorney-General (Hong Kong) v. Kwok-a-Singh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 (1873) L.R. 5 P.c. 179; 29 L.T. 114: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
Brocklebank, Re, Ex parte Dunn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  (1889}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1444343 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  20 QBD. 461; 61 LT 543: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Lockwood Re, Atherton v. Brooke}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894  [1958] Ch. 231; [1957] 3 All ER 520: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
Ex parte Webster, In re Morris }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 (1882) 22 ChD 136; 48 LT 295: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Davis v. Goodman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 (1880) 5 CPD 128: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway Co. v. North Central Wagon Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10507894 
. (1888) 13 App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Cas. 554; 59 LT 730: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 
Charlesworth v. Mills}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755  [1892] AC 231; 66 LT 690: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 
Cookson v. Swire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755  (1884) 9 App. Cas. 653; 52 LT 30: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Gowan v. Wright}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755  (1886) 18 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5713890\charrsid4411755 QBD 201; 56 LJQB 131: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5713890\charrsid4411755 Na}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 tionol & Grindlay's Bank Ltd. v. Dharamshi Vallabhji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13238539 [1967] 1 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13238539  207; [966]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755  2 All ER 626: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Reese River Silver Mining Co. v. Atwell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3373904\charrsid4411755  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 (1869) LR 7 Eq. 347; 20 LT 163: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Co. v. Dearborn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755  (1919) 47 DLR 27: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Furber v. Cobb}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 
 (1887) 5 Q.B.D. 494; 56 LT 689: In re Rhodes r19331 NZLR 1348: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Bennett & Wood Ltd. v. Orange City Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 [1967] 1 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13238539 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 WR 502: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Attorney-General of New South Wales v. Perpetual Trustee Co. Ltd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 . (1951-2) 85 CLR 237: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 
Wilkins v. New Saville Securities Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 . (1922) 39 TLR 85: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 Bradford Advance Co. Ltd. v. Ayers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13238539 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 924] WN 152; 157 L.T.Jo. 344: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755 
North Cen-tral Wagon Finance Co. Ltd. v. Brailsford}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4411755  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5705208\charrsid15942421 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 962] 1 All E.R. 502; [1962] 1 WLR 1288: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 Johnson v. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421  [1904}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13238539 ] AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421  817; 20 TLR 697: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 Bryers v. Canadia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid15942421 n Pacific Steamships Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid15942421  [1956]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421  3 All ER 560: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 Young v. Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421  [1944] K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15942421 B 718; [1944] 2 All ER 293.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 Appeal from a judgment of the Suprem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid15942421 
e Court in an action upon coven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15942421\charrsid15942421 ants in a bill of sale.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 D. M. N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 . McFarlane for the appellant. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6496593\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 A. I. N. Deoki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421  for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15942421\charrsid15942421 respondents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1462900\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 The facts are sufficiently state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15942421\charrsid15942421 
d in the judgment of ADAMS J.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1462900\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15942421\charrsid15942421  following judgments were read:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1462900\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942421 ADAMS J.A.: [5th April, 1968]-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid15942421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9591491 The fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8014085\charrsid9591491 s in this case are simple. On l1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7497414\charrsid9591491 th August, 1961 the respon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9591491 
dents executed an indenture in favour of one Sahbaz Khan in respect of a loan of \'a31,500, assigning certain chattel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9591491 s by way of security, and enter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9591491 ing into covenants for payment of the principal sum and of interest thereon at the rate of \'a37 per centum per annum. Monthly instalments of \'a3
30 were to be paid, and the interest was to be calculated monthly, each instalment to be applied firstly in payment of the interest and secondly in repayment of the principal. The indenture was, of cou
rse, a bill of sale within the meaning of the Bills of Sale Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7497414\charrsid9591491  1879, Cap. 193; and it was duly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9591491 register}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9591491\charrsid9591491 ed as such on 16th August 1961.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9591491 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3175335 Sahbaz Khan, the mortgagee, died on 29th May, 1964, and letters of administration of his estate were granted to t
he plaintiff-appellant on 5th January 1967. On 20th April 1967, the plaintiff issued his writ against the respondents claiming the abovementioned principal sum of \'a3
1,500 and interest thereon. At the trial, and also in the hearing before us, it was agreed that no payments whatever have been made, and that, if the plaintiff is entitled to succeed, the judgment must be for \'a3
1,500 plus simple interest thereon at the rate of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid3175335  \'a37 per centum per annum from l1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3175335 th August 196}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3175335\charrsid3175335 1 down to the date of judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3175335 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3175335 
The claim as endorsed on the writ was expressed to be for "the amount now due and owing by the defendants to the plaintiff under a covenant in Bill of Sale Book 61 Folio 1459." No other cause of action being alleged, the claim is thus limited to the right
 of action on the covenants for pay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3175335\charrsid3175335 ment of principal and interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3175335 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3175335 The only relevant plea by way of defence is that the above-mentioned bill of sale is now void in law and unenforceable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 owing to the non-renewal of the registration; and the learned trial Ju
dge felt himself bound to uphold this defence. In the weeks following our hearing, and after giving much thought to the matter, we were unanimously of the opinion that the appeal should succeed on the ground that the covenants for payment remained enforce
able; and, for my part, the reasons which led me to that view were already written and in the course of circulation to my learned colleagues, when, like a bolt from the blue, there was brought to our notice the earlier decision of this court in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 
 (Civil Appeal No.7 of 1961: unreported), and we found ourselves in the dilemma that we must either refuse to follow that case or must deliver judgment in the sense which we were convinced was wrong. We have come to the conclusion that the former
 is our proper course; and what I now propose to do is firstly to set out, in substantially unaltered form and with no more than passing references to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 
Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 , my reasons for concluding that the covenants are enforceable, and then to discuss and give my reasons for respectfully}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9437877\charrsid9437877  declining to follow that case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12728697\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 There are no moral merits whatever in the defence, and we are asked to apply a view of the law which is admittedly harsh and unreasonable
 to an extreme degree, and if all the submissions made on behalf o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9437877 f the res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 pondents were sound, then an Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9437877  designed to prevent the perpet}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 ration of frauds has become a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9437877\charrsid9437877 
n instrument of grievous fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12459378\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 No facts are in dispute, and the sole question is 
whether the non-renewal of the registration disentitles the plaintiff from suing on the covenants for payment. While the learned trial Judge made reference to certain English decisions, and these and other English decisions were canvassed in the argument 
before us, it is important to observe that our task is to construe the Bills of Sale Ordinance 1879, and while there are many points of resemblance, it differs ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9437877 terially from any English enact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9437877\charrsid9437877 ment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9437877 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12459378\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 At the trial, the bill of sale itself, and certain letter
s upon which nothing turns, were put in by consent and no other evidence was tendered. It has been admitted throughout that the registration of the bill of sale became void in August 1966 owing to its non-renewal within the period of five years al}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4342023\charrsid4342023 lowed by s.14 of the Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12459378\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 For purposes of reference, I set out her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid4342023 
e those provisions of the Ordin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 ance which are important for the understanding of what follows:-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid8548176\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 2. This Ordinance shall apply to every bill of sale whereby the holder or grantee has power, ei
ther with or without notice, at any time to seize or take possession of any personal chattels comprised in or made subject to such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4342023\charrsid4342023  bill of sale.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid4411091\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 3. In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14708828\charrsid4342023 -...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4411091\charrsid4342023 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 "apparent possession" of personal chattels i
s deemed to be such possession as may be had by the person making or giving a bill of sale, so long as such chattels remain or are in or upon any house, plantation, mill, warehouse, building, works, yard, land or other premises occupied by him, or are use
d and enjoyed by him in any place whatsoever, not-withstanding that formal possession thereof may have been taken by or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4411091\charrsid4342023  given to any other person;...}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4342023 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid4411091\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4411091\charrsid2695757 7. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2695757 
Every bill of sale to which this Ordinance applies shall be duly attested, and shall be registered, wit
hin seven days after the making or giving thereof if made or given in Suva, or within twenty-one days if made or given in any other part of the Colony than the city of Suva, and shall set forth the consideration for which such bill of sale was given; othe
rwise such bi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid2695757 ll of sale shall be deemed frau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6835753\charrsid2695757 
dulent and void;...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2695757 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6835753\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6835753\charrsid6380417 8. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6380417 
Where a subsequent bill of sale is executed within or on the expiration of such seven days or twenty-one days after the execution of a prior unregistered bill of sale including all or any p
art of the personal chattels comprised in such prior bill of sale, and to secure the same debt or any part thereof, it shall so far be absolutely void, unless it is proved to the satisfaction of the Supreme Court that such subsequent bill of sale was bona
 fide given for the purpose of correcting some material error in the prior bill, and not for the pur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6380417\charrsid6380417 pose of evading this Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6380417 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9396209 11. If a bill of sale is made or given subject to any defeasance or condition, or declaration of trust, not contained in the
 body thereof, such defeasance, condition or declaration shall be deemed to be part of the bill, and shall be written on the same paper or parchment therewith before registration; otherwise the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11428200\charrsid9396209 registration shall be void:...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9396209 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1902042\charrsid9396209 14. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9396209 The registration of a bill
 of sale must be renewed, or further renewed, as the case may be, at least once every five years, and, if a period of five years elapse without such renewal or further renewal the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9396209\charrsid9396209 registration shall become void.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9396209 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid9328199\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9328199\charrsid15216266 15. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13709535\charrsid15216266 The renew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15216266 al of a registration shall be effected by filing with the Registrar-General an affidavit in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid15216266  the form set forth in the Sche}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15216266 
dule hereto, and shall state the date of the bill of sale, and of the last registration thereof, and the names, residences and occupations of the parties thereto as
 stated therein, and that the bill of sale is still a subsisting security, and the Registrar-General shall make entries of the fact of the renewal in the registration time-book and on the bi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15216266\charrsid15216266 ll of sale filed in his office.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15216266 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15216266 In the first phase of his argumen
t, Mr. McFarlane contended that the effect of s.14 is merely to avoid the registration -so as to render the instrument ineffective as a security over the chattels -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15216266\charrsid15216266  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15216266 and not to bring into operation the words of s.7 rendering the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid15216266 bill of sale itself "frau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15216266 dulent and void." }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11408149 
Apparently regarding the word "fraudulent" as the more vicious of the two terms, he maintained that there was no ground for its application here, and that, apart from it, the bill of sale might be "void," but nevertheless the covenant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid11408149 s, being "separate and independ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11408149 
ent," would remain good. Whatever else there may be to be said as to the severability of the covenants, I do not think that severability can be established on this ground, and, in my opinion, the learned Judge was right in holdin
g that the effect of s.14 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid11408149  to make the bill of sale "frau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11408149 dulent and void" within the meaning, wha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid11408149 tever it may be, of that expres}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11408149 sion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11408149\charrsid11408149  as used in s.7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid9328199\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7089785 In his submissions both here and below, Mr. Deoki conceded that it would be open to the grantee of a bil
l of sale rendered fraudulent and void by s.7 to sue in simple contract, claiming for moneys lent or for money had and received, on the authority of certain cases to which it will be necessary for me to refer in the concluding part of this judgment, and o
n which I offer no comment now. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 
But, in making this concession, Mr. Deoki's left hand knew what his right hand did; and the concession was coupled with the further submissions that any such right of action had become statute-barred at the date of the Suprem
e Court hearing owing to the lapse of more than six years since the bill of sale was executed, and that in consequence any application to introduce such a claim by way of amendment would have to be rejected. That these submissions appear to have been take
n for granted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid5660548  in the present case by all con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 
cerned is no doubt due to the fact that si}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid5660548 milar submissions, made in simi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 lar circumstances, had been accepted by the same trial Judge in his reported judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2108356  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 1960}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2108356 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548  7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2108356 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 
LR 105, the abovementioned decision of the Court of Appeal in that case being unreported and apparently forgotten. On the footing of those submissions the alleged invalidity of the covenants c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid5660548 ame to be put forward as a com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 plet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5660548\charrsid5660548 e defence to these proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid2692818\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 
In holding that the non-renewal of the registration rendered the bill of sale "fraudulent and void," the learned Judge relied on a passage in the judgment of Wills J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 Fenton v. Blythe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2108356  (1890) 25 QB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 D 417, 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5660548\charrsid5660548 19-420, which reads as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2692818\charrsid5660548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108356 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 "Now, Section
 II of the Act of 1878 provides that on failure to renew the registration of a bill of sale, the registration is to become void, and to this provision I can attach only one meaning -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5660548\charrsid5660548  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 that from that time forward the rights or parties are to be regulated as 
though there had been no registration in the first instance, as though no such form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11301404\charrsid5660548 ality had ever taken place... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 The Bill must therefore be treated as though it had never been registered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5660548\charrsid5660548 
at all and is void altogether."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid2692818\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 On the authority of this passage Mr. Deoki argued that non-renewal operates retrospectively, avoiding the bill of sale }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 ab initio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5660548 
, and even to the extent that the grantee would be liable in damages in respect of any seizure or sale effected during the continuance of the registration. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7829676 But the 
suggestion that there is any such retrospective effect is obviously unreasonable and untenable, and I am satisfied that Wills J. meant nothing of the kind. The dominant words are, "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7829676 from that time forward,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7829676 
" and they govern all that follows. When the axe of non-renewal falls, the legal position changes at that moment and for the future, but remains un-changed as to the past. The actual decision is consistent with this. As appears from the reported arguments
 of counsel, the point in issue was whether the grantee of a bill of sale, the registration of which had not been renewed, had acquired a good title }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid7829676 
under a second bill of sale exe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7829676 cuted in his favour after the non-renewal of the first; and this depended on 
the question whether the grantor had been the true owner of the chattels, or whether they still remained vested in the grantee by virtue of the first bill of sale. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5374962 The real purport of the decision was that the non-renewal restored the original ownership of the grantor (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5374962 Halsbury's Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5374962 , 3rd ed., vol. 3, p.283) -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5374962\charrsid5374962  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5374962 
a re-vesting of the title at that moment; which is far from being a decision that the title had not been in the grantee during the continuance of the registration. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4930426 The case turned largely 
on legislative provisions not to be found in our Ordinance, but is no authority for retrospective operation either in England or in Fiji. It is desirable to add, moreover, that the words "void altogether" were used by Wills J. in a rather loose sense. The
 relevant enactment (s.8 of the English statute of 1882) prov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid4930426 ided only for avoidance "in res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4930426 pect of the personal chattels," and, when Wills J. said that the instrument was "void altogether," he meant no more than that, in respect of the chattels, it was void }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4930426 inter partes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4930426 
 as well as against strangers. If the passage under discussion were read as meaning any more than I have said, it would be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4930426 obiter dictum}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4930426 , and, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4930426\charrsid4930426 ith all respect, clearly wrong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid11301404\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3427341 For the reasons given above, I hold that the non-renewal of this bill of sale made it "fraudulent and void" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid3427341 within whatever may be the mean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3427341 
ing of those words in s.7, but that this had no retrospective effect, the instrument being, in the eyes of the law, valid and effectual in all respects up to the moment when s.14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3427341\charrsid3427341 rendered the registration void.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3427341 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid2701607\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 
It would seem to follow, incidentally, that it may be difficult to accept the view that a cause of action in simple contract for moneys lent or money had and rec
eived arose retrospectively as at the date of the execution of the bill of sale. There was certainly no such cause of action at that moment or at any time while the registration subsisted; and if any such cause of action ever arose, it arose when the orig
i
nal registration expired. There is something macabre about the suggestion that time can run against such a claim throughout the period of valid registration, during which, quite clearly no such action could lie. Moreover, if it were so, then, if the regis
tration had been kept alive for a second period of five years, the cause of action would have been statute-barred before it ever came into existence -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2108356  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 reductio ad absurdum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 . For reasons that will appear, I find it unnecessary to arrive at any decision on a
ny question relating to such a cause of action, but I am happy to note that what I have said in this paragraph accords with the opinions expressed in the Court of Appeal in the abovem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10423731\charrsid10764796 entioned case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10423731\charrsid10764796 Baldeo v. Nur }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 . (As to the point from which time would run, see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 Cowper v. Godmond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796  (1833) 9 Bing. 748; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 Huggins v. Coates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796  (1843) 5 QB 432; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 Halsbury's Laws of Engl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2701607\charrsid10764796 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2701607\charrsid10764796 , 3rd ed., vol. 24 p.217).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10764796 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2701607\charrsid7556742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 
There are other matters, too on which I might feel considerable doubt if it were necessary to consider the possibility of a simple contract claim for money had and received. But, as no application to amend was before the court, we stopped Mr. Deoki on thi
s question; and all I propose to say is that I hope it might be found, on a careful consideration, that the law is not so rigidly unreasonable and u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9463404\charrsid7556742 
njust as to prevent the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 from allowing such an amendment as would enable the court, even if a claim in s
imple contract were now statute-barred, to substitute such a claim for the claim in covenant in this action. Certain authorities which might stand in the way have been got rid of by new Rules in England (see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 Mitchell v. Harris Engineering Co. Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 . [1967] 2
 All ER 682); and the judgments in that case appear to suggest that the law may not be so stringent as has been supposed, particul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9463404\charrsid7556742 
arly in cases where, as would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 be the case here, the two "causes of action" are really no more than two aspects of the same fac
ts, and, except that interest at a "reasonable" rate might have to be substituted for interest at the agreed rate, would lead to exactly the same relief. Lor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13109358\charrsid7556742 d Denning M.R., with whose, judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 
 Davies L.J. concurred, did not hesitate to speak of "the injustice caused by" some of the earlier cases, and there may now be no need to go on perpetrating similar injustices. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 National Provincial Bank v. Gaunt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 
[1942] 2 All ER 112 is distinguishable on the ground that the earlier loan transactions to which the plaintiff wanted to hark back had not been entered into in contemplation, or on the faith, of the agreement on which th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7556742\charrsid7556742 e acion was founded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7556742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid10423731\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2622616 On the question of the possible severability of the covenant for payment, I have rejected, as above, Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13109358\charrsid2622616 McFarlane's argument that sever}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2622616 
ability might be sustained by treating the bill of sale as "void" but not "fraudulent." For reasons that will emerge, I do not find it necessary to give further consideration to the question of simple severability; but it is desirable neverth
eless to say that in my opinion the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2622616 Davies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5783446\charrsid2622616 v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14164395  (1886) 17 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5783446\charrsid2622616 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2622616 
D 408, which was cited to the learned Judge on this point, and on which he relied for the view that such a covenant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5783446\charrsid2622616 is an "integral p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2622616 art" of the bill of sale, cannot be severed, an
d must fall with the bill of sale. is not a sufficient authority for that proposition under this Ordinance. It depended entirely on s.9 of the English statute of 1882 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 a provision which has no counterpart in the Ordinance -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5181502\charrsid15942895  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 and the ground of decision was t
hat, as a covenant for payment was an integral part of the mandatory statutory form prescribed for bills of sale securing payments of money, a covenant not in accordance with that form was necessarily void. It seems}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid15942895  reasonably clear from the judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 ments that
, but for this particular consideration, the covenant would have been held to be severable and valid (Cp. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 Tidyman v. Collins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895  (1878) 4 VLR 478, FC). It will be necessary to refer later to the grounds on which, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 Davies v. Rees,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895  the word "void" was there he
ld to impose an absolute invalidation, but that point is not relevant to the present question. The decision has been authoritatively explained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 
In re Burdett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895  (1888) 20 QBD 310, 315, in which case it was held that, where the schedule of a bill of sale voi
d under s.9 included a gas engine which was not a "personal chattel," the security in respect of the engine was severable and valid (see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 
In re Isaacson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895  [1895] 1 QB 333 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15942895 
and In re North Wales Produce and Supply S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16742364\charrsid15942895 ociety Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16742364\charrsid15942895  [1922] 2 Ch 340).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13109358\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10440887 I believe 
I have now dealt with all matters relevant to this case in the form in which it was presented to the learned trial Judge and was initially presented to us; and, while I have found reason for being critical of some of the arguments advanced in support of h
is judgment, I doubt whether the learned Judge could well have arrived at any other decision on the submis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10440887\charrsid10440887 sions that were put before him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10440887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13109358\charrsid10440887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10440887 Except on the question of severabilit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10440887 
y, what has been said above dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10440887 poses of the first phase of Mr. McFarlane's argument in this court. But, on the second day of hearing he present}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10440887 ed an entirely new line or argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10440887 ment -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10440887\charrsid10440887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10440887 
novel, it seems, so far as this Ordinance is concerned, but by no means novel in re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10440887\charrsid10440887 gard to the principle involved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10440887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13109358\charrsid3308733 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 The general principle invoked is that, where injustice or absurdity w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12779736\charrsid3308733 ould otherwise arise, "...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10440887\charrsid3308733 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
enactments which avoid or abridge the effect of conveyances, contracts and instruments have generally received a construction more compatible with the obvious object and policy of the legislature than with the natural meaning of the language" (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 Maxwell on the Interpretation of Statutes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
, 11th ed., 202). There is abundant authority for the proposition that, in appropriate circumstances, genera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12081467\charrsid3308733 l words of avoidance, such as "v}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 oid," "null and void}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid3308733 ," "void to all intents and pur}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 poses," "absolutely void" and the like, may be interpreted as merely rendering the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12081467\charrsid3308733  transaction voidable,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
 or as rendering it void, not in toto, but only to some limited extent. The authorities for this are so fully set out by the lastmentioned author (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 ibid
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 ., pp. 200-4) and in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 Stroud's Judicial Dictionary
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 , 3rd ed., pp. 3227-3230, under th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12081467\charrsid3308733 e word "v}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1275670\charrsid3308733 oid," that it is un}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
necessary, and would be merely tedious, to discuss them in detail. The cases cited by Mr. McFarlane (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 Mouys v. Leake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733  (1799) 8 TR 411, 101 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 ER 1461; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 errison v. Cole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733  (1807) 8 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 ast 231, 103 ER 330; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 Phill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 potts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 v. Phillpotts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733  (1850) 10 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 B 85, 138 ER 35) may be regarded as sufficient exampl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 
es; and it is worthy of note tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15367752\charrsid3308733 t,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
 in all three of them covenants were held to be enforceable notwithstanding the statutory invalidation of the instrument. As Maule J. said in the last-men}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3308733\charrsid3308733 tioned case (pp.99-100; p.40).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 "The policy of the law always is not to make contracts void to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 greater extent than the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 mischi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1275670\charrsid3308733 ef to be remedied renders nece}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15367752\charrsid3308733 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1275670\charrsid3308733 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 ary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7742849\charrsid3308733 ."
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid5639523\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
I content myself with one further quotation, taken from the judgment of a Court of Appeal comprising Lord Esher M.R. and Fry and Lopes L.JJ., in a case (already mentioned above) u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid3308733 nder the bills of sale legisla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 tion (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 In re Burdett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3308733\charrsid3308733  (1888) 20 QBD 310, 314):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid4199687\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 "In our judgment, clauses in statutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid3308733 
avoiding transactions or instru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
ments are to be interpreted with reference to the purpose for which they are inserted, and, when open to question, are to receive a wide or a limited construction according as the one or the other will best effectua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3308733\charrsid3308733 te the purpose of the statute."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3308733 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid5639523\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 While I have spoken above only of the principle which the court has frequently applied in relation to provis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15367752\charrsid12803129 ions for the avoidance of trans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 actions, it is, 
of course, no more than a particular instance of the wider rule that, where the language of a sta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid12803129 tute leads to inconvenience, ab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 surdity, hardship or injustice presumably not intended by the legislature, the court may, in appropriate circumstances, depart from natural meanings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13650855\charrsid12803129  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 
and grammatical construction, and even clear words may be made to give way to good sense (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 Maxwell, op. cit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 ., 221 and 243; and see, for instance, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 R. v. Dowling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129  (1857) 8 E. & B. 605; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 
Attorney-General (Hong Kong) v. Kwok-a-Sing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12803129\charrsid12803129 (1873) L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 R 5 P.C. 179, 197; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 In re Brocklebank }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129 (1889) 23 QBD 461; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid14164395 In re Lockwood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12803129  [1958] Ch. 231, 238). 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid5639523\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 In the present case, the problem centres round the words "fraudulent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5639523\charrsid8145486  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 
and void" in s.7 of the Ordinance. It has been a common practice in statutes not to be content with the simp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5639523\charrsid8145486 le word "v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 oid," but to add words such as "absolutely," or "to all intents and pu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8145486\charrsid8145486 
rposes," or "utterly\'85\'85.. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 and of none effect," or "to all intents constructions and purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid8145486 ." But according to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid8145486 Stroud, loc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486  cit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 ., 3228-9 such additions are little more than expletives. "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid8145486 If," says }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid8145486 Stroud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid8145486 , "a thing is 'v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 oid,' it is empty -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8145486\charrsid8145486  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 without force. Can a cistern be more than empty, o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid8145486 r a body be more than still?" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 
Thus, in the Ordinance under consideration, the words "absolutely void" in s.8, really mean no more than "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid8145486 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 oid," and, in s.7 the word "fraudulent" in "fraudulent and void" gives no added strength to the word "void." Indeed, as
 will appear, I think there is reason for regarding the word "fraudulent" in the latter section, not a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8145486\charrsid8145486 s adding strength to the word 'v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 oid,' but as furnishing some reason for thinking that the whole phras}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8145486\charrsid8145486 
e is used in a qualified sense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8145486 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid9372270\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11811002 In determining wheth
er, and in what way if at all, it is permissible to impose a restricted meaning on the words "fraudulent and void" in s.7, the matters requiring to be considered are, (1) the purpose or purposes of the enactment, and (2) the injustices that may result fro
m an absolute and unqualified avoidance of the bill of sa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3620761\charrsid11811002 le. As to the latter, it is un}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11811002 necessary to go beyond the present case in order to see that gross and cruel injustice can arise. The registration of this bill of sale should have been renewed within fi
ve years of its original registration on 16th August 1961, and, at the point of time when renewal ceased to be possible, Sahbaz Khan had been dead for more than two ye}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid11811002 ars, and, letters of administra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11811002 
tion not having yet been granted, there was no one in existence who could have renewed the registration. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid202307 A failu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3620761\charrsid202307 re to renew in time may be due }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid202307 
to simple forgetfulness, not unnatural on the lapse of five years, or to mere accident, or some trifling inadvertence on the part of a lawyer's clerk. Moreover, a purported renewal may be found to be invalid owing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10879141 to some trivial irregularity in the affidavi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10879141 t required by s.15 of the Ordin}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10879141 ance, rigidly accurate compliance with the requirements of the section being necessary to validity (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10879141 Ex parte Webster, in re Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10879141 
 (1882) 22 Ch. D. 136). A clerical mistake in the affidavit in respect of a d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4786070\charrsid10879141 ate or any other particular woul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10879141 d, it seems, render the bill of sale "fraudulent and void." Apart from the perils attending a renewal of registration, there are similar technical perils attending an}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4786070\charrsid10879141  original registration (cp. s.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10879141 
); and, once again, failure to register may itself be due to accident, or to misunderstanding or inadvertence of the most excusable sort. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 
Moreover, even if registration be duly effected, the bill of sale may be "fraudulent and void" under s.7 because of some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10383233 non-compliance with the require
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 ments of s.9 in respect of the attestation -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10879141\charrsid10383233  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 requirements which are really superflous in the case of many a gr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10383233 antor; or because the considera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 tion has not been truly set forth -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10879141\charrsid10383233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 another matter in whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10383233 h great accu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 racy is required, and failure in which may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10383233  be venial; or because a defeas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 
ance, condition or declaration of trust is not written on the same paper or parchment as required by s.11 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10383233\charrsid10383233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 another trap for the unwary. Now there is no escape from the fact that in all these cases the bill of sale is "fraudulent and void" within the meaning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4786070\charrsid10383233 s.7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10383233 
 and that in many instances grave injustice must necessarily ensue; and, so long as the injustices are necessary consequences of s.7, 
the law has no option but to accept them. But there is obviously no good reason for extending them beyond such limits as are reasonably necessary in order to give due effect to the objects of the enactment. One can scarcely imagine a clearer case for a li
mited construc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10383233\charrsid10383233 tion of the words of avoidance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1080487\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 
It is worth noting here that there is no provision anywhere in this Ordinance by means of which the grantee of a bill of sale can obtain any relief from the consequences of non-registration or non-renewal (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 cp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 
. s.14 of the Bills of Sale Act 1878 now in force in England, which enables a judge to grant relief in cases of accident or inadvertence). In Fiji, once the axe falls, and whatever it may be that causes it to fall, and however trivial that cause, the dama
ge is i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8090538\charrsid8090538 rreparable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6698211\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 Before considering the purposes of the Ordinance, it is desirable to say something about the English legislation. The original statute -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8090538\charrsid8090538  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 
the Bills of Sale Act 1854, intituled "An Act for preventing Frauds upon Creditors by secret Bills of Sale of personal Chattels" -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8090538\charrsid8090538  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 provided that unregistered bills of sale should be "null and void t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid8090538 
o all intents and purposes what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8090538 soever" as against assignees in bankruptcy, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 execution creditors, etc., "so far as regards property in or right to the possession of any personal chattels" which might, at the relevant date,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9712763  be "in the possession or appar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 ent possession of the grantor." The am}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9712763 ending Act of 1866 merely intro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 
duced the requirement of renewal of registration within each five year period. Those two Acts were repealed by the Bills of Sale Act 1878 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9712763\charrsid9712763  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 
intituled similarly to the Act of 1854 -s.8 of which imposed the same sort of limited avoidance as the Act of 1854 had done, but extended it to the requirements of due attestation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9712763 of the setting forth of the con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 
sideration. It included the requirement of renewal of registration which had been introduced by the Act of 1866}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid9712763 . It also contained a new provi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 sion -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9712763\charrsid9712763  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 similar to s.8 of our Ordinance -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9712763\charrsid9712763  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9712763 providing for the avoidance of "successive" bills of sale, but limit
ing the avoidance to the extent to which the subsequent bill of sale is a security for the same debt over the same chattels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10114064 
. (I note in passing that the words "so far" in our s.8 limit the avoidance in exactly the same way, this being the only instance in 
the Ordinance of an expressly limited avoidance). There is no doubt that the Fiji Ordinance is founded on this statute of 1878 and like it and its predecessors, was directed against frauds on creditors by means of secret bills of sale. But for some reason
, about which no more than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10114064 spe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10114064 
culation is now possible, the elaborately qualified avoidance provided for in the events of non-registration, etc., was replaced in s.7 by the simple
 formula, "shall be deemed fraudulent and void." In other words, contrary to the English provision, s.7 purported to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10114064\charrsid10114064 impose an absolute avoidance.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10114064 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6698211\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12653162 Under the English statute of 1878, and in so far as that statute may be the only one applicable to a bill of sale,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8137037\charrsid12653162  invalidity has always been con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12653162 
fined strictly within the expressed limits, and a bill of sale affected by such invalidity is valid as between gr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid12653162 antor and grantee, both contrac}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12653162 tually and in respect of the chattels (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12653162 
Davis v. Goodman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14164395  (1880) 5 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12653162 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8137037\charrsid12653162 D 128). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12653162 
It would be curious indeed if our Ordinance, founded on that statute, should prod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12653162\charrsid12653162 uce a widely different result.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12653162 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6698211\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8075256 It is unnecessary to stress the resemblances between the Ordinance and the English statute of 1878, since they are obvious to anyone on a casua
l reading; and, for present purposes, the only material difference lies in the abovementioned fact that s.7 of the Ordinance purports to impose invalidity without any qualification. There is, indeed one curious vestigial survival of the English Act in the
 elaborate definition of "apparent possession" contained in s.3 of the Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2060951 
 That expression is now-here else used in the Ordinance, but the definition has been retained ever since 1879, and still appears in the latest re-enactment of the Ordinance which is to come into force at an early date. Its re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8137037\charrsid2060951 levancy in its English context a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2060951 
rises from the fact that invalidity for non-registration is imposed only in respect of chattels that are, at the relevant time, in the "possession or apparent possession of th
e grantor." It seems probable that the Ordinance as originally drawn must have imposed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10761007\charrsid2060951 in s.7, a provision for a qual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2060951 ified invalidation, and that the change to purportedly absolute invalidation must have come as an afterthought. I do not see, however, tha
t this throws any light on the construction of the Ordinance, and I do not rely o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2060951\charrsid2060951 n it in any way.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2060951 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6698211\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4349911\charrsid11538056 In England, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11538056 
 Act of 1878 is supplemented by the amending Act of 1882, and, except for two later amending Acts irrelevant for present purposes, the English
 law is still to be found in the Acts of 1878 and 1882. No provisions derived from the latter have been adopted in Fiji; and it is important to bear this in mind, since a great many of the English decisions are irrelevant here for this reason. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10053188 The Act of 1882 applied only to bills of sale given as security fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5774955\charrsid10053188 r the payment of money. There }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10053188 is no such distinction in Fiji, and the p}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10053188 roper construction of the Ordin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10053188 
ance must be one that will apply to all sorts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid10053188  of bills of sale, whether secu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10053188 rities for mon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10053188 ey or "absolute" bills of sale.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6698211\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid14702433 
Bills of sale to which the Act of 1882 applies are rendered "Void, except as against the grantor" in respect of any chattels not specifically described in a schedule, or of which the grantor was not the true owner (ss.4 and 5). Secti
on 8 provides for the same things as s.7 of our Ordinance, and in similar terms except for the fact that the avoidance is only "in respect of the personal chattels comprised therein." Section 9 provides that bills of sale given by way of security for the 
payment of money "shall be void unless made in accordance with the form in the schedule to this Act annexed." }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 Here we have, for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid6321666 first time in the English legis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 
lation, a provision for avoidance not expressed in qualified terms. This is the provision which, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 Davies v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666  supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 , was held to render a covenant for payment absolutely void for the reason that it was not in conformity with the covenant for payment 
which was an integral part of the statutory form. In arriving at this con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid6321666 clusion, the court was influ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 enced to some extent by the contrast between the unqualified words of avoidance in s.9 and the qualified provisions found elsewhere in the Act -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14702433\charrsid6321666  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 a line of 
argument scarcely open under our Ordinance. Finally, s.12 renders "void" any bills of sale given for a consideration under \'a330 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6321666\charrsid6321666  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6321666 another absolute avoidance, and, once again, one no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6321666\charrsid6321666 
t to be found in our Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6698211\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 Except for those two very special provisions -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6321666\charrsid86037  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 ss.9 and 12 of 1882, neither of which is to be found in our Ordinance -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6321666\charrsid86037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid86037 the English legis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 lation with reference to bills of sale has never purported to impose any unqualified avoidance. All the other English provisions provide, either for avoidance only in certain c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7734453\charrsid86037 ircumstances and in favour of ce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 
rtain persons, or for avoidance only in respect of the personal chattels, or for avoidance not applicable as between grantor and grantee. In contrast with this, while the words "so far" in s.8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid86037  do impose a qual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15306\charrsid86037 ification similar to the corresp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid86037 onding Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 
lish provision, s.7 of the Ordinance imposes no qualification on its words of avoidance. It is obvious, of course, that little or nothing can be gained from a consideration of English decisions, and tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15306\charrsid86037 t everything depends on the prop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 er construction o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15306\charrsid86037 f this Ordinance as it stands. B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 
ut there is clearly nothing in the English legislation to encourage the idea that an absolute avoidance is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15306\charrsid86037 necessary to effectuate the purp}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid86037 oses of this legislation, and, indeed, the infere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid86037\charrsid86037 
nce is clearly to the contrary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid5861181\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3936483 
It has already been mentioned, and needs to be remembered, that the Ordinance is not, like the English Act of 1882, limited to bills of sale given by way of security for the payment of money. Like the English Act of 1878, 
it applies also to absolute bills of sale, and under it, all forms of bills of sale are "in one red bu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid3936483 rial blent," and the proper con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3936483 struction of the Ordinance must be one that can be properly applied to them all. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 In England, where only the Act of 1878 applies to them, there are no unqualified avoidances of absolute bills of sale (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 Halsbury's Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 , 3rd ed., vol. 3, p.308). The re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16463928\charrsid12669594 sult of an unqualified construc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 
tion of s.7 might therefore be to affect the validity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16463928\charrsid12669594  of absolute bills of sale in w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 ays that have never been contemplated in England, and that may produce gross and irremediable injust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16463928\charrsid12669594 ices. In my opinion this emphas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 
ises considerably the need for imposing a reasonabl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12669594\charrsid12669594 e construction on s.7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7734453\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5787312\charrsid12669594 The purpose o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 f the Bills of Sal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12669594\charrsid12669594 e Act 1878 and its predecessors,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594  and the diffe}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12669594\charrsid12669594 rent purpose of the Act of 1882,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 
 were thus stated by Lord Herschell in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 Manchester, etc., Railway Co. v. North Central Wagon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 . (1888) 13 App. Cas. 554, 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12669594\charrsid12669594 60-1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12669594 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid16463928\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 "It must be borne in mind that the object of the earlier Bills of Sale Acts was entirely different from that of 1882. The former enactments}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5787312\charrsid4878563  were designed for the protectio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 
n of creditors, and to prevent their rights being affected by secret assurances of ch
attels which were permitted to remain in the ostensible possession of a person who had parted with his property in them. The bills of sale were therefore made void only as against creditors or their representatives. As between the parties to them they wer
e perfectly valid. The purpose of the Act of 1882 was essentially distinct. It was to prevent needy persons being entrapped into signing complicated documents which they might often be unable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid4878563 to comprehend, and so being sub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 jected by their creditors to the en}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563 forcement of harsh and unreason}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 
able provisions. A form was accordin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5787312\charrsid4878563 gly provided to which bills of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563  sale were to conform, and the result of non-compliance with the statute was to render the bill of sale void even as between
 the parties to it. But, this being the object, the enactment is, as we have seen, limited to bills of sale given "by way of security for the payment of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4878563\charrsid4878563 
 money by the grantor thereof."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid5787312\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 A similar statement by Lord Halsbury L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563 
.C. is to be found in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563 Charlesworth v. M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 ills}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14164395  [1892] A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 
C 231, 235; and these comments on the Acts prior to 1882 are, of course, directly applicable to our Ordinance. For an historical explanation of the purpose of the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563 s prior to 1882, see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563  Lord Blackburn in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563 Cook}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 son v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563 . Swire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid4878563  (1884) 9 App. Cas. 653,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4878563\charrsid4878563  664.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1916307\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 I have referred above to the intituling of the English statute of 1854 as "An Act for preventing Frauds upon Cred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10956539\charrsid4878563 itors by secret Bills of Sale }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 of personal Chattels." That Act, and its 
amendment of 1866, were formerly in force in Fiji and were the predecessors of, and were repealed by, this Ordinance when it was first enacted as No. VIII of 1879 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14164395  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 see s.XX thereof. It was, as we have seen, modelled on the English statute of 1878, intituled as "An Act to consolidat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid4878563 e and amend the law for prevent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4878563 
ing frauds upon creditors by secret bills of sale or personal chattels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5643902 ." The words, "shall be deemed fraudulent and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10956539\charrsid5643902 void," appeared for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5643902 
first time in this context in s.8 of that Act, and it was clearly from this source that they found their way into s.7 of our Ordinance. The inference is that "fraudulent" has reference to the sort of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6635302\charrsid5643902 fraud }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5643902 against which the Act of 1878 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5643902\charrsid5643902  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5643902 and this Ordinance and the English legislation previously in force in Fiji -}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5643902\charrsid5643902  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid5643902 
were directed, namely, frauds upon creditors by secret bills of sale. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 
The instrument is to be deemed "fraudulent" because it may work a fraud on creditors, and it is for this reason that it is to be void. Thus "fraudulent and void" mea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid12023970 ns no more than that the instru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 
ment is to be void for the reason that it may defraud creditors; and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5643902\charrsid12023970 e so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 le }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5643902\charrsid12023970 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6635302\charrsid12023970  only purpose of this enactme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 
nt is to protect creditors from frauds of this kind. It would be ridiculous to suggest that the word "fraudulent" in s.7 could have any possible relevancy as between the grantor and the grantee of an instrument. There is no sem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1923846\charrsid12023970 blance of fraud on the grantor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 
in a failure to register or to renew registration, or, so far as I can see, in any of the other matters tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12023970\charrsid12023970 t may bring s.7 into operation.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13658678\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 The effect of using the words "fraudulent" and "void" in collocation was discussed to some extent in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 Gowan v. Wright}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14164395  (1886) 18 QB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 D 201 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12023970\charrsid12023970  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 
a case which is in any event worth citing in vindication of the principle of construction which I think is applicable here. Under s.27 of the Debtors Act 1869, a judge's order made by consent and authorising an entry of judgment was 
required to be filed, and, if not filed, the order and any judgment or execution thereunder were to be "void." The court was not directly concerned with s.26, but that section, which had reference to warrants of attorney and the like, provided that, if su
ch were not filed under an earlier statute "for preventing frauds upon creditors by secret warrants of attorney to confess judgmen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9925957\charrsid12023970 
t," they should be "deemed frau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12023970 dulent and shall be void." Referring to it, Lord Esh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12023970 er M.R. said (p.207):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13658678\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 "In that section the Act of Geo. 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid13511420 
"for preventing frauds upon cre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 
ditors by secret warrants of attorney," is referred to, and it is provided that the same if not filed shall be deemed fraudulent and shall be void. It would be more than absurd to say that such an instrument sho
uld be deemed fraudulent as against a man who had consented thereto because it was not filed. It seems to me clear that it could not have been intended that under that section a man should be allowed to invalidat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13511420\charrsid13511420 e his own act."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13658678\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid487591\charrsid13511420 And Lindley L.J. said (p.210}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13511420\charrsid13511420 ):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid4729540\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14164395 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid487591\charrsid13511420 
"I cannot understand the exp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 ression 'fraudulent' in the 26th section otherw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid487591\charrsid13511420 ise than as shewing that the obj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 
ect simply was to render the instruments void as against creditors of the ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid13511420 dgment debtor: I do not say only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10057383\charrsid13511420  as against tru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 
stees in bankruptcy but as against all creditors with whom the holder of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10057383\charrsid13511420 the judgment comes into competi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13511420\charrsid13511420 tion."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13511420 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13658678\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15794966 I have no doubt at all that, on the pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid15794966 
oper construction of this Ordin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15794966 ance, it is necessary to impose some limitation on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15794966 prima facie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15794966  meaning of the words "fraudulent and void." But some difficul}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10057383\charrsid15794966 ties arise when one seeks the ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15794966 
propriate limitation. For my part, and as at present advised. I am inclined to regard as the dominant consideration the fact that the obvious primary p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid15794966 
urpose of the Ordinance is the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15794966 
rotection of creditors against bills of sale that are to be regarded as fraudulent because of their secrecy; and the use of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid487591\charrsid15794966 word "fraudulent" supp}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15794966 orts this view. All that is necessary in order to effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 this purpose is that the bill of sale should be void as against creditors and their representatives (such as trustees in b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid12192094 ankruptcy) -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12192094\charrsid12192094  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid12192094 compare the conclud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 
ing words of Lindley L.J. in the passage last quoted above. This would leave the bill of sale valid }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 inter partes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094  for all purposes not inconsistent with the rights of creditors, as is still the position in England under the Act of 1878 on which this Ordinance is founded (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 Davis v. Goodman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14164395  (1880) 5 CP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 D 128). It would also accord with the law of New Zealand,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10057383\charrsid12192094  the only other j}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 urisdiction of whose law I have any knowledge. Taking into account s.2 of the Ordinance, I think the invalidation, ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid12192094 en as against creditors, would probably}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10057383\charrsid12192094  b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 e confined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid12192094  to the power to seize or take p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 ossession, with the result that it would be limite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid12192094 
d to chattels remaining in the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 osses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid12192094 sion or ap}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 parent possession of the grantor. Once again there would be accord with the laws of England and of New Z}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid12192094 ealand; and, moreover, some purp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12192094 
ose and effect would be given to the definition of "apparent possession" in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12192094\charrsid12192094 s.3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid487591\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 I find some encouragement for this view in the decis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810 ion of the majority of the Privy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810  C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810 ouncil in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810 National and Grindlay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810 s Bank Ltd. v. Dharamshi, Valla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 bhii }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 [1967}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 1 1 AC 207. It was there held (1) that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810  instrument in question - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 it would have been called a "bill of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810 ale" in Fiji -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12192094\charrsid8138810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid8138810 being unattested, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 
was impliedly rendered invalid by a provision of the Chattels Transfer Ordinance 1930 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12192094\charrsid8138810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 the Kenya enactment corresponding with our Bills of Sale Ordinance; (2) that this invalidation re
ndered it incapable of registration, and subject accordingly to the defects arising from non-registration (it was not in fact registered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid8138810 
); but (3) that it was neverthe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 less valid }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 
inter partes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810  (p.225), with the result that the Bank had been within its rights in seizing th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid462182\charrsid8138810 e chattels. No question arose as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 
 to the rights of creditors, so that no direct light is thrown on the question whether the seizure took the chattels out of their reach. But the case illustrates again the proposition that an instrument struck 
at by legislation of this kind may yet be valid as between the parties, and even in respect of the chattels; and there is no apparent reason for thinking that the seizure by the Bank would have been any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid8138810 less effective as against subse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 quently claiming creditors than it was aga}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8138810\charrsid8138810 inst the grantors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8138810 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1184289\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 I do not shrink from the generality or vagueness of an avoidance in favour of "creditors" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 simpliciter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712  For nearly four centuries our law has been familiar with a p
rovision of that kind deriving from the famous statute, 13 Eliz. 1, c.5 (1571), directed against conveyances, etc., made with intent "to delay, hinder or defraud creditors and others," and the generality of that provisions has not interfered with its enfo
rcement 
\par (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 Hals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2106386\charrsid16734712 bury's Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2106386\charrsid16734712 , 3rd ed., vol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712  17, p.661; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 Reese River Silver Mining Co. v. Atwell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712  (1869) LR 7 Eq. 347; see also }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Co. v. Dearborn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 
 (1919) 47 DLR 27, where the Supreme Court of Canada, in dealing with a provision invalidating bills of sale as against "creditors,"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid16734712  construed it as ap}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 plicable to all creditors, and not merely to execution creditors -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16734712\charrsid16734712  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 in particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16734712\charrsid16734712  Brodeur J. at p. 36).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid2106386\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 Another solution might be found in t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2106386\charrsid16734712 
reating s.2 as the dominant pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 vision. It s
tands in the very forefront of the Ordinance, and limits its application to bills of sale "whereby the holder or grantee has power ... to seiz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2106386\charrsid16734712 
e or take possession of any personal chattels..." }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16734712 Accordingly, it would not be difficult to regard the invalidatio
n of powers to seize and take possession as the purpose of the Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 
. I would not myself adopt this view, since this purpose is obviously secondary, being merely the means of giving effect to the primary purpose of protecting creditors. But there is th
is possibility, and the consequence would presumably be to invalidate, both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 inter partes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414  and as against strangers, but only in respect of powers to seize or take possession of c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid13699414 hatte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13699414\charrsid13699414 ls remaining in the possession of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid13699414 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid13699414 quaere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid13699414 , in the "app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 arent possession") o
f the grantor. The title to the chattels would not be affected save in so far as it might be lost through the statutory inabili}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13699414\charrsid13699414 
ty to seize or take possession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid2375382\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 A third possibility, though one without any very obvious foundation in the words of the Ordinanc
e, would be that the avoidance is in respect of the chattels -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13699414\charrsid13699414  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 that is to say, the title thereto as well as the rig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13699414\charrsid13699414 
ht to seize or take possession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid14557310\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 To construe s.7 as being subject to anyone of these qualifications will not prevent the Ordinance from fully achieving every objective which }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12476449\charrsid13699414 can reasonably be found in its p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 
rovisions; and a failure to impose one or other of them can only result in the infliction of absurd and unnecessary injustices which cannot be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13699414\charrsid13699414 
supposed to have been intended.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13699414 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid14557310\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10311236 While, as at pr
esent advised, I entertain a rather strong opinion in favour of the first of these three possibilities, I do not find it necessary for the purpose of this case to arrive at a final decision in favour of any one of them. They have one feature in common, na
m
ely, that they can have no effect on the validity of any covenants to pay the principal or interest secured by a bill of sale. That disposes of this case, and entitles the appellant to succeed; and I have discussed the various possibilities merely because
 it was necessary in order to see whether any view was open that would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10311236\charrsid10311236  render such covenants invalid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid10311236 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid14557310\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871 A somewhat similar problem was disposed of by a Full Court of Victoria in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871 Tidyman v. Collins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871  (1878) 4 VLR 47
8 by a simple decision to the effect that what was rendered "null and void" was that part of the document which was a "bill of sale," the covenant to pay not being within the purvie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid12401871 w of the statutes, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7283510\charrsid12401871 accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871  remaining valid. It is satisfactory to note that it is in line with the decision at which I have arrived by a more circuitous rout}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7283510\charrsid12401871 e. Here, a simp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871 
le decision of that sort would, I feel, have left too much in the air; and I have thought it desirable to show that there are some problems,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7283510\charrsid12401871  more far-r
eaching than the com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871 para}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid12401871 tively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7283510\charrsid12401871  simp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871 
le one of the validity of a covenant to pay, which will need to be considered if and when they arise more dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12401871\charrsid12401871 ctly than they do in this case.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12401871 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7283510\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 In limiting my decision to covenants for payment -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12091325\charrsid12091325  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 the only question that arises here -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12091325\charrsid12091325  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 
I am not to be understood as meaning that only such covenants can be valid. The ru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3825058\charrsid12091325 le is no doubt wider than this, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 but it does not follow that all covenants will b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid12091325 e valid -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12091325\charrsid12091325  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid12091325 a matter which must dep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 end to some extent on the question which of the three foregoing possibilities may be finally selected. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3825058\charrsid12091325  do not discuss this in detail, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 but mer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3825058\charrsid12091325 ely illus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 trate it by saying th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid12091325 at, if the avoidance is "in resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 
ect of the chattels," then covenants "for the maintenance of the security" (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 cp. Furber v. Cobb}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325  (1887) 18 QBD 494) -e.g .. covenants to insure or to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid12091325 
repair or replace the chattels, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 or not to remove them from some particular place -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12091325\charrsid12091325  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12091325 would fall with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12091325\charrsid12091325 the security over the chattels.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid8462603 Thus far I had written, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 
and we were already in general agreement, when the abovementioned decision of this court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 
 was brought to our notice; and. at the cost of adding to a judgment that is already too long, I must perforce deal with that case. The bill of sale had been executed on 7th January 1955. 
Whether the grantee was alive or dead when registration should have been renewed in January 1960 does not appear, but the action had been commenced by the administrator of his estate in August 1960. When it ca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid8462603 me on for hearing, the prelimin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 ary point was ta
ken that the non-renewal of the registration had rendered the instrument void, and this appears to have been argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid8462603  as a question of law to be disp}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 osed of before trial, the only material b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid8462603 
efore the court being it seems, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 the bill of sale itself. In the course of the argument, on 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid8462603 0th March 1961, the plaintiff ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 
plied to amend his statement of claim to one resting, not only on the covenant for payment, but also on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid8462603 Clause 10 of the bill of sale, a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603  provision purporting to preserve any rights arisin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid8462603 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 ; on the ba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid8462603 sis of simpl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid8462603 e contract. Its terms are not set out, but it would no doubt resemble Clause 13 of the bill of sale }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid8462603 in the present case, which read}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8462603\charrsid8462603 s in part as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 "13. The Mortgagors hereby agree that nothing herein contained shall extinguish the right or claim of the Mortgagee against the Mortgagors as a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid11624266  simple contract creditor ..."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 I find no precedent for such a provision in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 Encyclopedia of Forms and Precedents,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266  4th ed., vol. 3, or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 in Reed on the Bills of Sale Acts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 
, 14th ed. (1926), by Pearce), but there is one in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 New Zealand Encyclopedia of Forms and Pre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10762601\charrsid11624266 cedents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10762601\charrsid11624266 , (1965), vol. 8, p.506}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11624266\charrsid11624266  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10762601\charrsid11624266 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 ("the speciality hereby created shall not operate as a merger of any 
simple contract remedy"). I need express no opinion as to its meaning or effect, but it seems to me to envisage the case in which there was an antecedent contract on which the grantee could have sued had there been no bill of sale, and not to apply to any
 implied contract giving rise to a claim for money had and received. If the latter type or claim doe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10762601\charrsid11624266 s arise, it does not need the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 assistance of such a clause, and is quite independent of the bill of sale. The amendment that was sought in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 Baldeo's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266  case was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7295416\charrsid11624266 , however, one having reference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 
specifically to Clause 10, and the intention was, no doubt, to raise a cl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11624266\charrsid11624266 aim for money had and received.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid612539\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 The learned trial Judge had held, (1) that the covenant for payment was void; (2) that any claim in simple cont}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10762601\charrsid11624266 ract was statute-barred, since}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 
 more than six years had elapsed between the execution of the bill of sale and the application to amend; and (3) that therefore the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11624266\charrsid11624266 
amendment could not be allowed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11624266 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid8989441\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12137213 
The Court of Appeal upheld the decision as to the invalidity of the covenant. regarding it as an integral and non-severable part of the bill of sale, the only authority cited as bearing on this question being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12137213 Davies D v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12137213  (1886) 17 QBD 408, which, for 
reasons given above. I respect-fully regard as irrelevant. There was no reference to any of the matters discussed her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid12137213 ein which have led me to the opp}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12137213 osite view, and the decisi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4023248\charrsid12137213 
on on this point is, of course, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12137213 contrary to the decision of the Full Court of Victoria in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12137213 Tidyman v. Collins, supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12137213\charrsid12137213 , which was not cited.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid12137213 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid4023248\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 What else was finally decided is not ent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4023248\charrsid4921655 
irely clear, save only on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 point that the learned Judge had been wrong in supposing that the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 National Provincial Bank Ltd. v. Gaunt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655  (1942) 2 Al
l ER 112 precluded him from allowing the amendment. The actual judgment did no more than r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4023248\charrsid4921655 emit the case to him in order th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 at he might reconsider the question of amendment, and, if amendment were allowed, might deal with the other issues raised in the plead
ings. There was no decision that amendment ought to be allowed, or that, if it were allowed, the plaintiff would -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12137213\charrsid4921655  apart from other issues }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12137213\charrsid4921655  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 be entitled to succeed. The learned Judges of Appeal appear to have been unanimously of the opinion that, putting a
side Clause 10 (quoted above), there would have been a cause of action for money had and received, by virtue of which the plaintiff might recover his principal moneys with reasonable interest. But one of their number appears to have considered that this r
i
ght of action would depend on the question whether Clause 10 created "an obligation independent of the bill of sale;" which I understand as implying that Clause 10 might fall with the avoidance of the bill of sale, and the right of action for money had an
d
 received might fall with it. Another considered that the right of action would exist whether Clause 10 were severable or not; and the third learned Judge of Appeal made no reference to this point, merely agreeing with the other two judgments. It cannot b
e said that there was any decision of the court either to the effect that Clause 10 would support a claim for money had and received, or to the effect that such a claim might succeed even if Clause 10 were ins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4921655\charrsid4921655 everable and consequently void.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid8989441\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 
There appears to have been unanimity on the point that, if there were a right of action for money had and received, it arose, not when the bill of sale was executed, but when the failure to renew occurred, the result being that it would not be statute-bar
r
ed. In one judgment the matter is put hypothetically ("If that view is correct ... "); and it is also said that the question had not been argued, and the court was not necessarily in possession of all the relevant facts. But it seems to me nevertheless th
at there was an actual decision to the effect that, if the alternative cause of action exis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4921655\charrsid4921655 ted, it was not statute-barred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4921655 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid8989441\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9187132 To sum the matter up, it was decided, (1) that the covenant was void, and (2) that, if the plaintiff had an alternative cause of acti
on, it was not statute-barred. As to the second point, the decision accords with my own opinion as expressed above. But the decision that the covenant was void is not accompanied by any decision affirming the existence of any alternative cause of action, 
the possibility being left open that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9187132\charrsid9187132  the plaintiff might have none.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid9187132 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid8989441\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 
It is only after anxious and prolonged consideration that I have come to the conclusion that we should not follow the decision on the point as to the validity of the covenant. I am a firm adherent of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 stare decisis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 
 principle, but there are occasions when it is proper to depart from it, and I think this is one of them. It is impossible to add to the length of this judgment by reviewing the relevant cases, but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8989441\charrsid13639655  I hope and believe that I have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3174432\charrsid13639655  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 sufficiently examined the well-known English decisions, and I have also read }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 
In re Rhodes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655  (1933) NZLR 1348, 1374, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 
Bennett & Wood Ltd. v. Orange City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655  [1967] 1 NSWR 502, the other cases cited in the lastmentioned decision, and the judgment of Dixon C.J. in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 Attorney-General of New South Wales v. Perpetual Trustee Co. Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655  (1951-2) 85 CLR 237, 244. If it be the case that the English decisions would not justify me, and, if the rule applied in New South Wales and in the High Court of Australia be a less
 stringent one, then I think that, for Fiji, the les}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13639655\charrsid13639655 s stringent rule is preferable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid3174432\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid13639655 I am influenced by the considerations now to be stated:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3174432\charrsid13639655 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid3174432\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 l. Before we heard of the apparently forgotten decision in Baldeo's case, we were alrea
dy convinced as to the validity of the covenant, and to follow that case would have compelled us to deliver a judgment which we were satisfied was wrong, and which could only serve to perpetuate unnecessary injustices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid3174432\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3174432\charrsid7538194 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194  We had considered the matter more
 deeply than had been done in the former case, and the grounds on which we were proceeding had not been considered therein.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3174432\charrsid7538194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid7538194 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
We were in fact doing no more than applying to this Ordinance a well-established principle supported by ample and high authority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid7538194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid7538194 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194  The members of this court -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7538194\charrsid7538194  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 one of whom was also a party to the Baldeo decision -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7538194\charrsid7538194  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
are unanimous, both on the question of law involved and as to the propriety of dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7538194\charrsid7538194 lining now to follow that case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid7538194 5. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
There are no considerations calling particularly f
or adherence to the earlier decision, and the only persons who can be affected adversely by our refusal to follow it are those who might wish to take advantage of it in order to escape from their just liabilities. In no other respect can there be any inte
rference with anything that can be regarded as a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7538194\charrsid7538194  vested right.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 6. If we do not now affirm what we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid7538194 
believe to be the correct inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
pretation of the Ordinance, we should be leaving to the legislature a task which may properly be regarded as ours, and which le
gislative inertia might leave undone. I prefer to act on the view that the Legislature is entitled to look to the courts for a reasonable and proper i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7538194\charrsid7538194 
nterpretation of its Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 7. While we could leave the plaintiff to appeal to the Privy Council, the
re is no certainty that the matter would come before their Lordships on this or on any other occasion in the near future, and the law of Fiji might thus be left in an unsatisfactory state. I bear in mind, too, the expense and delay which such proceedings 
involve, and the fact that the plaintiff is in the difficult position of an administrator of a deceased estate, upon whom the responsibility for such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7538194\charrsid7538194 
an appeal might be a heavy one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid7538194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid29857 8. The view that the covenant is void might be tolerable if coupled with a
 clear decision entitling a grantee to recover his principal and interest in an action for money had and received. But, as explained above, that point was left uncertain in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid29857 Baldeo's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid29857  case, and I am unwilling to affirm a decision which might leave a grantee 
without any remedy. Moreover -Clause 13 (above) or no Clause 13 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid29857\charrsid29857  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid29857 I am profoundly doubtful about the supposed right of action for money had and received. The only direct authorities I know of are not impressive. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 Apart from the casual utterance by Lord Esher M.R., on a point not raised or argued, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 Davies v. Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 
 (1886) 17 QBD 408, 411, the decisions are at first instance, there being as yet no appellate authority. One of them -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid29857\charrsid11500547  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 Wilkins v. New Saville Securities Ltd. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 (192}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12873185\charrsid11500547 2) 39 TLR 85 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid29857\charrsid11500547  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12873185\charrsid11500547 is, with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 respect, wro
ng in its reliance on a prior verbal agreement, and in allowing interest at the agreed rate. This was corrected in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 Bradford Advance Co. Ltd. v. Ayers}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547  (1924) WN 152, where the grantee was allowed to recover his principal, with reasonable interest, as money had and received. But neither there nor in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547 North Central Wagon Finance Co. Ltd. v. Brailsford}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547  [1962] 1 All ER 502, 507, was there any discussion of the difficulties which may arise: the matter was just taken for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12873185\charrsid11500547 granted. In my original}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11500547  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 judgment herein, my 
view that the covenant was valid made the question of money had and received irrelevant, but I pointed out, in a passage now omitted, that there might be a difficulty in applying these cases where the grantee had agreed to accept payment by instalments. I
t would be strange indeed if a grantee who had ag}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid15532804 reed to accept payment or satis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 faction in some carefully stipulated form could, because of some defect in his bill of sale, or because of his failure to register }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4933597\charrsid15532804 it, immediately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804  sue the grantor in disregard o
f the stipulations. At the hearing before us, it was in fact suggested that the action for money had and received might have to be for instalments as agreed -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11500547\charrsid15532804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 
surely a novel form for such an action to take! But the difficulties I have in mind go deeper. A 
court of appeal is not bound by the cases cited in this paragraph, and, sitting in such a court, I am free to say that I doubt very much whether the supposed cause of action for money had and received can be sustained on principle. As to allowing a claim 
for interest, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 Johnson v. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 
. [1904] AC 817 seems to be conclusive against such allowance in cases where a claim for money had and received is not based on fraud -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11500547\charrsid15532804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 a decision that was prior to, but not cited in, the abovementioned cases. Interest is simply no
t money had and received. As to principal moneys, I can understand such a claim where a party to a voidable transaction has elected to avoid it (compare the two annuity cases cited above (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 Cowper v. Godmond and Huggins v. Coates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid15532804 ); and I can understand that 
the grantor of a bill of sale might well be liable if he were himself responsible for rendering the instrument void. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 
But in all the circumstances I can imagine it will be the grantee of any bill of sale avoided under this Ordinance who must almost inevitab
ly be responsible for its avoidance, as, for instance, by failing to register it or to renew its registration; and I am far from being convinced that a grantee who has himself rendered his security void can, by his own default, and without any act or defa
ult on the part of the grantor, acquire an immediate right of action against his grantor: a fortiori if his claim runs co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid2567159 unter to the terms of his agree}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 ment with the grantor. I am therefore not prepared to assume that, if the covenant is void, the grantee h
as any alternative remedy either for principal or for interest. I may hope that he has, and that my doubts are ill-founded. But those doubts not only strengthen my conviction that the covenant is valid, as I have held above; they are also, I think, a stro
ng reason for declining to follow a decision which may possibly have been influenced by the view that avoidance of the covenant would leave the grantee in possession of an alternative remedy by way of act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567159\charrsid2567159 ion for money had and received.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid1600445\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 For those reasons, and with the utmost respect for the members of the court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 , I feel we are justified in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567159\charrsid2567159  declining to follow that case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 In my opinion the judgment under ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid2567159 
peal must be reversed, and judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 ment must be entered for the appellant for \'a31,500, with simple interest thereon at the rate of \'a3
7 per centum per annum from 11th August 1961 do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567159\charrsid2567159 wn to the date of our judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7295416\charrsid2567159 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567159\charrsid2567159 OULD V.P.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid2567159 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 I have had the advantage of reading the judgment of Adams J.A. in this appeal and I express my entire agreement with his reasoning and conclus}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16072586 ions. I agree also, that having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 
regard to all the circumstances, and for the reasons Adams J.A. has so fully expressed, this court should not consider itself bound to follow the earlier decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16072586\charrsid16072586  (Civil Appeal No.7 of 1961).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 I wish to add only the brief observation that should the interpretation of the words "fraudulent and void" in s.7 of th
e Bills of Sale Ordinance (Cap. 193) expressed in the judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid16072586 of Adams J.A. (with which inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 pretation I agree) be held by a higher court to be unjustified, I would, as an alternative maintain my opinion that the personal covenant to repay in the Bill of 
Sale in question is valid, on the basis of simple severability. This, in effect, was the approach of the Full Court of Victoria in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 Tidyman v. Collins}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586  (1878) 4 VLR 478 when it found that the covenant to pay was not within the purview of the Statute. In the 
light of the object of the legislation, of the wording of section 2 of the Ordinance and the definition of "bill of sale" in section 3, including, as it does, documents which may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16072586  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 or may not include a covenant to pay, I c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16072586 onsider this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 interpretation to be ju
stified. It is quite clear that the considerations relied upon by the court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 Davies v. Rees (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 1886) 17 QBD 408 have no application to the construction of the Fiji legislation. That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid16072586 case therefore offers no impedi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 ment to the application of the principle im
plied in the passage from the judgment of Maule J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 Phillpotts v. Phillpotts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586  (1850) 10 CB 85, 99, quoted by Adams J.A. in his judgment:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid7956538\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13375860 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 
"The policy of the law always is not to make contracts void to a greater extent than the mischief to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16072586\charrsid16072586 be remedied renders necessary."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16072586 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4800101 
All members of the court being agreed as to the appropriate order, the appeal is allowed, the judgment under appeal is reversed and judgment is to be entered for the appellant for \'a31500, with simple interest thereon at the rate of \'a3
7 per centum per annum from the 11th August 1961 to the date of the judgment of this court. The appellant will have the costs of the appeal and of the pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4800101\charrsid4800101 
oceedings in the Supreme Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4800101 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4800101\charrsid4800101 MARSACK J.A.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid4800101 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 I have had the advantage of reading the painstaking and
 clearly-reasoned judgment of Adams J.A., which has impelled me in some degree to revise the thinking which led to my concurrence in the judgment of this Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 
(Appeal No.7 of 1961). In that judgment it was held that failure to re
-register a Bill of Sale after 5 years rendered the instrument fraudulent and void; that the avoidance of the instrument involved also the avoidance of the covenant to repay, which was held not severable; that the grantee none the less had an equitable re
medy against the grantor; and that the Statute of Limitations did not commence to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2306151\charrsid11945302 run from the date of the origina}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 l transaction, but at the earliest from the time of failure to re-register.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid11945302 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid11945302\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 No part of the argument before this Court in Baldeo's case was directed towards what Adams J.A. refers to as "an entirely new line of argument -}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11945302\charrsid11945302  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 
novel, it seems, as far as this Ordinance is concerned"; that is, the possibility of interpreting the phrase "fraudulent and void" in other than the strictest sense. Although in
 Baldeo the Court was asked to hold that what was rendered void was only the provision for seizure of the chattels on default by the grantor, yet the argument in support of this was based upon a consideration merely of the relevant clauses in the correspo
n
ding English statutes, and the contention that there had been an omission in the Fiji Ordinance which the Court should fill. No part of the argument was directed towards the question of the meaning, in the context of the Ordinance, to be placed on the phr
ase "fraudulent and void." It is perfectly true, as was pointed out by Singleton L.J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 Bryers v. Canadian Pacific Steamships Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302  [1956] 3 All ER 560 at p.569: 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx180\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14225111 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 "The point was}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11945302\charrsid11945302  there, if it was to be taken."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 The point certainly was there in Baldeo's case
, but it was not taken and the attention of the Court was not directed towards it. Accordingly it could perhaps be said, with propriety, that on this point the j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid11945302 udgment in Baldeo was given }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid14225111 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4864937\charrsid14225111  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid14225111 incuriam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid11945302 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
Now, however, as has been made abundantly clear in the judgment of my brother Adams, there is another aspect, not previously considered by this Court, which goes to the heart of the matter. That concerns the power of the Court to give to the word "void" a
 much wider and more flexible interpretation when the application of the strict meaning would either ignore the obvious intent of the st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid6425560 
atute, or would prove an instru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 ment of manifest injustice. That power is established by the wealth of judicial a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6425560\charrsid6425560 uthority cited in his judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
In my respectful opinion the reasoning of Adams J.A. clearly establishes that the application of the strict meaning to the word "void", or to the phrase "fraudulent and void", in the Bills of Sale Ordinance would go much further tha
n to cure the ills the Ordinance was designed to remedy and might we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6425560\charrsid6425560 ll bring about grave injustice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 It is, I think, evident that the object of the Bills of Sale Ordinance was, in the main, the prevention of frauds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid6425560  against creditors by the execu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 tion of bil
ls of sale which, because of non-registration, were not known to third parties to exist. The question then arise, may "fraudulent and void" be so interpreted as to give effect to the objects of the Ordinance, while at the same time removing the possibilit
y of the serious injustice which could result from a strict construction of that phrase? Upon the authorities quoted, and for the reasons given in the judgment of Adams J.A., I am of opinion that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6425560\charrsid6425560 it can.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 In the result I concur with my learne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid6425560 
d brother that the phrase "frau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
dulent and void" should be interpreted in such a sense that non-registration leaves unaffected the covenant to repay contained in the Bill of Sale; together with, possibly, other covenants which are not in issue in the present case. Of the 
three possible interpretations suggested by Sir Francis Adams my own inclination is to prefer the second, namely that what is invalidated by the failure of the grantee to re-register is the right of the grantee, on default by the granto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4141695\charrsid6425560 r, to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
take action against the chattels over which the security has been given. But I agree that, for the determination of this present case, it is not necessary to go further than to say that the rights of the grantee to take action under the personal covena}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6425560\charrsid6425560 nt for repayment are preserved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 It is with considerable reluctance that I have come to the conclusion that on this point this Court should not follow its previous decision in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
, particularly as I was a member of the Court which heard that case. Like my brother I am a firm adherent to the principle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 stare decisis}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 ; but after long consideration I have reached the conclusion that this is one of the cases in which departure from that principle is no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6425560\charrsid6425560 t only justified but necessary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 In this connection I would cite the statement of Lord Gard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14225111 
iner L.C. [1966] 3 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6425560\charrsid6425560 R 77:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676660 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
"Their Lordships nevertheless recognise that too rigid adherence to precedent may lead to injustice in a parti
cular case and also unduly restrict the proper development of the law. They propose therefore to modify their present practice and, while treating former decisions of this House as normally binding, to depart from a previous decision w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6425560\charrsid6425560 hen it appears right to do so."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid6425560 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1444343 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 In any event if it can be said that the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 Baldeo v. Nur Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232  was given }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid3559232 pe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4141695\charrsid3559232 r }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 incuriam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 
 on the point relating to the validity of the personal covenant, then this falls within the 4th class of cases referred to by Lord Greene, M.R. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 
Young v. Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 
 [1944] 2 All ER 293 at p.298. It was there held that the Court was not bound to follow a decision of its own if it were satisfied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid3559232 
that the decision was given }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4150774\charrsid3559232 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4141695\charrsid3559232  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 incuriam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3559232\charrsid3559232 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 In the result I concur with the reasoning and
 the conclusions of Adams J.A. and agree that judgment should be entered for the appellant on the terms stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3559232\charrsid3559232  by the learned Vice President.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid16123065 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6700367\charrsid3559232 Appeal allowed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13401484\charrsid3559232 
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