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[1964] 10 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9265571\charrsid7107273 FLR}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4201671\charrsid7107273  52}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13184508\charrsid7107273 
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 COURT OF APPEAL}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 
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TATAIYA AND OTHERS
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10704669 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 v.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10704669 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10704669 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 THE FIJI KISAN SANGH AND OTHERS
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10704669 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 [COURT OF APPEAL, 1964 (Hammet P., Adams J.A., Marsack J.A.), 6}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\super\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 , 21}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\super\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273 st}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10704669\charrsid7107273  February]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3820216 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 Civil Jurisdiction
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13184508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 Industrial association -}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 constitution}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  - }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 no sufficient provision for accou}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 nts as re}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 quired by Industrial Associations Ordinance s.8(g)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 requirements of s}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 ections not }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 incorporated into constitution by implication}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 members bound by term}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 
s of constitution }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
Industrial Associations Ordinance (Cap. 94) ss.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 6, 7(1), 8(g), }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 11(1), }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 11(3), 19, 20}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  - }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Companies Act 1948 (Imperial) (11 & 12 Geo. 6, c.38)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273  s.13(2) -}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Industrial Associations Regulations (Cap. 94).
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\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 industrial association}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 general assets not held as tr}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 ustee for
}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  members.
\par Accounts}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 incorporated industrial association}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273  - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 members entitlem}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 ent to }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 accounts }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 governed by constitution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3820216\charrsid7107273 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Appeal from the dismissal by the Supreme Court of an ac}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 tion}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  in which members of the Fiji Kisan Sangh, an industrial associa}{
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Industrial Associations Ordinance, claimed from the Union and two officers thereof, an account of receip}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4267893\charrsid7107273 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
s and expenditure in relation to a building fund to which members }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4267893\charrsid7107273 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 f the Union had contributed.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4267893\charrsid7107273 
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\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 1.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 The constitution of the Fiji Kisan Sangh fails to c}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 o}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 mply with section 8(g) of the Industrial Associations Ordinance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 in that it makes no express provision for the keeping of books of ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
ount by the Central Board of the organisation, or for the audit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 ing of accounts,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 or for making available to the Registrar or to me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 mbers}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
, of copies of audited accounts or of the auditors' reports thereon.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 No certificate of registration of the Union was produced t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  the court, but even if one had been produced section 19 of the Ordi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 n}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ance is directed to establishing the val}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10373727\charrsid7107273 idity of the registration and in}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 corporation of a union, and does not hav}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 e the effect of proving con}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 clusively, contrary to the facts, that the provisions required by se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 ction 8}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 (g) are present in the constitution.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 3. Section 20 of the Ordinance (which provides that any d}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 efect }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 in or omission from the constitution of any industrial associa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ion shall not invalidate the constitution or registration of the associat}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 on) has the effect that the Registrar's acceptance of the constitu}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ion is final as to its validity in the form in which it stands, in so fa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  as invalidity might be suggested on the ground of any mere omis}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ion to comply with any requirement of the Ordinance.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10749101 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 4. Having regard to the foregoing considerations the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 court found }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 no provision, either in the Ordinance or the constitution of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 the Union, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 binding the Union, expressly or by implication, to furnis}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 members }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 with detailed accounts.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 5. The relationship between the Union and its me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 mbers was}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 analogous}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 to that between an ordinary incorporated co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16058046\charrsid7107273 mpany and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  its members. The purpose of the building fund, which w}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 as the subject}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  of the action, was to provide a building which would }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 belong, not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 to the contributing members, but to the Union itself, and }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 there was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 no ground for holding that any of the respondents was}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273  a trustee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  in respect of the fund.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 6. There is no warrant for the view that a body co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 rporate is b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 ound in law, upon demand by a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 member, to furnish hi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 m with a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 detailed account of its receipts and expenditure.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 7. The matters brought in issue in the action }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 were concerned }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 solely with the internal management of the Union }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 and the rule in }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Foss v. Harbottle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  (post) applied.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10749101 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10749101 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Per curiam:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 Though section 8(g) of the Ordinance was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 not com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 plied with, an implication of a duty to keep proper books o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 f accounts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  rests upon all persons in responsible positions who are ca}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 ed}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  to administer the property and funds of such an organizati}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 on}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 as the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Fiji Kisan Sangh.
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Cases referred to:}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Jubilee Cotton Mills Ltd. v. Lewis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  [19}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
24] A.C.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 958
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Salomon v. Salomon and Co.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 [1897] A.C. 22

\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Foss v. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 Harbottle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 (1843) 2 Hare 461; }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 67 E.R. 189
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Burland v. Earle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  [1902]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  A.C.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 83}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Cotter v. National Union of Seamen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  [1929] 2 Ch. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 58}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Chalme}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 rs v. the}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Fiji Kisan Sangh}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  (P.C. 1964}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 unreported).
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10749101\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13184508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 K. C. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 Ramrakha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  for the appellants.
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 J. N. Falvey}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  for the respondents.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Judgment of the Court: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 [21st February, 1964}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
]-
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 The firstnamed defendant, the Fiji Kisan Sangh, is an in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 ind}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ustrial association or union duly registered under the Industrial Asso}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 c}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 iations Ordinance (Cap. 94). One defendant, who was President of the Union when the writ was issued, h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
as since died, and an order was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 made eliminating him from the proceedings. The other two}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  defendants}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  are respectively the Se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 cretary and the Treasurer of the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Union.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7539844 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Though their status as members was originally in dispute, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 it was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 conceded at the close of the case before the learned trial }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 Judge }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 that the plaintiffs (now the appellants) are members of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  Union.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7539844 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Paragraph 3 of the amended statement of claim alleged t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 hat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Union had collected, in addition to normal subscriptions from}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  mem}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 bers, substantial donations from them and from persons othe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 r than }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 members, either by direct payment or by assignment of moneys }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 pay}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 able by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited; and, in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 parti}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 cular, that many farmers had, in or about the year 1954 or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 1955, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 assigned certain moneys described as Canadian Gift Bonus mo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 neys;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  and that the moneys so collected }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
were to be held in trust by the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 said }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Fiji Kisan Sangh for the benefit of its members generally.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 In regard to the allegation that moneys had been collected f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 rom}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 persons other than members, we gathered from what was said counsel at the hearing before us that the total sum so collected so small as to be insignificant for the purposes of this case. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 But, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 however that may be, no relief is sought by any non}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 member, a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 nd }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 argument was founded upon the fact that some donations were m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 ade}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  by non}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 members; and accordingly it is permissible and proper }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ignore payments by non}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 members, and to treat the case as on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  which m
embers of the Union are proceeding against it and cert}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 ain}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  of its officers in respect of moneys provided by members.

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7539844 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 There was a great deal more in the amended statement of cl}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 aim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  which does not need to be narrated; and the prayer may be sufficiently summar
ised for present purposes by saying that it asked}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 for }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 a declaration that the defendants had constituted themselves trust}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 ees}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  for the plaintiffs in respect of the matters alleged, and for ord}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 er}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  requiring the defendants to supply to the plaintiffs full and d
etailed accounts of the moneys received and of the expenditure thereof.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13184508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
The learned Judge held that the plaintiffs had failed to establish, as between themselves and any of t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13184508\charrsid7107273 he defendants, a legal relation}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ship of trustee and beneficiary in respect of any of the property }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 or }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 moneys in question, and that no order for accounts could be ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 de}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  unless it were established that one or other of the defendants w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid137773\charrsid7107273 as}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 an accounting party,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  bound, after demand, to render an accou}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 nt}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  to these particular plaintiffs. This, he held, the plaintiffs had qui}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 te}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  failed to do. The appeal is from this decision.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Ground 3 of the notice of appeal dealt with the learned Judge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 \rquote }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 s award of costs, and was abandoned at the hearing of the appeal, though, of course, the order as to costs in the court below would }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 e open to review if the appeal were allowed. The other two groun}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 ds of appeal reads as follows:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3540265 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
1. That the learned trial Judge erred in not holding in law an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
 in fact that the Respondents, or any of them have const}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 uted themselves Trustees either in respect of he Kisa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  Sangh Building Fund Account and further erred in not}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 making the necessary Order for Accounts and enqu}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 iries}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273  against the said Respondents or any of them as Trustees}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3540265 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3540265 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 2. The learned trial Judge erred in law and in fact in
 not holding that there was a statutory duty upon the Respondents or any of them to give full and proper accounts to the appellants.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7539844\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 This notice of appeal makes no reference to a claim originall}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 y}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  made for a full list of the Union's members for the years 1950 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  1960 inclusive. This claim was rejected by the learned Judge, and Mr. Ramrakha, as counsel for plaintiffs, made it clear that it is no}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 longer pursued. Ground 1 is obviously defective, but it }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 is unneces}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 sary to seek the missing alternatives, since, in answer t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 o questions}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  from the Bench, Mr. Ramrakha told the Court that it is }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 only with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 the Kisan Sangh Building Fund that the plaintiffs are now }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 concerned, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 this being the fund constituted by the moneys collected}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273  as narrated}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  above. The purpose for which they were collected was }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 to provide }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 a building, and the building was in due course erected. In}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273  a balance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  sheet prepared as at 31st December, 1958, the land an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 d building}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 ppear as an asset valued at \'a3
37,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 147, though against thi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 s must be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 set a Government loan of \'a310,000 and a debt to Fiji Builde}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 rs Limited}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  of \'a3
4,603, which appear among the then existing liabilities}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 The balance sheet m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 entioned above was prepared by}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
e of the plaintiffs, Shafiulla, who was general treasurer of the U}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ion from August 1958 to Februar
y 1959, and who has given evide}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 nce}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  to the effect that the account b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 ooks prior to his appointment ne}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
ver came into his hands; and, in the argument before us, Mr. Falvey informed the Court that the Union does not possess the records of its accounts prior to 1958. We should perhaps mention, in this connec}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 tion}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 , that, included in the record of the present }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 case, is the record up to a cer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
tain stage of an action by the Union against one Nathaniel Stuart Chalmers, which was commenced in April, 1959, and in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 w}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 hich the Union sought relief against Chalmers in respect of chequ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 s drawn by him as an officer of the Union against the building fun. After two hearings in the Supreme Court, and two in this C}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 ourt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 , this action has been the subject of a decision of the Privy Coun}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 il within the last few weeks, and is apparently headed for a furthe}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  trial in the Supreme Court. We have nothing to say about it at the moment, except that it indicates that the Union}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273  itself is concerned in an end}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 eavour to elucidate the disposal of a substan
tial part of the moneys which went into the building fund.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Mr. Ramrakha informed the Court that the plaintiffs d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 o not at}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  present allege any malpractice on the part of the Union o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 r any of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 its officers or members, and that the claim is in the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 meantime a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  mere claim for accounts, though it would be otherwise, i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 f}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 , when}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  given, the accounts were found to show irregularities. He }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 argued }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 that the liability of the defendants to account to the plainti}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 ff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 s might }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
be based either on proof that they had constituted themsel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 ves}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 rust}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ees for the plaintiffs, or on the ground that there is a s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 tatutory}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  duty resting upon them to furnish accounts to the plainti}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 ff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 s.  We}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 shall deal first with the latter argument.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 In specifying the matters which must be provided for in}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273  the con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3540265\charrsid7107273 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 tution of an industrial association, section 8 of the In}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 dustrial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Associations Ordinance (Cap. 94) proceeds in part as follows:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8602837 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
8. The constitution of every industrial association sh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 all}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 pr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13184508\charrsid7107273 ovide for the following matters}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 \endash }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7107273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13184508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85
\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7107273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 (g) the keeping of books of account and the periodica}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 l auditing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  of accounts at least once every calendar year,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273  and the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  making available to the Registrar and members}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273  of true }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 copies of the audited accounts and of the auditor's }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11469527\charrsid7107273 reports }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 thereon.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 But, before considering whether section 8(g) has been com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 plied}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  with, it will be convenient to examine so much of the Union's }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 con}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 ution}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  as is likely to be relevant for the purpose of this judgm}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 ent.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par 
\par The Union is, by its constitution, organised in Branches, eac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 which has its own Branch Executive Com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 
mittee, including a chair}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 man, a secretary and a treasurer (or secretary}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 treasurer). Bran}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 ches}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 are required to hold annual meetings, at which a member or m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 embers}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 are to be elected to represent the Branch on the Central Bo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 ard,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  the number to be so appointed being base}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 d on the number of members}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  in the Branch. Clause 16 of the constitution requires e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 ach}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Branch Secretary to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 keep proper books of account as may authorised by the Central Board,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  and the Branch books are to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273  be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 open, at a
ll reasonable times, to inspection by any Branch mem}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 ber.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 This is the only provision in the constitution conferring on mem}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 ber}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 any right to inspect books or records, and, as indicated, it is limi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 ted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  to Branch books of account.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Clause 14 requires the Chairman of a Branch to give at its an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 nual}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  meeting, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 a report on the activities of the Branch;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  but there is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 no }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 provision for any submission of accounts at such meetings.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8602837 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Clause 17 vests }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 the management and control of the Unio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273  affairs}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 in a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Central Board,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  consisting of a president, two vi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 ce}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  presidents, a treasurer, and the members elected by the Branc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 hes}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  as aforesaid. It provides }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 inter alia}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  that:

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10373727 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
The Central Board shall exercise all the powers of the Uni}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  which are not by these Rules or by Law required to 
be exercis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8602837\charrsid7107273 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 by the Union in general meeting and without prejudice to t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 generality of the foregoing powers it shall have power to appoi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 nt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 the general secretary, treasurer, auditor or auditors,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13184508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Clause 18 provides for an annual general meeting of the Uni}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 on,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  and concludes as follows:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13184508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
The Treasurer shall submit a report and revenue account a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 nd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  balance sheet.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Clause 23 requires Branch secretaries to transmit to the treasur}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 er}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  such }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 subscriptions}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  and dues as are collected by the Branch; and Clau}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 se}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  24 provides (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 inter alia}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ) that }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 All}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273  moneys received by the Union shall}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  be banked by the officer or officers appointed by the Central Board}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 ,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
the banking account to be operated upon on the authority and sign}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
ture of such officials and officers as are appointed by the Centr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 al}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 Board. It concludes with the following sentence:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
By resolution of the Central Board any funds of the Uni}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  may be employed in connection with any one or more of t}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  objects of the Union and the Board shall also have power make a lev}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 y on members for that purpose if}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  circumstanc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  should so require.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 A yearly subscription not exceeding 10/}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
, and payable to t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Branch secretary, is provided for in Clause 4, which also requir}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 es}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  the payment by members of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 uch other amount as may be deter}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 mined by the
 Union by way of levies.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Clause 29 provides for the winding up of Branches, an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 d since it }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 requires the Branch secretary }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 to hand over the books an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 d moneys}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 and other surplus assets to the General Secretary,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  it a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 
ppears to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 contemplate that Branches may possess some separate asse}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 ts}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273  of their}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  own.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 Cl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
auses 32 and 33 read as follows:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 32. }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 BENEFITS TO MEMBERS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 :
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
No member as such shall be entitled to any distribution of assets of funds of the Union and all moneys received by t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 e Union shall be used in connection with the objects or the fu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 r}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 therance of the objects of the Union.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 33. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
EFFECT OF RULES ON MEMBERS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 :
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Every person who becomes a member of the Union }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 shall be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 bound by the Rules and decisions of the Union and the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 Central }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Board acting within the scope of the objects and powe}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Union and Board respectively, and the Rules}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 
 are}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  for the ti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
 of the Union shall be deemed to be a contract entered }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 the member so joining the Union with the Union and t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid478126\charrsid7107273 he other}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  members thereof.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10292633 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9998 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 We believe that the forgoing summary includes everythi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 ng}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 cont}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ained in the constitution which may be relevant in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 considering}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  whether section 8(g) of the Ordinance has been complied w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 ith}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 . As }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 to the requirement that the constitution shall provide for the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 keeping }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 of books of account, this is done in Clause 16 with }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 reference to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Branch books. But there is no other express provision requi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 ring}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 that }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 keeping of books of account, and it would seem that, in res}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 pect}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273  of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  the Central Board, any duty to keep books of account must }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 rest on }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 implications to be drawn from the provisions of Clause 17 r}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10292633\charrsid7107273 equiring}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  the appointment of a treasurer and empowering the Board to }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 appoint }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 an auditor or auditors, and on the provision contained in C}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 lause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 8}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  requiring the treasurer to submit to the annual meeting a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273  report,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  revenue account and bal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 ance sheet. As to the requirement that }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 annual auditing shall be provided for, there is no express pr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 ovision for }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 auditing of accounts, and the only reference to auditing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273  is the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  one quoted above from Cla}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 use 17. There is no provision anywhere}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  for the making available to t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 he Registrar or to members of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 copies of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 any audited accounts or of the auditor's reports thereon. I}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 t seems}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  clear therefore that the constitution does not comply with secti}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 on 8(g).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Even if, on the supposition that implication may suffice, ther}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 e is an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  implication of a duty resting on the treasurer to keep proper b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 ooks of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  account and to have them audited annually, there is neither}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273  express }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 or implied provision for making copies of his audited acco}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 unts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273  or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  the auditor's reports available to 
the Registrar or to membe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 rs.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9998\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 No certificate of registration of the Union is before the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 court, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 but the fact of registration is alleged in the amended state}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 ment of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  claim, and admitted in the statement of defence. Section 6 }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Ordinance provides that:
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7944240 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
Every association shall upon registration under this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273  Ordinance become a body corporate \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7944240 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 It would seem therefore that incorporation depends upon th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 of registration}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 whatever may be meant by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 registration}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  not}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 upon the signing of a certific}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1712110\charrsid7107273 ate
 of registration. One may con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 trast section 6, in so far as it makes in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 corporation depend on }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 registra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10373727\charrsid7107273 tion}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16257694 , with section 18}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10373727\charrsid7107273 (2)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14964578 *
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  of the Companies Act 1948 (Imp.), under which the creative act from whic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 h incorporation flows is the sig}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ning}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 of the certificate of incorporation (see }
{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 Jubilee Cotton Mills v. Le}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 wis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10373727\charrsid7107273 [1924] A.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 C. 958, 972}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 4).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 It seems, therefore, that the existenc}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
of a certificate in the present case cannot safely be inferred from the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 pleaded admission of registration.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 In any event none has been }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 pro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 duced}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  By virtue of section 19 of the Ordinance, a certificat}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  of registration is, on its me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16257694 re production, conclusive proof
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\tx7920\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7944240 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
(ii) that all the provisions of this Ordinance in respect of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 matters}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  precedent and incidenta}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 l to the registration of an indus}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 trial association}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ...have been complied with.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx7920\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7944240 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Even, however, if there were bef}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 ore us as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 certificate of incorpora}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 tion, we are unable to say that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273  its production would prove conclu}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 sively the presence in the constitution of this Union of provisi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 ons}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  required by section 8(g), which oug}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 ht to have been in its constitu}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 tion, but are in fact not there. In our opinion, the conclus}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ve operation of section 19 is directed to establishing the validity of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 he registration and of the consequent incorporation. If a certificate is produced, such validity may not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 
 be attacked in respect of matte}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 rs precedent or incidental to registration; but the purpose of the p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 rovision }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 is to render the validity of the registration unquestionab}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 le}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 , and not to prove, for some other purpose and contrary to the fac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 ts}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 , }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 that something which ought to have been done has in fact be}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 n done. Here, section 8(g) has not in fact been complied }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 with; an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 d the result is, not that the omitted matters are to be read into t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 e constitution in some form invented by the Court, but simply th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  the Union has been registered}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16257694  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16257694  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 and validly so}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16257694  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16257694  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3036085\charrsid7107273 
without having th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 e required provisions in its constitution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7944240\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 For these reasons we are una}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 ble to accept Mr. Ramrakha's con}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 tention that the omitted provisions must be read into, or treated }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 as }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 implied in the constitution. As to the rather different argume}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 nt}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  that, by reason of Clause 33 (quoted above) the constitution is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 contract between the members, and that it is not possible to contract out of a statutory provision which is fo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 
r the public benefit, it see}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 ms}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  to us that this is not a case of contr}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 acting out, but merely of omissi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 n}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  to contract as required; and, in this connection, section 20 of th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  Ordinance appears to be relevant. It reads as follows:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15215739 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 20.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12865072\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 Notwithstanding anything contained in this Ordinance o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  in any other law any defect in or omission from the constitutio}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273  of any industrial association shall not invalidate the cons}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 titu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 tion or the registration of any industrial association.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215739 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 It will be observed that this provision validate
s, not only the registration, but also the constitution itself; and that it does not provide that any defect or omission is to be made good by implication.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 
 In our opinion, the section has}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273  the effect that the Registrar\rquote s acceptance of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 c}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 onstitution is fi
nal as to its validity in the form in which it stands, in so far as invalidity might be suggested on the ground of any mere omission to comply with any requirement of the Ordinance. We limit this statement to omissions of matters required by the Ordinance
, and it is unnecessary for us to express any opinion as to what the situation would be if the constitution were found to infringe, otherwise than by mere omission, any express provision of the Ordinance or }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 any other law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 
.  Presumably, anything prohibited by the Ordinance or by any other law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 
 would be invalid notwithstanding the general validation of the constitution. But, with regard to simple omissions, the constitution is to be valid notwithstanding such omissions.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 While we are }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 prepared to read impl
ications into the constitution by the mere force of section 8(g), we have already suggested some possible, and perhaps relevant, implications, and would add that, in regard to the keeping of books of account}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 , we think that an implication of a duty to keep proper books of account}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273  may be made on the simple ground t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14964578 hat, quite apart from section 8}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 (g), such a duty rests upon all persons in responsible positions who}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273  a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 re called upon to administer the property and funds to such an organisation as the Fiji Kisan Sangh.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15215739\charrsid7107273 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid476748 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
As to auditing of accounts, there is nothing in the constitution except the power to appoint an auditor or auditors contai}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 n}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ed in clause 17, and we are unable to say that the existence of this }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 ower impliedly requires the Central Boa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 rd to exercise it. If it is exer}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 cised in fact, then presumably the accounts to be submitted by the tre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 surer to the annual meeti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 ng in pursuance of clause 18, mu}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 st be audited accounts. We think it impossible to go further on this point by way of implication, and all that can be said is that, while pro}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 vi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 sion for annual auditing ought to have been contained }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 in the constitu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 tion, and the Registrar ought not to have}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273  accepted the constitution without }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 it, the omission cannot in our opinion be supplied by implic}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 tion.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10373727 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 Section 11 of the Ordinance contains the following enactment:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7366888 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 
11 (1) A general statement of the receipts, funds, effects and expenditure of every industrial association shall be transmitted by the secretary of the association to the Registrar on or before the thirty-fi
rst day of March in every year in respect of the preceding year and shall show-
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid476748 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10373727 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 (a) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid476748\charrsid7107273 
fully, the assets and liabilities at the thirty-first day of December of the preceding year and the receipts and expenditure during the preceding years;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10373727 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10373727 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 (b) separately, the expenditure for the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 preceding year in resp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 ect of the several objects of the association;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7366888 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 The form of this }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 annual return}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273  is provided for in the Industrial Associations Regulations (Cap.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7366888\charrsid7107273 94), but neither the regulations nor the forms make any provision for auditing.
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 
\par Section 11 of the Ordinance goes on to provide, in subsection (3), that every member-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1204754 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273 \'85}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 shall be entitled}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3151791\charrsid7107273  to receive}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 
, on application to the secretary of the association, a copy of such annual general statement, without making any payment for the same.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1204754 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 
\par The }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 annual general statement}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273  which a member is entitled to get under that provision is, of course, something very far removed from the detailed accounts which the plaintiffs are seeking in this action.
\par 
\par The net result of the forgoing discussion is that we find, neither in the Ordinance nor in the constitution, any provision binding the Union, expressly or by implication, }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13457055\charrsid7107273 to }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 furnish members with detailed accounts. Members have the right }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3686516 just mentioned under section 11}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 (3), and the treasurer is bound to submit his report, revenue}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8399294\charrsid7107273 
 account and balance sheet at each annual meeting; and Branch books are, as stated above, open at all reasonable times to inspection by Branch members. These seem to be the only means provided by which members ca}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 n}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8399294\charrsid7107273 , as
 of right, inform themselves as to the financial affairs of the Union. There is no evidence of non-compliance }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 either }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8399294\charrsid7107273 with these express provisions of the constitution of with section 11; and there is no evidence of any circulation among members of annual o
r other accounts in any form, either audited or unaudited.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1204754\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8399294\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5709645\charrsid7107273 In our opinion}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 , and for the reason}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 s already given, Mr.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3686516  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 Ramrakha has}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273  failed to establish that there is any duty imposed by statute or by the constitution requiring the Union to render detailed accoun}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 ts to its members, and the case}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 
 cannot be regarded as one in which members are endeavouring to enforce any expressly imposed duty to furnish them with accounts. The question remains whether any such duty exi}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 
sts as a matter of general law.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8399294\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 
\par As stated above, it is now only the Building Fund with which the plaintiffs are concerned; and in answer to a question from the Bench, }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 
Mr. Ramrakha agreed that the desired investigation to the office fund }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 would not lead to any claim by members for money or property, but
, if it led to any result at all, could only lead to the establishment of a right in the Union itself to recover money or property. In other words, this is not a case in which members of an incorporated body}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273  are endeavouring to enforce any proprietary pecuniary}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12522823\charrsid7107273 right of }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 
their own, but is, on the contrary, one relating solely to the enforcement of possible proprietary or pecuniary rights vested in the body corporate.
\par 
\par In this connection, it is desir}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3686516 able to quote section 7}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 (1) of the Ordinance, which reads as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14620914 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 
7. (1) Upon registration of an association under this Ordinance, all rights and liabilities of the members thereof in their capacity as such shall }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 de}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3686516 s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 olve upon the association}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 .}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8341372 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 
\par The relation between this Union an}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 d}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273  its members is thus clearly an
alogous to that which exists between an ordinary incorporated company and the members thereof; and the law is perfectly clear that such a company is an entity separate from its members, and that the members, as individuals, or even as a body, have no dire
ct right, title or interest in o}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 r to the assets of the company. }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 
That the relationship between a company and its members in respect of the assets of the company is not that of a trustee holding the assets for the beneficiaries may be regarded as having been finally settled in the famous leading case of }{
\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 Salomon v. Salomon and Co.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273  [1897] A.C}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 .}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273  22 \endash  see in particular }{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 
per}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273  Lord Herschell at pp.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 
42-44, and }{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 per}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273  Lord Davey at p.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 
 }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8341372\charrsid7107273 56. It may no doubt be conceded that, in appropriate circumstances, a company may constitu
te itself a trustee of moneys or other property for some member or members, and that such a trust may be either express or constructive. It may even be true that a company may constitute itself a trustee for all its members. But it certainly does not hold
 
its general assets as a trustee for the members. In this respect we can see no ground for distinguishing the case of Union incorporated under the Industrial Associations Ordinance from that of a company incorporated under a relevant statute for the purpos
e of carrying on a trade or business.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1204754 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13241337\charrsid7107273 
In regard to membership subscriptions or levies payable by members to this Union, we have no doubt that the moneys arising therefrom, when they reached the hands of the Union, are merely part and parcel of its general 
assets, applicable for the purposes and in the manner provided in the constitution, and that the members have no individual interests in such money}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 s}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13241337\charrsid7107273 , and no rights in respect of them except such as are provided }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 for }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13241337\charrsid7107273 in the constitution, or by the general law. We think this applies even to moneys which may }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 not }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13241337\charrsid7107273 have been contributed in equal proportions by all the members, provided on}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 ly that the intention }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4739628\charrsid7107273 was that they should become part and parcel of the general funds of the Union; and we think also that it applies, where such intention is present}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13241337\charrsid7107273 , even in the case of moneys}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4739628\charrsid7107273 
 which cannot be regarded as levies but only as voluntary contributions. If moneys are in fact provided voluntar}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 il}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4739628\charrsid7107273 y by members for some specific purpose-as, for instance, for the erection o
f a building-it may well be that any member or members would be entitled, in appropriate proceedings, to restrain the Union from devoting such funds to other purposes. But this is a very different matter from compelling the incorporated body to furnish me
mbers with detailed accounts, and it is a claim of the latter kind that we are concerned with here.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14620914\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4739628\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 On }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4739628\charrsid7107273 
the material before the Court, there may be some ground for saying that the moneys comprised in the Building Fund were devoted to a particular purpose, and could be used legitimately only for that purpose. But the purpose of the fund was to provide }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 a }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4739628\charrsid7107273 
building which would be the property of the Union, and, subject to any obligation there may have been to expend it for that purpose only, the Fund was the pro
perty of the Union. The provision of the building being within the powers of the Union, it was entitled to devote to it, not only the Building Fund, but also any other moneys it might have available; and it is not improbable- though we appear to have}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273  no evidence on the point}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273 -}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273 
that moneys were so in fact applied which did not arise from contributions specifically made for the particular purpose. But, however that might be, the ultimate destination of the Building Fund was for expenditure on the building, or
, in other words, on the provision of an asset which would belong, not to the members who had contributed the funds, but to the Union itself, and in respect of which the members would have no rights ex}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 cept}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273  such as their membership might confer on them. We see no ground for holding}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273  that any of the defendants was}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273  a trustee in respect of the Building Fund.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4739628\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273 
\par It seems therefore, that the plaintiffs can succeed only on the footing that a body corporate is bound in law, upon demand by any member, to furnish him }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 with }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273 detailed accounts of its receipts and expenditure; and in our opinion, there is no warrant in law for any such view. If it were so in the case of this Union, it must be equally}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273  so in the case of an ordinary commercial company; and it is impossible to su
ggest that a shareholder in such a company is entitled to demand from the company detailed statements of receipts and expenditure}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9392060\charrsid7107273 
, let alone to insist on having accounts of such receipts and expenditure}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273  taken by the court. A member must be content with such rights in regard to the accounts as }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 a}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 
re conferred on him by the constitution of the company or by statute, and we think the same is true in respect of this Union.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12658755\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 
\par We think it appropriate also to point out that such matters as have been brought in issue here are conce}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 rned}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 
 solely with the internal management of the Union. We do not propose to expound the well-known rule in }{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 Foss v.}{
\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 Harbottle}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 
 (1843) 2 Hare 461, but, for present purposes, its general effect may be summarised by saying, that, where a company is acting }{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 intra vires}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273  and nothing is being done by way of fraud upon a minority, the Court declines to interfere at the instance of a shareholder, leaving such matter}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273  to be dealt with by means of the internal machinery of the company. As was said by Lord Davey in }{
\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 Burland v. Earle}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273  [1902] A.C. 83, 93:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4590081 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 It is }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 an }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 elementary principle of the law relating to joint }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3686516 stock companies that the Court }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 will not interfere with the internal management of companies acting with}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 in their powers, and in fact has}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273  no jurisdiction to do so.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7107273 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4590081 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 
\par In }{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 Cotter v. National Union of Seamen}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273  [1929] 2 Ch. 58 the Court of Appeal held that the rule in }{
\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 Foss v. Harbottle }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 
(above) was applicable to a registered trade union, and we see no reason to doubt its applicability to the Fiji Kisan Sangh. The proper remedy of the plaintiff}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 s}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 
 in respect of the matters of which they now complain lies in the exercise of their voting rights as members in such a way as to ensure that their wishes, if sufficiently supported by other members, are given effect to by th
e officers of the Union, and that, it necessary, officers may be elected who will comply with the wishes of the }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 majority. There is no suggestion here that anything has been done }{
\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 ultra vires}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 , or that there has been anything in the nature of a fraud on a min
ority; and in such circumstances the only remedy fo}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 r any wrong done to the Union is}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 
 by action on the part of the Union itself; and, if there }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 be}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 
 any difficulty in having such an action instituted, the mater is one of internal management and must be dealt with accordingly.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590081\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 
\par These are the reasons which lead us to conclude that the appellants have no right to the relief they claim against the Union; and this conclusion applies }{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 a fortiori}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273  to the two defendants who are officers of}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273  the Union. They are clearly unde
r no personal obligation to render accounts to individual members, and}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 -}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 subject to possible exceptions not relevant here}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 any obligation resting on them are enforceable only at the suit of the Union.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15611131\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 
\par Since this judgment was prepared, we have had the opportunity of per}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3686516 u}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 sing the judgment of }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273 the }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 Privy Council in the case mentioned above (}{
\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 Chalmers v. The Fiji Kisan Sangh,}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273  22}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\super\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 nd}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273  January, 1964). It appears now to be finally determined}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 for the purposes of, and on the evidence given in, that action}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 -}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 that Kisan
 Sangh Building Fund was the property of the Union, and that, in his administration of the Fund, Chalmers was accountable to the Union, and not to the persons who contributed to the Fund. This accords with our own view, based on the evidence in the presen
t action, that it is the Union alone, and not members or contributors to the Fund, that is entitled to call for accounts of the receipts and expenditure of the Fund.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10909322\charrsid7107273 Whether it is wise policy on the part of the Union to refrain from giving such particulars
 as it can with respect to the Building Fund is a matter with which we are not concerned, but which may perhaps call for careful consideration by the officers of the Union.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid786476\charrsid7107273 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10909322\charrsid7107273 
\par For these reasons we hold that the learned Judge was right in dismissing the action, and the appeal must accordingly}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid614174\charrsid7107273  be}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10909322\charrsid7107273  dismissed with costs to be paid by the appellants to the respondents.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865072 {\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10909322\charrsid7107273 Appeal dismissed.}{\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2638310 

\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14964578\charrsid14964578 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14964578 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14964578\charrsid7107273 *The reference intended is probably to section 13 (2) - Ed.
\par }}