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\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 \fs20\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 [1963] 9 FLR 92
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527\charrsid7828527 FIJI COURT OF APPEAL
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid10708374 v.
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 REGINAM
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711 [COURT OF}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  APPEAL, 1963 (Finlay V.P}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711 ., Marsack, J.A., Hammett J.A.),}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  3rd, 19th July]
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Criminal Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3681636 Criminal law}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711\charrsid3681636  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 -}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711\charrsid3681636  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3681636 duress}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711\charrsid3681636  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527\charrsid3681636 - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3681636 threat to kill}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711\charrsid3681636  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527\charrsid3681636 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711\charrsid3681636  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3681636 opportunity to escape}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711\charrsid3681636  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527\charrsid3681636 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10436711\charrsid3681636  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527\charrsid3681636 Penal Code (Cap. 8) s. 1}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3681636 6.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673\charrsid3681636 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3752673 
The appellant actively aided and abetted others in murdering the deceased. On a plea that he acted under duress throughout; the Court of Appeal held that he had had ample opportunity to e
scape and that there was insufficient evidence to raise a reasonable doubt whether he was under compulsion as defined in s. 16 of the Penal Code.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Case referred to:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3752673 Subramaniam v. P.P.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3754860  [1956]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  1 W.L.R. 965; }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 00 S.J. 566.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3752673 Appeal against conviction.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3752673 Sharma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636  for the appellant.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3752673 Palmer }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 for the Crown.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 facts appear from the judgment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid3681636 Judgment}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673\charrsid3681636  of the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  [19th July, 1963] -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par 
\par This is an appeal against conviction for murder on the 19th January, 1963. Appellant was one of three accused who were tried together for the murder of one Subhas Chandra on the 21st September, 1962. All three accused were found guilty. In the case of app
ellant four of the five assessors gave the opinion that appellant was guilty of murder and the learned trial judge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
gave his judgment in accordance wi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 th the opinion of the majority; }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 As appellant was found to be 17 years o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3754860 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  age at the date of the crime he was sentenced to be detained during the Governor}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 s pleasure.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
The ground of appeal was stated to be that the verdict was unreasonable and cannot be supported having regard to the evidence. What was argued before us as the main ground upon which the appeal was
 based was that at all material times appellant was acting under the fear of instant death at he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
hands of the third accused, one Latch}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 man. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
Counsel also contended that the mere presence of appellant at the scene of the crime was not in itself}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 evidence of gu}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 ilty complicity in that crime. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 From appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
s own statement it appears that he knew of the intention to make the deceased, Subhas, drunk and then to stab him with a dagger; appellant actually made the purchase of the liquor for the drinking party and was present at that party; he followed}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 the other two accused wh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 en they walked off with Subhas. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 He was present when the murder was committed and under instructions from Latchman picked up the stone with which Latchman had struck the deceased, took it}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 away and threw it into the grass.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673\charrsid7828527  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
We are unable to accept the contention that the circumstances surrounding the presence of appellant at the drinking party, his accompanying the others along, the road after the liquor had been}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 consumed, and his presence at the scen
e of the crime, were purely innocent incidents and did not amount to aiding and abetting. Leaving aside for the moment the question of intimidation of appellant by Latchman, we find that appellant was not only present when the crime was committed but was 
present with full knowledge of what was going to take place, had assisted in the preliminary, stages by purchasing the liquor and assisted in the later stages by throwing away the stone with which injuries had been inflicted on}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  deceased. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 In our opinion these facts, taken by themselves, were sufficient to prove active complicity in the crim}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2888285 e to the extent that appellant }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 aided and abetted its commission}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Appellant is thereupon confined to the issue of duress, and this was the matter which was argued most fully by counsel at the hearing of the appeal.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 The evidence that appellant had acted under duress is contained, mainly, in his statement to the police made on the 22nd September, 1962}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 In the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
course of that statement he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  says:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3752673 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Latchman showed one a dagger wh
ich was wrapped in a paper and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 he took it out from his pocket. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Latchman said if I will not company}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 them today he will finish me.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673  I said what is the matter. Raj}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 endra said that Latchman want to get Subhas drunk today and finish him. Latchman said, you have t
o give hand otherwise I will finish you. Latchman said if anyone will know about this he will not let me off. Then I accompanied them and went on Navu Road}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3752673 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 A little later after being charged with murder and cautioned, appellant said: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15422351 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 I did not do anything, but }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 I was forced to remain there and was standing at a distance and watc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 hing when Latchman and Rajendra murdered Subhas. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Latchman forced me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  to pick up the stone and throw }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 away}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  among the grass.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 From the evidence of Deputy Superintendent Allen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
Mersh it appears that when appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  was being questioned he was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 asked}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 :}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15422351 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Is it not true that you bought a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  bottle of rum from Keshobhai }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 for 18s. 6d.?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par and to that he replied:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15422351 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Yes it is true but }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 if I tell you I will be killed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 That is the whole of the evidence with regard to the duress said to have been exercised on appellant by the third accused Latchman.
\par 
\par In the course of his judgment the learned trial judge refers to the defence of duress and says:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15422351 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
That may have applied, or at least raised a reasonable doubt that it applied, at the time the threat was made. From that time ample opportunity existed before the actual killing for this accused to have}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 got away if he were, in fa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 ct, in fear of his life. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Yet he made no attempt.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 It is the contention of counsel for appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
that there was no such opportunity to escape; that Latchman never left appellant at any material time;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
that Latchman, to the knowledge of appellant, retained throughout the possession of
 the dagger; that appellant had no opportunity to confide in Shiu Ram, the farmer who was in no way associated with the other accused in the matter, of their designs on Subhas}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12325098 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  Counsel relies on the judgment of the Privy Council in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid15422351 Subramaniam v. P.P.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  [1956] 1 W.L.R. 965 at 972:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15422351 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 It is also possible, though in the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8739512 ir Lordships}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8739512  view, improbable,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  that the trial judge directed himself and the assessors that there was no evidence of duress because at the actual moment of capture the terrorists}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 had left and the
 judge thought that duress, if it had existed, had then ceased to exist. But threats previously made could have been a continuing menace at the moment the appellant was captured, and this possibility was at least a matter for consideration by a jury or by
 a judge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351  and assessors.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15422351 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 In our opinion, however, the evidence does not support counsel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 s contention either that appellant had no opportunity
 to escape or that the menace of the previous threat was still effective up to the time of commission of the crime. The evidence of Shiu Ram, a farmer not associated with the accused in this matter is to the effect that appellant invited him to go with th
e party}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 and procee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8739512 d homewards by the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 Mango tree. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 As that would have been a long way to Shiu Ram}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 s house, he said:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9045058 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 m going home this way }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  what abou}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 t if you fellows want to come.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9045058 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Someone else in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 the party said:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9045058 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 We}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 re going this way}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8739512  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 you go your way.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 There appears to be no reason why appellant should not have accompanied Shiu Ram if he had wished to make his escape. Then according to appellant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 s own statement, after all the liquor had been drunk Latchman and Rajendra, the other two accused, caught ho
ld of Subhas, who was then in an advanced state of intoxication, one on each side and walked him along the track; appellant followed. There appears no reason at all why appellant should not then have been able to make his escape, had he wished, when the o
ther two accused were in front and fully occupied in holding up, Subhas.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 The section in the Penal Code referring to the defence of compulsion is section 16 which reads:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9045058 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if it is committed by two or more offenders, and if the act is done or omitted only bec}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8093118 ause during the whole of the tim}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 e in which it is being done or omitted the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
person is compelled to do or omit to do the act by threats on the part of the other offender or offenders instantly to kill him or do him grie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8093118 vous bodily harm if he refuses;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  but threats of future inj}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 ury do not excuse any offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3681636 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7828527 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 We find that there was insufficient evidence even to raise a reasonable doubt whether or not appellant was under compulsion, as defined in section 16
, when he accompanied the other two accused and Subhas to the scene of the crime and took some positive action in connection with it in throwing away the stone with which some, at least, of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8093118  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 injuri}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 es, of deceased had been caused.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 For these reasons we find that the appeal on this ground also cannot succeed and the appeal is accordingly dismissed.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Appeal dismissed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 *}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 Solicitor for the appellant: }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid9045058 D}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8093118 .}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid9045058  S. Sharma.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid9045058 Solicitor}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527\charrsid9045058 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid9045058 General}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527  for the Crown.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 
\par __________
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 * The appeals of two other persons convicted jointly with the appellant were also dismissed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7828527 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 see, Appeals N}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058 os. 2 and 3 of 1963 (unreported).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9045058\charrsid7828527 
\par }}