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{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f382\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}
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{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
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{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}
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{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
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{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
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{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times};}
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{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;
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Appellate Jurisdiction
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4336990 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [}{
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 28th February]
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2548\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8736790 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1323913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14816724\charrsid8736790 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
law-construction-statute-criminal offence-Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 235) ss. 32 (1), 65-Road Traffic Act,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1960 (Imperial) s. 104-Traffic Ordinance 1953 (Kenya)-Penal Code (Cap. 8) s. 263 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1323913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In s. 26 (1) of the Traffic Ordinance the words" criminal offence in connexion with the driving of a motor vehicle" mean an offence contrary to a section of the Traffic\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Ordinance itself or an offence of the same nature }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 created by any other Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1323913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal against disqualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1323913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ramrakha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1323913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the Crown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1323913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The judgment is reported only i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n relation to disqualification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1323913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15015358\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 MACDUFF C.J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15015358\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (in part)\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [28th February, 1963]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 -
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8736790 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
The appellant was convicted on his plea of guilty of the offence of " Dangerous driving contrary to sections 32 (1) and 65 of the Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 235, Laws of Fiji) ". He was fined \'a3\loch\f0 30 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14446972 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 together with 5s. costs in default two\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 months' imprisonment, and was disqualified from holding or obtaining a motor vehicle driver's l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 icence for a period of 2 years.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid4395703 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The grounds of appeal are-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5902732\charrsid8331837 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6315378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8331837 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a) That the sentence is severe, excessive and unreasonable having regard to all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the circumstances\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of the case;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8331837 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6315378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8331837 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
(b) That the learned Magistrate erred in law in disqualifying your petitioner from holding or obtaining a driver's licence for the first offence as it is not provided for by the Traffic Ordinance, Cap. 235 Laws of Fiji, under which the learn
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ed Magistrate purporte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d to disqualify;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8331837 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8331837 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The second ground of appeal was argued i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2175802\charrsid8331837 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n Criminal Appeal No.5 of 1963. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid8331837 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Since I allowed that appeal on another ground I propose to deal with it in this appeal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid6694418 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The contention of the appellant is founded on the wordin\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 g of section 26 of the Traffic Ordinance which, so far as is relevant, reads-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6315378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2175802\charrsid6694418 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"26.-(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid6694418 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Any court before which a person is convicted of any criminal offence in connexion with the driving of a motor vehicle-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6315378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6694418\charrsid11995018 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 may in any case, and shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid11995018 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  when so required \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
by this Part of this Ordinance, order him to be disqualified for holding or obtaining a driving licence for such pe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2175802\charrsid11995018 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ri}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid602652 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 od as the court thinks fit;..."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid11995018 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid11995018 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is contended by counsel for the appellant that unless some meaning is given to the words" criminal offe
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nce" the use of the word" criminal" is so much surplus verbiage. It is a principle of interpretation that if a word is used in a statute it must be presumed that the legislature intended that word to be given a meaning. Unfortunately counsel has found lit
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 le authority to support h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15074949 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is contention in this instance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid11995018 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2175802\charrsid3146690 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Reliance was first pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid3146690 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 aced on a statement appearing in Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2175802\charrsid3146690 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Ed., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid3146690 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Vol. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2175802\charrsid3146690 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 X at page 271 to the effect that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid3146690 -
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6315378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15074949 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid3146690 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 If a statute prohibits or commands an act, disobedience to the sta\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tute is criminal and punishable }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid16268765 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
by indictment, unless proceedings by indictment manifestly appear to be excluded by the statute. An act may, however, be prohibited or commanded by a statute in such a way that a person contravening the statute is liable to \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
a pecuniary penalty recoverable as a debt by civil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4336990\charrsid16268765 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  process; in such a case contra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid16268765 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vention is an offence against th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16190800 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e statute, but is not a crime."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid16268765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7958492 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This goes no further than to say that an act may be a civil wrong giving rise to a civil liability as against 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a crime entailing a criminal liability. The definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16190800 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9118227\charrsid7958492 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 crime}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7958492 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
" is set out on the same page in these words-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6315378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16190800 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7958492 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
A crime is an unlawful act or default which is an offence against the public, and renders the person guilty of the act or default liable to lega\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
l punishment. While a crime is often also an injury to a private person, who has a remedy in a civil action, it is as an act or default contrary to the order, peace, and well-being of society that a cri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3824528 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 me is punishable by the State."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7958492 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7958492 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
and on that definition\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  counsel was constrained to concede that the whole fabric of the Traffic Ordinance was such as to make an offence against its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3824528 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  provisions a criminal offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7958492 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid13044829 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Counsel referred to the provisions of the Road Traff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3437374 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid13044829 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
c Act, 1960. Section 104 of that Act which em\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 powers a court to disqualify from holding a licence uses the word" offence" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8286524 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 simpliciter but the phrase is "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid13044829 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
an offence specified in the first schedule ...". In some colonies the wording used is-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6315378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16678764 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Any co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10707495\charrsid7296323 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 urt before which a person is conv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 icted of any offence \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
in connexion with the driving of a motor vehicle may ..." (Traffic Or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16678764 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dinance, No. 39 of 1953-Kenya).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14508040 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On the ordinary rules of interpretation it would certainly appear that the addition of the word" criminal" to describ}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7609383 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e" offence" may be meaningless.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10707495\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 To}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ndeavour to assign a meaning to the word" criminal" counsel for the appellant suggests that it may be possible to draw a distinction between those offences which are of so gross a nature as to be " criminal" in the popular sense of that word and those whi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h are not. I am afraid I cannot see that any such dist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7609383 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
inction can or should be drawn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It appears to me that the word" criminal" has been used more in the declaratory sense o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12536410\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r to put it in another way-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12536410\charrsid10963485 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ex ab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 undanti cautela}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . Offences under the Traffic Ordina\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nce are criminal offences beyond doubt and the wording of paragraph (a) makes it clear t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12536410\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hat a court" may in any case" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid7296323 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
impose a disqualification. Taking the ordinary meaning of the words used in the section, a criminal offence in connexion with the driving \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of a motor vehicle means no more and no less than it says, that is to say. an offence contrary to a section of the Traffic Ordinance itself, which I hold to be a criminal offence, together with an offence of the same nature created by any other Ordinance}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14235247 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e.g., section 263 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14235247 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 of the Penal Code. I see no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 merit in this ground of appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10963485 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14235247 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10963485 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 result the appeal is dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14235247 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4336990\charrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid10963485 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 smissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10963485 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14235247 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14235247 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Solicito}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12536410\charrsid14235247 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r for the appellant: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12536410\charrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A. M. Rama}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12536410\charrsid14235247 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6315378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12536410\charrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Solicitor-Gener}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid10963485 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14235247 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 for the Crown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14508040\charrsid14508040 
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