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\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16140721\charrsid157311 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
[1958-1959] 6 FLR 160
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1728133 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16140721\charrsid157311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1136580 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16140721\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
COURT OF APPEAL OF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11815727\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  FI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16140721\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 JI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1136580 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1574788 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal Appeal No. 12 of 1959
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11815727\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 SHIU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  PRASAD AND ANOR.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11815727\charrsid1337698 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11815727 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11815727\charrsid157311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11815727 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid157311 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11815727\charrsid157311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11815727 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11815727\charrsid157311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11815727 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
THE QUEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15103605 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15103605 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [ FIJI COURT OF APPEAL AT SUVA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1574788 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15103605 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (Lowe, C.J., President, George Finlay and C.C. Marsack, JJ/A), November 11, 1959]
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (Appeal from H.M. Suprem\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e Court of Fiji \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Knox \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Mawer, ag. J.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15103605\charrsid15103605 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11815727 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid11815727\charrsid157311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1728133 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid157311 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Parties to offences-principal offenders-joint offenders-ss. 21 and 22 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1731796 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the Penal Code-deceased fatally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid157311 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 wounded by first appellant-wounded again by second appellant-whether second appellant had intention to do grie\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
vous harm in common with first appellant-whether it is now a matter of law that a person intends the na}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15103605 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tural consequences of his acts.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid157311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid15103605 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid157311 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 .-(1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid157311 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
) If two persons share a common hostility towards another when meeting with him and they come armed to that meet\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing, there is a sufficient basis for concluding, in the absence of evide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid157311 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nce to the contrary, that a com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid157311 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mon intention is maintained up to the point of time when one of them strikes a blow following the striking of a blow by the other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , which former blow was \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8204829 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he cause of death;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid5193205 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (2) In such circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the second appellant was aiding his co-appellant in the commission of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 offence by the co-appellant;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (3) It was the law, at one time, that a person in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid14893078 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tends the natural con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sequences of his acts but later aut\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hority h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as introduced a different view.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205\charrsid5193205 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Appeal dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid5193205 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases referred to:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid4744823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Spriggs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid16408672 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 1958, 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid16408672 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 300; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . v. Loughlin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid11886695 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 1959}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8348813\charrsid11886695 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , p. 518}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11886695 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Steane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , (1947)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11886695 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 997; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Hosegood v. H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8454515\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 osegood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1950)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  66 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5193205 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., 735.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11886695 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11886695 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases distinguished:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid4744823 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8454515\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v. Achila}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 8 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11886695 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 63}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8454515\charrsid7629421 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8454515\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R . v. Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8454515\charrsid7629421 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , Vols. 9 to 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7629421 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 249; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
R . v. Tindara and Anor.,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7629421 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8454515\charrsid7629421 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1951}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid8454515\charrsid7629421 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 180}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7629421 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Murtagh and Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 39 CAR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  72.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7629421 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 F. M. K. Sherani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for the appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7632892\charrsid1337698 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . F. W. Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7632892\charrsid14893078 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , ag}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Solicit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
or-General, for the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  13th December, 1958, one Ram Sewak was murdered at Lagalaga, Labasa. So }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 much has never been questioned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid14893078 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10316149 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The deceased suffered two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14893078\charrsid10316149 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 fatal wounds. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14893078\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
(The wounds were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 described in detail.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10316149 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  The first wound would cause more or less immediate death. The second wo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
und in point of time of infliction would, itself, have caused death had death not been more immediately caused by the first wound. In other words, although the second wound was dangerous to life and would have caused death, death, in fact, was caused by t
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e firs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1662588 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t wound.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10316149 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10316149 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The case for the Crown was that the dece}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7632892\charrsid10316149 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ased and others had been attend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10316149 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing a meeting and went from there pursuant to some loose arrangement to meet on the roadside a party consisting of the two appellants and a number of their friends. Ther\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e was at that time some hostility between the parties concerning land. The Crown alleged that there was first some form of struggle between the appellant Dhanessar (referred to hereafter as the second appellant) and the deceased and that during }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15298177\charrsid10316149 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 this strugg\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 le Shiu Prasad (here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10316149 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
after referred to as the first appellant) stepped up to the deceased and struck the blow firstly described. It was further alleged that, as the deceased staggered from that first fatal blow, he was struck the second blow by the second a
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ppellant. Faced with the difficulty, if not the impossibility of establishing that the death of the accused was caused by the second blow-the medical evidence was against such a possibility-the prosecution sought to associate the second appellant with the
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
alleged criminous act of the first appellant. It relied first upon the provisions of section 22 of the Penal code which, the Crown contended, applied in the circumstances. Secondly, it relied upon the contention that the second appellant aided or abetted 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he first appellant within the meaning o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6977502 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f section 21 of the Penal Code.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10316149 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The case for the first appellant was a bare denial that he struck any blow; he gave evidence to that effect. The second appellant did not give evidence but his defence too was in subst\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ance a denial that he struck any blow. There was an abundance of evidence against both appellants in respect of the blows that they struck. Ten witnesses testified to the striking of the first blow by the first appellant, seven testified to the striking o
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the second blow by the second appellant. There was,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 therefore, an abundance of evi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
dence on which the assessors and the Judge could base a finding that the appellants had struck the respective blows alleged and, in the light of the verdicts, this Court can\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 only deal with the appeals upon the footing that the appellants were guilty of the physical acts charged against them. Indeed, there was little said or which could have been said on the hearing of the appeal in favour of the first appellant, the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  effort of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Counsel being concen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 trated almost exclusively on an effort to extricate the sec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5778696 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ond appellant from the verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The applicability of sections 22 and 21 of the Penal Code were alike challenged. It was said there was no evidence of any common intention such\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  as is referred to in section 22 and no proper direc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5778696 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion as to-we quote literally-"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 what considerations would have been taken into account in determining the intention of each appellant in the event of their negativing the existence of a common intention". \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Couns}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 el had some difficulty in inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 preting precisely what he meant by this lat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ter ground but eventually inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 preted it by saying that what he meant was that if no common intention were found, then there was no directio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5778696 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n given as to the consequences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid10297595 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sect\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ion 22 of the Penal Code indicates a definitive sequence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of events, all factual in character. There must first be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the formation of a common inten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion to prosecute, in conjunction, an unlawful purpose. Next there must be the sustained prosecution of that pu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rpose; then finally, an offence must be committed which was a probable consequenc}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e of the prosecution of the pur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pose. The formation of a common intention to prosecute in conjunction an unlawful purpose and the prosecution in fact of that purpose can, like 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 all facts, be proved by inference, provided alw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ays that the inference is suffi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ciently strong to satisfy the high degree of certainty which the criminal law requires. The question which in consequence presents itself in this case is whether the facts proved\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  provided a sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 basis from which the assessors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and the Judge cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid274318\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ld infer a common intention on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the part of the appellants to inflict grievous physical injuries on the deceased, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid274318\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd a continued pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
secution of that intention up to the time,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3171123\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the first \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 blow was stu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid727487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. Then, of course, arises the further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3171123\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  question whether the inference of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  guilt was a proper inference and whether it had a character of certainty to the de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14842208 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 gree the criminal law requires.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3171123\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 obative value of the 'facts on t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he basis of which\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 inferences are deduced must necessarily be judged, not o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3171123\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nly separately, but also cumula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14842208 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In brief summary, those facts are that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16547036\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3171123\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
two appellants were in com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pany for the purpose of meeting the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16547036\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  deceased; that there was some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hostility between}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16547036\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the ap\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
pellants and the deceased concerning property; that each of the appellants went }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
to the rendezvous armed with a lethal weapon and that almost instantaneously after the striking of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16547036\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e first blow by the first appellant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the seco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16547036\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd appellant struck the second\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  blow. To come to the meeting sharing a common }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hostility and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
thus armed, and the immediacy with which the blow struck by the second appellan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t followed the striking of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 first blow by the first appellant, provided in our view a sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 basis in the abs\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ence of any ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 idence to the contrary of a previous common}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  intention to do grievous harm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to the deceased and a suff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 icient basis for the inference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 that that common intention was maintained up to the point of time when the second appellant struck the second b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 low. W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e are also of the opinion that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the inference was in the circumstances of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sufficient degree of certainty }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
o satisfy the standard imposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14842208 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 by the criminal law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A number of cases were quoted by Counsel for the appellants but all are readily distinguis\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
hable. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Achila}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 8 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14842208 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14842208 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14842208 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1337698 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14842208 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 63}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , the Court found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was not proved that the act of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the appellant in ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lding the man killed had any co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mmon purpose with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the act of the man who caused the death of the deceased. The evi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dence in fact establ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ished tha\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t the holding of the deceased by the appellant was to faci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid15171074 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 litate his being beaten with thin sticks. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He was killed by another man dislocating his }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 neck. Much}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the same explana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion attaches t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . v. Mohammed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , Vols. 9 to 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 249. T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 here, one appellant w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as merely driving a lorry, albeit in a somewhat reprehensible }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 way, when a second appell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ant struck the deceased wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h a stick. The Court held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 no evidence to prove any concerted action by the appellants and that therefore an inferenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1642615\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e that ther
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e was any common purpose could not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 be sustained. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The Court, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
however, did say that if ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7472161\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e were an inescapable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 inferenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e from the facts that there must ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ve been such concerted action, then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the conviction of the dri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid7472161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ver of the lorry would be justified. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid7472161 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 is precisely the position whi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ch seems to us to pertain here.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996\charrsid7472161 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid2125601 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Tindara and Another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid13465409 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1951}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 180, there was, again, no evidence of commo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n intention and none of any pre-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid13465409 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 conceive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d plan. One man struck a light }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 blow whilst anothe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
r quite indepen\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dently struck a f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
atal one. In the absence of any proof of common intention or pre-conception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , the Court held t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid13465409 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hat the blows were independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid13465409 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and so was the criminal respon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sibility of the strikers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid13465409 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the cir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cumstances, there was evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 from which the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  as\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sessors and the Judge could in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 fer t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
he existence of a common }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12392062\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 inten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion between the appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid16330714 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  to prosecute in conjunction an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  unlawful p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 urpose. If that unlawful purpose was the infliction of a grievous injury to the deceased then the latter ph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rase of section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid16330714 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 22 of the Penal Code has only a meagre application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid2752852 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , for t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2752852 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid2752852 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 infliction of grievous injury with malice aforethought is murder if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2752852 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 death ensues, as it d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid2752852 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 id here. There is, however, a se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2752852 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cond and equally apposite view which would render the second appellant res\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ponsible in law as a principal party to the murder. He would be so responsible if, knowing the intention of the first appellant was to inflict grievous physical injury to the deceased, he endeavoured to further that illegal purpose by himself striking a b
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ow. He would, in those circu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12139809\charrsid2752852 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
mstances, in terms of section 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2752852 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of the Penal Code be aiding the first appellant in the commission of the offence co}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12924996 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mmitted by the first appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2752852 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is difficult to imagine that when the second appellant struck the blow which\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 he did strike, he was not aiding the fir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st appellant in the illegal pur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
pose of inflicting grievous physical injury to the deceased. If the infliction of such grievous injury was the purpose, and no one could doubt that it was, of the first appellant, then\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the act of the second appellant can have had no other purpose than to aid the first appellant in his illegal purpose. That being so, we think that on this ground too the second appellant was properly convicted as a principal party to the murder. The appe
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lants therefore fail on the main grounds }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 upon which the appeal is based.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The second ground complained of some defect in the d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12139809\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
rection as to the burden of proof and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Murtagh and Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 39 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  72, was referred to. There was in this case no such narrow i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ssue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as would invite a special direc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tion as there was in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Murtagh and Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 and we think the Judge dealt adequately with the question of the burden of proof at the various points at which he referred to the topic. In particular, we think that he sufficien\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tly dealt with malice aforethought when he read the definition from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Penal Code; see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Spriggs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid11666942 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, 1958}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid1520637 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1520637 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
, 300. The rest of the grounds of appeal all relate to factual details which are either immaterial or are not of sufficient importance to h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ave had any influence upon the verdict. In the latter class is what was, perhaps, a misdirection in the statement by the Trial Judge that it is a matter of law tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid1520637 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t a man intends the natural con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1520637 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 sequences of his acts. That was at one time the law but later \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 authority has introduced a different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid1520637 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 view; see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
R. v. Loughlin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid1520637 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 1959}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid1520637 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  at p. 518}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Steane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , (1947)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1520637 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , 997 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Hosegood v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4204632\charrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Hosegood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1950)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  66 T}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6299482 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ., 735.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid1520637 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2125601 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid6566979 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 However, it is so impossible to conceive that a man could wound another as this deceased w\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
as wounded by each app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4487148\charrsid6566979 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ellant without each fully appre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1728133\charrsid6566979 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ciating that grievous injury, if not death, was the inevitable consequence, that this misdirection can have had no possible bearing upon the verdict. In the circumstances the appeals of both appellants a\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 re dismissed.}{
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