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\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15692765 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996\charrsid15692765 SUPREME }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid15692765 COURT CASES OF FIJI}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996\charrsid15692765 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15692765 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 [CIVIL JURISDICTION.]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15692765 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 [ACTION No. 4, 1921.] \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15692765 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid15692765 MORRIS, HEDSTROM}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid15692765 LIMITED}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid15692765 v. }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid15692765 JOHN BURNS & COMPANY LIMITED. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15692765 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 1921. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid15692765 Nov.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 7. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765 \par }{\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 "Delivered weights" as opposed to "shipping weights" - meaning of in contract for carriage of copra. When freight earned }{ \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid9059477 and due - implied authority to c}{\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 ontract according to the usage of the trade. \par }{\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid9059477 \par }{\i\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 Held}{\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 , where contract silent weights should be taken at po rt of destination. Freight earned by the carriage and arrival of the goods ready to be delivered. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid15692765 Sir CHARLES DAVSON, C.J.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765 By the i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ndorsement on the writ in this case plaintiffs claimed \'a32,757, but since }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 the issue of the writ defendants}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 have paid \'a31,474 odd and have brought}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765 into Court }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid2629996 \'a3}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 145 odd, so that the amount actually in dispute}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996\charrsid2629996 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid2629996 \'a3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 1,136.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 The contract out of which this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15692765 action arises is the result of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 a proposal made orally by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 Mr. J.H.H.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Millett, Managing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 Director of A.M.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Brodziak Ltd., agents for the defendants, to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996\charrsid2629996 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Mr. J.M. Hedstrom, Managing Director of Morris, Hedstrom Ltd., the plaintiffs, and is contained i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 n}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 two letters: one from plaintiffs and Messrs. Brown & Joske dated 17th June, 1919, to A.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 M}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 . Brodziak Ltd., setting out the terms of a contract by which defendants were to carry 1,000 tons of copra for plain}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 tiffs and Messrs. Brown }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 & Joske, together with some of their own, from Suva to London and to sell the same on joint}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 account, and the other from A.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 M. Brodziak Ltd. to plaintiffs and Messrs. Brown & Joske dated 20th June, 1919, confirming the arrangement set out in the first letter.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Defendants carried and delivered the copra as agreed on and in pursuance of the contract as to sale communicated with Messrs. Brown Doug las & Co. of London who, as their agents, made a contract dated 2nd July, 1919, with the Produce Brokers Co. Ltd., under which the copra was sold subject to the conditions therein set forth. Defendants say that this (which I will call the "London contra}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 ct" as distinguished from the "Suva contract}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ") was ratified by the plaintiffs, but plaintiffs contend that they are not in any way bound by the London contract except in so far as it may be deemed to have been authorised by the Suva contract.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 The letter of the 17th June so far as is at present material is as follows:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Dear Sirs, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 This is in confirmation of our verbal arrangement. We understand that you have the option of chartering a steel sailing ship to carry about 2,000 tons of copra to London; expected to load at Suva late August or early September, }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 rate of freight being }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149\charrsid2629996 \'a3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 12 per ton of 2,240 lb}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 delivered weights. You have suggested that we should join you in making up this shipment and we - Morris, Hedstro}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Limited and Brown & Joske - jointly have agreed to ship 1,000 tons of copra, subject to the following stipulations:- \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) **}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 *}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8406043 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8406043\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 b}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) **}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 *}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8406043 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8406043\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) The shipment is to be sold on joint account at not less than fifty-three pounds ten shillings per ton (\'a353 10}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid4262149 s.} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) per ton, in London, from which will be deducted only}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 the actual expenses (f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 reight, insurance, exchange and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ordinary commission and landing charges in London, no commission being charged either in New Zealand or Suva).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8406043 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8406043\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 d}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 ***}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8406043 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8406043\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149\charrsid9059477 e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 ) *}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 **}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4262149 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 This arrangement is subject to your confirmation reaching us}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 by noon on Saturday, 21st instant.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4262149 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Yours faithfully, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4262149 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 MORRIS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9059477 ,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 HEDSTROM LIMITED. \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 J.M. HEDSTROM, \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9059477 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Managing Director. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 The issues between the parties arise mainly out of the interpretation of the contract contained in this letter and fall under two heads:-}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4262149 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) the method of calculating the freight payable by plaintiffs for the carriages of the copra; and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4262149 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 b}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) the deductions to be made by defendants from the selling price under clause (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) quoted above. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4262149 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 - }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 As regards (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ), the rate of freight is fixed by the letter at "\'a3 12 per ton . . . . . delivered weights." Copra is a commodity which shrinks in transit and the weight of a shipment is less at the port of destination than at the port of shipment. Plaintiffs contend that "delivered weights" mean weights at th e port of destination, as opposed to "shipping weights" which means weights at the port of shipment, while defendants insist that "delivered weights" means the same thing as shipping weights.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 If I had to decide this point }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 according to the plain ordinary}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 m eaning of the words I should have no hesitation in adopting the meaning contended for by the plaintiffs, and the evidence satisfies me that this is the sen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 se in which the term is used am}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ong business men.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Mr. Millett himself said in cross-examination that delivered weig}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 h}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ts meant weights at the por}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 t of destination, but he said he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 considered these words inconsistent with clause (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9059477 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ), and that the only operative part of the contract was that coming after the wo rd "stipulations." I cannot see the inconsistency, and if the clause relating to freight is inoperative we have a contract for the carriage of goods which specifies no rate of freight and is silent as to whether the weights on which freight is to be paid a re to be taken at the port of shipment or at the port of destination. Where a contract is thus silent it seems to be clear law that, in a case such as this, the weights should be taken at the port of destination on the principle that freight is payable on what is "shipped, carried and delivered." }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid4268045 Gibson v. Sturge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 , 24 L.J., Ex. 121; }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid4268045 Coulthurst v. Sweet}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 , C.P}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9393657 .C. 649;}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid4268045 Buckle v. Knoop}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 , 2 Ex. 125).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 It is not, however, necessary to labour this as I find that the contract is expressly one for payment of freight on weights taken at }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 port of destination. \par \par No better example of the use of the two phrases "shipping}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996\charrsid2629996 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 weights" and "delivered weights" could be found than in clauses 6 and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 7 of the London contract itself. \par \par The next point, (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657\charrsid9393657 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 ), relates to the deductions to be made under clause (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657\charrsid9393657 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 ) from the selling price of the copra. That clause provides for the deduction (among other things) of insurance; it is clear that this applies to insurance on the copra, but defendants contend that it includes also insurance on the freight. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 This would be, presumably, for the protection of the buyer, but freight was not payable in advance (the contention that it was expressly abandoned by counsel during the argument) and neither buyer nor seller had an insurable interest in i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 t. Defendants, however, rely on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 clause 3 of the London contract; the first part of this requires the sellers to insure the amount of the contract price, less fr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 eight plus 5 p}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 er cent., and the clause proceeds:-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4268045 {\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9393657 In addition, sellers shall effect insurance (on free from particular average terms) for the amount of the freight from the time that the freight becomes due, until the termination of the risk as provided in this clause, and shall undertake that their poli cies are so worded that in case of a P.A. or G.A. claim the buyers shall be put in the same position as if the c.i.f}{\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657\charrsid9393657 .}{ \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid9393657 value were insured from the time of shipment. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Assuming this clause to be binding on pla}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393657 intiffs and that it requires}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 a marine insurance of freights they say (1) that there was no insurance of freight }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid4268045 eo nomine}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 as required by law. (Arnould, 9th Edition, 233; 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 7 Halsbury, 719), and (2) that}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 the general policies on the good}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 s were not (as defendants admit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ) sufficient to cover the freight and that a mere guarantee to hold a purchaser covered is not sufficient. (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid4268045 Manbre Saccharine Company Ltd. v. Corn Products Company Ltd.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (1919) 1 K.B.D. 198).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 These points appear to me to be well taken, but I do not consider it necessary to dwell on them because in my opinion clause 3 of the London contract, assuming it to bind plaintiffs, does not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 require any m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 arine insurance of freight. Freight is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 to be insured "from the time that it becomes due." Mr. Ellis submitted that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 though freight was not "payable" until the arrival of the ship at }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 the port of destination it was "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 due" when the goods were shipped. I cannot accept this view. Freight is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid13904329 earned}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 by the carriag e and the arrival of the goods ready to be delivered (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid4268045 London Transport Co. v. Trechmann Bros.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 (1904) 1 K.B. 635), and in the absence of any special agreement is only then due and payable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 The insurance of freight referred to at the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid13904329 e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13904329\charrsid13904329 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid13904329 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 of clause 3 is not a marine insurance.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 The buyer might be called upon}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 to pay freight}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 on the arrival of the goods at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 the port of destination and the goods might be d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13904329 estroyed before delivery to him,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13904329 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid13904329 e,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 therefore, to protect himsel}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 f insures the freight (the rate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 for this risk being very small) and clause 3 requires this to be done at the expense of the seller. No such insurance was effected and, therefore, there can be no deduction from the selling price on account of insurance on freight.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 There remains the item of \'a3 60 which defendants claim to deduct from the selling price of the copra. This arises from the fact that, through shrinkage amounting to more than two per cent., there }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 was short delivery and that the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 buyer had the right to buy in the open market ( a rising market) to the extent of the shortage and charge the seller with the difference. I have had considerable difficulty in arriving at a conc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 lu}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 sion on this point. There is nothing in the Suva contract, if that stood alone, which would justify the deduction, but defendants claim to make it by virtue of the London contract.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Plaintiffs, as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 I}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 have said above, plead that they are not bound by this co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 ntract except in so far as it "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 may be deemed to be authorised by the Suva contract." I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 my op}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268045 inion such authorisation is to b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 e presumed as far as this point is concerned. Defendants (or their agents) in effecting the sale had an implied authority to contract according to the usages of the trade; the London contract was made, and I do not think plaintiffs dispute that it was properly made, under the rules and according to the form of contract of the London Copra Association and the provisions relating to this question are clause 6 of the contract and rule 18. Clause 6 provides for a cash payment by the buyer of 98 per cent. "of the provisional invoice amount }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13904329 . . . . . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 on shipping weights less freight," and this is in compliance with rule 18 which says that the calculation of the provisional payment shall be based on the "nett shipping weight." It may be that these p rovisions are capable of more than one interpretation and that the shipper might in his provisional invoice insert something short of the nett shipp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 ing}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 weights, but the correct view seems to me to be that submitted on behalf of defendants that the provisional payment is to be calculated on the total nett shipping weight.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 The usage is a reasonable one, it regulates, as regards payment, the mode of performing the contract, but does not in any way change its character. It is reasonable because the precise amo unt of shrinkage in transit cannot be ascertained before the copra is weighed at the port of destination, and the buyer is entitled to know approximately the quantity he is buying, so that he may effect his sales. It was urged for}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 plaintiffs that the first clause of the contract allowed a large margin as to weight - from 1,500 to 2,000 tons - and that the sellers need not have specified the weight further than this, but I cannot accept this view; though of course the nett shipping w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13904329 eight must be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 within the limits prescribed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 by the contract.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 This was a joint venture; the copra of plaintiffs, defendants, and Messrs. Brown & Joske, was, under the Suva contract, to be shipped in bulk and sold on joint account, and whether defendants were strictly speaking, agen ts of plaintiffs or not (plaintiffs in their reply plead that they were not), I am of opinion that the deduction of \'a360 was properly made and that plaintiffs must bear this share of the loss due to short delivery.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157\charrsid2629996 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 On the matters in issue}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 I theref}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 ore give judgment as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8598157 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 1. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 allow defendants}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629996\charrsid2629996 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 claim of \'a360 10}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid8598157 s.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 5}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid8598157 d.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 for loss through short delivery.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8598157 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 2. Defendants are entitled to deduct freight on the weight as ascertained at the port of destination and not on the shipping weights.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8598157 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157\charrsid2629996 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8598157 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 3. Defendants are entitled to deduct insurance on selling price, less freight, plus 5 per cent. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2629996 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8598157 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 4. Defendants are entitled to deduct exchange on the amount advanced plus insurance, not }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13904329 including insurance on freight. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13904329 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13904329 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 Judgment for plaint}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 ffs for }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598157\charrsid2629996 \'a3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 935 5}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid8598157 s.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 10}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid8598157 d.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid934471\charrsid2629996 with costs. \par }}