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{\revtim\yr2011\mo10\dy3\hr14\min7}{\version24}{\edmins201}{\nofpages9}{\nofwords4548}{\nofchars25926}{\*\company scims}{\nofcharsws30414}{\vern24689}}\paperw11907\paperh16840\margl1134\margr1134\margt1134\margb1134 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3 \jcompress\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot16340143 \fet0\sectd \psz9\linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4588017\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2 \pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15996933 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15996933\charrsid15338869 [1911] 2 FLR 26} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4350935 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 IN HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S HIGH COMM}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 I}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 SSIONER'S}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 COURT FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4350935 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 CAMERON AND OTHERS}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 v. }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 CAMPBELL AND OTHERS. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4350935 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 1911, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15081703\charrsid15338869 Aug.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15081703\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15338869\charrsid15338869 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15081703\charrsid15338869 8.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15081703 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 MAJOR, Chief Judicial Commissioner. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Trespass to goods - illegal seizure and detention}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Act of State -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ratification of the Crown, communicated to subordinate official, equivalent to }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11949117\charrsid15338869 prior command, and exempts from}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 all liability the official who committed a trespass (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Buron v. Denman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , 2 Exch. 1848 p. 176)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 jurisdiction of Court to entertain question as to whether the Government of Tonga had no power to order the seizure. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Held}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , seizure of property by officials of the Tongan Government under authority of that Government constitutes an act of State into which the Court has no jurisdiction to inquire. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 This is an action in which the plaintiffs allege on the part of the defendants trespass to goods, illegal seizure and detention thereof and of premises, books, and other assets, the property of the plaintiffs, and claim damages as compensation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 facts of the c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 se material to its decision, as gathered from the evidence, appear to me to be as follows:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 In the year 1909, the plaintiff, Alexander Donald Cameron, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 con}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ceived the plan of forming an association of as many of the natives of Tonga as could be induced to join therein, to co-operate in the sale of their copra for export and in the impo rtation and purchase of goods. On May 11th of that year a meeting of natives was held under Cameron's auspices at Nukualofa, at which, in language of that florid and h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14162516\charrsid15338869 y}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 perbolical character which it was, perhaps, necessary to use in order to compel the attention and ensure t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 he co-operation of his audience}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , he explained the objects of the assoc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378254\charrsid15338869 iation, to be called the Toga m}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 'a Toga Kautaha or the Tonga for the Tongans Association. He had drawn}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378254\charrsid15338869 up a code containing what have}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 been styled the Laws and Constitution of the Kautaha and laid it before the natives present at the meeting for consideration and adoption, explaining, in a long address, the advantages to be gained by membership of the Association. The Code of Laws and Constitution was adopted a fter discussion, Cameron was chos}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14162516\charrsid15338869 en President, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Joshua Kaho G}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14162516\charrsid15338869 en}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 eral Secretary, and some seven other natives Trustees at headquarters}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378254\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Appointment of Trustees followed in the neighbouring islands of Haapai and }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 Vavau, where}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , in June and Jul}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 y}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , 1909, branches of the Kautaha were established, and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 the Association began operation}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378254\charrsid15338869 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Early in August, 1910 - I have not been supplied with the actual date - at the hearing of an action by Cameron against one Denny, claiming damages for libel on the plaintiff in connectio n with his management of the Kautaha, a state of things prevailing, or suspected to prevail, in the conduct of the business undertakings of the Association was disclosed by the evidence which induced Mr}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Deputy-Commissioner Campbell, by whom the action was tried in this Court, to order certain books and documents of the Association to be detained in the custody of the Court. In June and July, 1910, some correspondence had passed between Mr. Campbell, who is the British Agent in Tonga, and the President and Secretary of the Kautaha with reference to the publication of the first annual report of the Association, and on August 19th Cameron wrote to the Premier of Tonga, Mr. J.T. Mateialona, requesting the Government of Tonga to audit the books of the Associati on and agreeing to acce}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 pt the audit of the defendants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Roberts and Humphreys. On the 26th August entry was made upon }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 premises of the Kauta}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378254\charrsid15338869 ha, and its property, sto}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ck-in-tr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 ade, goods and effects in Nukua}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 lofa were seized. It is in re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 spect of this seizure and subse}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 quent acts that the plaintiffs' claim is made. The statement of claim al}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 leges that the plaintiff Cameron}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , being the President, and the other plaintiffs (some forty-eight in number) being the Trustees of the Co-operative Association called the Kauta ha, formed in 1909 for the objects I have already mentioned, in Aug}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 st, 1910, consisting of some four thousand members and having at that time a large stock of goods on hand and a business in active operation at its various branches in the Kingdom of Tonga , the defendants, on the 26th day of August, 1910, under a false and unfounded claim, entered the premises of the Kautaha at Nukualofa and other places in Tonga, ejected therefrom persons lawfully in possession and seized and carried away the Association' s books, papers, and stock-in-trade, goods and effects, wrongfully depriving the plaintiffs thereof and converting the same to the defendants' use. These acts are charged as done at the instigation and counsel of the defendants, or one or more of them, and in the execution of a common purpose on their part, and the plaintiffs' claim a declaration that the acts of the defendants were and are without legal justification and excuse, the return of the property }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14162516\charrsid15338869 seized, or \'a3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 4,500 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14162516\charrsid15338869 value thereof, and \'a3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 7,000 damages for the trespass, the seizure and detention of goods, books, premises and effects, and estimated loss through the enforced cessation of business}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid423588\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 At the conclusion of the plaintiffs' case I dismissed the defendant William Telfer Campbell from the ac tion and ordered judgment to be entered for him with costs on the ground that no evidence had been adduced by the plaintiffs showing that he in any way instigated, ordered, counselle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid423588\charrsid15338869 d, procured, or participated in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 the seizure. With the answers, therefore, of the defendants Thomas Victor Roberts and George Brian Humphreys alone am I now concerned. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 To the claim of the plaintiffs the defendants put forward several answers, all of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid423588\charrsid15338869 m}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 of considerable legal interest, the consideration of the majority of which, if it were necessary, would afford }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid423588\charrsid15338869 m}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 e much entertainment. The main points on the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 decision of which I think this c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ase depends are contained in paragraphs 18, 19, 20, and 21, of the statement of defence. These paragraphs read as follows:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15338869 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 [His Honour then read paragraphs 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the statement of claim.] \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 By these par}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 agraphs it is to be observed th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 e defendants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 allege- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4350935 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (1) That, if they committed the alleged trespass, they did so in their respective capacities of Secretary to the Premier of Tonga and Auditor-General of the Kingdom and of Liquidator appointed by the Government of Tonga, in pursuance of authority given to them by that Government in the exercise of an act of state; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4350935 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (2) That, if they themselves committed the alleged trespass without authority, their act in so doing was afterwards ratified by the Government of Tonga and thereby rendered an act of state; and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4350935 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (3) That, therefore, this Court has no jurisdiction to inquire further into the matter. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 First, as to the person or pers ons who committed the trespass. The evidence on this point seems to me quite clear, Mr. Scott and Mr. Stringer, the latter being then in the employ of the Association, both say that the Kautaha Association was closed by the, entry of the Tongan Minister o f Police with constabulary assistance, and the sealing of the premises with}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 the seals of the Gove}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15338869\charrsid15338869 rnment. Mr. Scott's words are:-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 "The Kautaha was seized by the Minister of Police, a Tongan}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Government official." And he adds later:- "The entry into possession of the Kautaha property in Nukualofa would, I suppose, be entry into possession of its properties at all its branches." Mr. Stringer says:- "I remember the Association being closed by the Tongan police coming and putting on the seals of the Government," a nd states that he (apparently on the next day) at the suggestion of Humphreys, went to the office, of the Premier of Tonga and there obtained the appointment of assistant liquidator. He also said in cross-examination:- "I saw possession taken by the Minis ter of Police and six constables." There is nothing else in the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 evidence regarding the seizure in Nukualofa. At Vavau, Mr. Lawton was the local manager of the Kautaha, and he said that on the 31st August, Messrs. Roberts and Humphreys came in with several p olicemen and the Government Sub-Treasurer, that Humphreys asked to see the books and that Roberts said, in answer to an inquiry by the witness, that it was quite unnecessary for him (Roberts) to have any paper authorising the entry into possession as he w as a Minister of the Crown. The witness went on to say that Roberts and Humphreys told}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 him that they had seized the Haapai premises. In cross-examination he stated that all the persons who entered into possession at Vavau, with the exception of Humphreys, were Government officials. Considering the allegations in the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 statement of claim, one would expect to find less mention of the Minister of Police, the constables, Tongan Government officials and Government seals, and more direct testimony regarding the parts actu}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13190050\charrsid15338869 ally played by the defendants. O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 n this issue therefore I think the evidence clearly shows the entry on the premises of the Kautaha and the seizure of its property to have been by the officials of the government in the first instance. But whether this was so, or whether the defendants, in the exercise of some imaginary powers did so on their own account with the assistance of the Ministers and police of the Government, seems to me, for reasons hereinafter given, to be immaterial. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The defendants justif y their actions, first, by alleging the seizure of the property of the Kautaha to have been effected by the direct instructions of the Government of a foreign state, in whose service they are, in the performance by that State of an act of political power called an act of state}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8331761\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The term "act of state" is said by the learned author of }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Pollock on Torts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , to signify "An act done or adopted by the prince or rulers of a foreign independent state in their political and Sovereign capacity," and he quotes from the judgment given in the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Secretary of State for India in Council v}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15996933\charrsid15338869 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Kamachee Boye Sahaba}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , a case cited at the bar and to which I shall have occasion later on to refer, the words}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11499102\charrsid15338869 :}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 - \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13190050 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The transactions of independent states between each other are governed by other laws than those which Municipal Courts administer; such Courts have neither the means of deciding what is right, nor the power }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 of enforcing any decision which}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 they may make. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The defendants allege and prove the acts done to have been done in their official capacity by the express authority of the Government of a foreign power, I say "prove," because, in addition to the evidence which I have already mentioned given by the plaintiffs' witnesses the defendants called Mr. Mateialona, the Premier of Tonga, whose evidence shows quite clearly that that authority was given. He says:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11499102 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 On the 26th August last, Mr. Roberts was Auditor-General of Tonga and Assistant Premier. Mr}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8331761\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Humphreys was in the employ of the Government of Tonga as Auditor. The Government of Tonga seized the Kautaha because of roguery}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 being practised towards the Tongan people. It was an act of state by the Government of Tonga. As Premier I authorised the Minister of Police on the 26th Augus t to enter and take possession of the Kautaha property. The Government has ratified all the acts of Roberts and Humphreys and the responsibility lies on the Government. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 In cross-examination the Premier said:- "I wished to close the Kautaha, I instructed the Minister of Pol}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 ice to carry out the seizure.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 " The defendants rely on a further answer. They contend that, even if the act of seizure of the Kautaha property was made by them and made unjustifiably, that act was subsequently ratified and adopted by the G overnment of Tonga in whose interests they did it, and that, being so ratified, it became the act of the Government and therefore an act of state. Of the subsequent ratification which is alleged there can be no doubt whatever, and that quite apart from, a n d ignoring, the Premier's evidence. Immediately after the seizure there was published in the Tongan Government Gazette a notice of the appointment by the Government of the defendant Humphreys as Official Liquidator of the affairs of the Kautaha, moneys se ized or collected wer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13190050\charrsid15338869 e paid into the Tongan Treasury. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Mr}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Stringer, an employee of the Kautaha, was appointed by the Tongan Government to assist Mr. Humphreys and took ord ers on the Treasury for moneys for dividends, and tenders were opened in the Premier's office. The evidence of the Premier merely strengthens that which was abundantly plain before.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Now, Mr. Moody has argued that the defendants cannot justify their acts as done by them officially and by the command of the Government which they represented because the Government itself had no power to order the seizure and its officials therefore are not discharged from their liability for their wrong-doing. That might be a good argument in an action by the plaintiffs against the defendant in the Courts of Tonga. It cannot succeed in this Court. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Before passing to the consideration of the authorities, cited at the bar, and although I am, for the most part, averse from referen ce to text books, I propose to quote a few remarks made by the learned authors of those works to whose pages Mr. Moody has during his }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15996933\charrsid15338869 argument so frequently resorted.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4350935\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Mr. Foote, at page 165 of his valuable treatise on }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Private International Jurisprudence}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 :- "Acts of Sovereignty do not create any civil right or liability whatever either in the nature of contract or of tort"; and the learned author refers to the case of }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Buron v. Denman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 as authority for the latter portion of the proposition}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16410280\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 "Thus," he continues:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13190050 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 acts done by agents of foreign Governments, either with express authority, or with the authority implied by subsequent ratification and adoption, give rise to no con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ractual relation between the agents of the Government on the one hand and the other person or personality affected by the act on the other. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par The authority noted in support of this proposition is }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Secretary of State for India in Council v. Kamachee Boye Sahaba}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 . \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 On page 485 of the same work, while discussing the question of the proper law ap plicable to an action based upon a tort committed abroad and of the proper forum in which the law should be applied, the author remarks:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15996933 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Deferring for the present the subject of the measure of the wrong done or of the remedy available, the question of jurisdiction seems to be put beyond all reasonable doubt, and it may therefore be assumed that an English Court has a right to entertain actions for personal wrongs wherever and by whomsoever committed; except, of course,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492876\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492876\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 adds Mr. Foote in a note, and the exception is all important,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492876\charrsid15338869 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11492876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 torts done, authorised, or sanctioned by a foreign power,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492876\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11492876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492876\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 and }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Buron v. Denman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 is again noted as in point. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492876\charrsid15338869 In D}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 r. Broom's work on }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Legal Maxims}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , when treating of the application of the maxim "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Respondeat Superior}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ," after remarking at page 670 that the maxim does not apply to the Sovereign nor to public servants in their official capacity, but pointing out that a subject sustaining a legal wrong at the hands of the Mi nister of the Crown is not without a remedy, for- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15996933 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 As the Sovereign cannot authorise wrong to be done the authority of the Crown would afford no defence to an action brought for an illegal act commit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 ted by an officer of the Crown (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Feather v}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Reginam}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , 6 B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 & S. 296); \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 it is added- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15996933 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Lastly, assuming that an act which would }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 prima facie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 be a trespass is done by lawful order of the Government, the party who commits the act is clearly exempted from liability, and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (and this is the important part) \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6648495 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 where the inju ry is an act of state without remedy except by appeal to the justice of the State which inflicts it or by application of the individual sufferer to the Government of his country to insist upon compensation from the Government of this - in either view th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 e wrong is no longer actionable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 These last words are again quoted from th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 e judgment delivered in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 Buron v.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Denman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 . Here it is seen ver}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 clearly the difference between a wrong committed by lawful order of the Crown, which is not an act of state, and a wrong committed not by lawful order but in the exercise of the Sovereign power, which is }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 an act of state and affords no }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15996933\charrsid15338869 remedy.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 It is this d ifference which I venture to think has not been appreciated by learned counsel for the plaintiffs, or which, if he has appreciated it, he has unsuccessfully endeavoured to abolish. \par \par Of the authorities cited at the bar, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Blad'}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 case (2 Swanston, 603), }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Dobree v. Napier}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (2 Bingham, N.C. 781), }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Phillips v. Eyre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (L.R. 6, Q.B. 1), }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 Carr v.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Fracis Times Company}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (L.R., (1902), App}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Cases, 176) and }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Regina v. Leslie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15996933\charrsid15338869 (Bell C.C.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 220), support the well-known proposition that in order to found an action in an English Court for a wrong committed abroad, firstly, the wrong must be of such a character that it would have been actionable if committed in England, and secondly, the act must not have been justifiable by the law of the place where it was committed, and these would h ave been of value to this Court had it been necessary to decide whether the Law of Tonga, Ordinance No. 4 of 1911, declaring the existence of the Kautaha to be illegal and, according to the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 defendant's contention, justify}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ing the seizure of its property, was or was not a valid law. I do not agree}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 with Mr.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Berkeley's contention that I could not inquire into this question, for, in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Carr v. Fracis Times Company}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , Lord Lindley, in delivering his judgment, expressly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 said:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15996933 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 No evidence was given to show that the doc ument (this was a declaration or certificate of a Court of Muscat finding that the seizure of property in that case was in ever}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 y}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 respect legal) did not fully represent the la}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 w of Muscat applicable to this c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ase,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16205060 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 showing that evidence whether what was alleged to be the law of Muscat was or was not so could be given. In this connection it seems to me worth while to make two observations: first, that I do not regard what has been called the decision of Mr. Chief Justice Skeen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 on the application of som}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 e m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 embe}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 s of the Kautaha for relief against the seizure of its property by the Government as evidence that the seizure, by whomever it was made, was lawful; still less as a declaration or exposition of the law of Tonga on the question. I do not think for a moment that the learned judge regarded or would now claim it as being either}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 second, that I am rather inclined to agree with Mr. Moody's contention that Ordinance No. 4 of 1911 was and is null and void, as being contrary to the Constitution of Tonga and not enacted as an amendment to that Constitution in valid manner. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927539\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 In }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Blad's}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 case the law of Denmark, in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Dobree's}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 case the law of Portugal, in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Phillips v. Eyre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 the law of Jamaica, in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Lesley's}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 case the l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 aw of Chil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 i [sic]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , and in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Carr's}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 case the law of Muscat, was proved to justify the wrong done and the question whether the wrong done was an act of state, without other excuse, or any indemnity for its infliction was not in issue as it is here. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The authorities remaining for consideration are those cited in the remarks I have quoted from the wor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 d}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 s of Dr. Broom}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 and Mr. Foote, viz., }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Buron v. Denman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (2 Exch. 176) and}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Secretary of State for India, in Council v. Kamachee Boye}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Sahaba}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 (31 Moo P.C. 22). \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 In }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 Buron v. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Denman}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , Captain Denman, a Brit ish naval commander, in 1847, without lawful excuse at the time, burned certain barracoons of a slave trader on the West Coast of Africa and seized and released the slaves in them. This act of Captain Demnan, being afterwards approved and ratified by the Secr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 etary of State for the Colonies,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 was held to have been converted into an act of state for w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 hich no action would lie. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15996933\charrsid15338869 n summing u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 p the case Parke, B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , having dealt with the issue regarding the plaintiffs}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 ' property in the slaves, said:}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 - \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15996933 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The principal question is, whether the conduct of the defendant, in carrying away the slaves and committing other alleged trespass }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 e justified as an act of state, done by authority of the Crown. It is not contended that there was any previous authority. If the defendant merely had instructions according to the ter}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 s of the Treaty set out in the Act of Parliament, these}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 instructions would only have extended to the stopping o}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ships on the high seas, within the limits agreed by th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 e Treaty with the Spanish Crown.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Therefore, the justification of the defendant depends upon the subsequent ratification of his acts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 A well known maxim of law between private individuals is }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Omnis ratihabitio retro}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 t}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 rahitur et mandato priori aequiparatur}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16205060\charrsid15338869 The learned J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 udge explained the application of the maxim as}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 between subject and subject and proceeded:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15996933 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Such being the law between private individuals the question is, whether the act of the Sovereign, ratifying the act of one of his officers, can be distinguished. On that subject I have conferred with my learned brethren, and they are decidedly of opinion that the ratification of the Crown communicated as it has been in the present case, is equivalent to}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 a prior command. I do not say that I dissent, but I express my c oncurrence in their opinion with some doubt, because, on reflection, there appears to me a considerable distincti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 on between the present case an}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 d the ordinary case of ratification by subsequent authority between private individuals. If an individual ratifie s an act done on his behalf, the nature of the act remains unchanged; it is still a mere trespass, and the party injured has his option to sue either; if the Crown ratifies an act the chara}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 cter of the act becomes altered,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 for the ratification does not give the party injured the double option of bringing his action against the agent who committed the trespass or the principal who ratified it, but a remedy against the Crown only (such as it is), and actually exempts from all liability the person who committe d the trespass. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par Baron Parke then makes use of the words I have quoted in the extract from Dr. Broom and added:- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9591774 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9591774\charrsid15338869 Therefore, you have to take it as a direction of Court, that if the Crown, with knowledge of what has been done, ratified the defendants' act b y the Secretaries of State, or the Lords of the Admiralty, this action cannot be maintained . . . . . . We are clearly of an opinion that as the original act would have been an act of the Crown if communicated by a written or parol direction from the Boar d of the Admiralty, so this ratification, communicated in the way it has been, is equally good. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9591774\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9591774 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The case of }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Secretary of State for India in Council v. Kamachee Boye Sahaba}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 is also in direct point. There a Mr. Forbes, an officer of the East India Company, h ad, in excess of his authority from the Government of Madras, seized the Raj of Tanjore and forcibly possessed himself of the property of the Rajah. This act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 ,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 having been ratified arid adopted by the Government was held to have been done with previous authority. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 A great deal of the argument in this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7026396\charrsid15338869 case was directed to the issue}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 whether the East India Company, the personality which, fro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 m motives of state, thought fit}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 to make the seizure, was empowered to act as a Sovereign State. There is no questio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 n}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 of the Sovereignty of the Tongan State. I find a Treaty, concluded in February, 1901, between Her late Majesty Queen Victoria and His Majesty the King of Tonga, containing, in its exordium, these words:- "Their Majesties being desirous of strengthening t h e relations of amity between their respective States," &c. When considering the allegation that there was some colour of title in the British Crown to make the seizure through its agents the East India Company, Lord Kingsdown, who delivered the judgment o f the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council advising Her Majesty, said:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7026396 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 It is extremely diffic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 ult to di}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 scover in these papers any ground of legal right on the part of the East India Company of the Crown of Great Britain to the possession of this Raj or of any part of the property of the Rajah on his death, and, indeed, the seizure was denounced by the Attorney-General as a most violent and unjustifiable measure. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 I have quoted these words because the defendants have pleaded that the Kautaha was designed, formed, and controlled by the plaintiff Cameron for }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8073302\charrsid15338869 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 is own personal aggrandisement at the expense and from the contributions of a large section of the native community of Tonga}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 the endeavour to support this plea they have proved out of the mouths of the plaintiffs' own witnesses, the existence of a state of things}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 in connection with the books, the management and control, the financial transactions, and the manipulation of the funds, of the Kautaha by the plaintiff Cameron and his accountant Jervis whi ch, they contend, loudly called for interference by the Government in its political capacity to protect a large proportion of the subjects of the King from what has been described as exploitation and spoliation. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 I have also quoted these words because Mr. Moody has, more than once, thought fit to deprecate, almost passionately, what, he says, amounts to the re-trial of the plaintiff Cameron upon a criminal charge in respect of which he has been already acquitted. This language i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 s loose and inaccurate. If it m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 eans what its terms imply, it is improper. At best, it might be used to enlist the sympathies of a susceptible jury. It can have no attention from me. Mr. Crompton, who conducted the cross-examination on this issue would, with this plea on record, a plea to which no proper objection was urged or sustained, have been wanting in his duty to his cli}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 ents had h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 e not pursued his cross-examination of Messrs. Stringer, Lawton and Millar on a state of things alleged to exist upon investigation into the affairs of the Kautaha leading to the action of the Government of Tonga. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Further on in the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8073302\charrsid15338869 j}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 udgment of Lord Kingsdown, he says:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8073302 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 It is clear from Mr. Forbes' report to the Madras Govern}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2371164\charrsid15338869 ment that, though no resistance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 was offered by the family of the Rajah or the in habitants of the fort to the seizure of the Raj and of the palace and property of the Rajah, it was regarded on both sides as a mere}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 act of power not resisted because resistance would have been in vain . . . What may be the consequenc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 e of any seizure in excess of au}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 thority we will consider under another head, but that the seizure was an exercise of the Sovereign power, effected at the arbitrary discretion of the Company by the aid of military force, can hardly admit of doubt. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The learned Judge then dealt with the contention that there was .a distinction between the public and private property of t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 he Rajah and that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 defendants could not justify the seizure of the latter class, and proceeded:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2371164 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Ass}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2371164\charrsid15338869 um}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ing this (the distinction), if the Company, in the exercise of their Sovereign power, have thought fit to seize the whole property of }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid269275\charrsid15338869 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 e late Rajah, private as well as public, does t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 at circ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 um}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 stance give a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 y jurisdiction over their acts to the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid269275\charrsid15338869 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid269275\charrsid15338869 u}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 rt }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid269275\charrsid15338869 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 t Madras?}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid269275\charrsid15338869 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 f the Court cannot inquire into the act at all because it is an act of state, how ca}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 inquire into any}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 part of it or afford relief on the ground that the Sovereign power has been exercised to an extent which municipal law will not sanction?}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 With respect to the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 property of the Rajah, whether public or private, it is clear that the Government i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 ntended to seize the w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 hole . . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 if (continues the judgmen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 t) there had been any doubt upon the original inte}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 o}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 n of th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 e Government (to seize the whole property of the Rajah) it has c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 learly ratified and adopted the acts of its agent which, according to the principle of the decision in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Buron v. Denman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 is equivalent to a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 previous authority. The result (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 concludes the judgment) in their Lordship}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 s opinion is, that the property now claimed by the respondent has been seized by the British Govern}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 m}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ent, acting as a Sovereign power, through its delegate the East India Compa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 n}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 y, and that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 the act so done, with its conse}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 quences, is an act of state over which the Supreme Court of Madras has no jurisdiction. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 From the above remarks it is obvious that consideration by me of the various other contentions of the defendants which, being established, they claim as answers to this suit}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 for instance, the alleged unl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 wful connection of the plaintiff Cameron with the Kauta}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 a and his consequent inability to maintain his claim, the same inability on the part of the plaintiffs generally arising out of their alleged status under th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 so}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 - called Constitution of the Kautaha, and the illegalit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 y of the Ka}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 u}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 ta}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 a itself, is unn}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ecessar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 . \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 I a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 , it seems to me, c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 oncluded by the c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 ases to which I have referred, and I}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 fi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 d:- \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2509881 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 T}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 hat, the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 eizure of the property of the Kautaha on the 26th August, 1910, if }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 de }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 b}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 y the Gove}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 rnmen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 t of }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 Tonga, was}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 contended }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 by the defendants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 , an act of state by that Government, into which this Court cannot inquire; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2509881 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 That, if the seizure was made by the defendants, it was }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ade by them }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 under}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 the authority of the Go}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 vern}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 ment}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 of Tonga i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 he exercise of that act of state }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 into}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 which this Court cannot inquire; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2509881 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 That,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 if the seizure }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ade by the defendants without that aut}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ority, their act was subsequently ratified a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 d adopted by}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 the Government of Tonga a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 d was th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 reby converted into a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 act of state into }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 which this Court cannot inquire.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14761983\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 In so finding and de}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 iding the case I adopt in their entirety the concluding word}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 of Lord Kingsdown, in signifying the opinion of th }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 J}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 udicial Committ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 e of the Privy Council for the Sovereign's }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 guidance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 ,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 Secretary of St}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ate f}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 o}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 r I}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 n}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 dia }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 in}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 C}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 ouncil}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 v. Ka}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 m}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 achee Boye Sahaba}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 :- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2509881 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 f the propriety or justice of that act this Court has not the means of forming, or the right }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 f expressing if it ha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 formed, an opi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 n}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 io}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 It may have been}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 just or u}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 nju}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 st,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 p}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 olitic or impolitic, beneficial or inj}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 rio}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 s, taken as a whole, to those whose interests are affected.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 These are considerations into which I ca}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 nnot e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ter.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4588017\charrsid15338869 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 It is sufficient to say that, even i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 a wrong has been done, it is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 a wrong for which no }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 M}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3158048\charrsid15338869 unicipal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Court of Justice can afford a remedy. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Let judgment be entered for defendants Thomas Victor Roberts and George Brian Humphrey, with costs. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2509881 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 __________________________ \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4588017 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Upon the application of Mr. Berkeley His Honour certified for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2509881\charrsid15338869 two counsel.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 Mr. Moody informed the Court that h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 was instructed to apply for a review of the decision of the Court in respect to all the defendants and asked if }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 h}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 e could be afforded an op}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 portunity of considering His H}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 ur's judgment. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 \par H}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 H}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065894\charrsid15338869 onour intimated that a c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 opy of his judgment would be available for the learned counsel's use as soon as the same could be printed, and directed any application for review to be made to the Supreme Court of Fiji. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10318386\charrsid15338869 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8074450\charrsid15338869 The Court was closed by proclamation. \par }}