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\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923\charrsid14178345  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid14178345 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923\charrsid14178345  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid14178345 Pacific Islanders Protection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid14178345  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid14178345 Act, 1875, s. 6 - "Foreigner" - Stats.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid14178345  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid14178345 13 Eliz. c. 5; 27 Eliz. c. 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 In an action for damages for trespass upon and for the recovery of possession of lands brought in the Deputy Commissioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s Court at Samoa by a native}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6113636  together with three others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  were British subjects,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , on appeal to the Supreme Cour}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6113636 t of Fiji, firstly, that such an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 action would lie, and that although the Order in Council might not confer the actual power to enforce a decree for possession of land, even as between British subjects, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6113636  Court could nevertheless decide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  the ri
ght to its possession, leaving it to the successful party to enforce the order, if necessary, by any means open to him under the Order in Council or otherwise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 Secondly, that the defendants, ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948 
ving a permanent business estab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 lishment in Samoa, although not
 personally resident there, were "within the Pacific Islands," and, as such, were properly before th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 e Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Semble}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
, that the term "foreigner" in Art. IV. (6) must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590028 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
e intended to refer to the subject of a foreign "State," and not to a native of Samoa or other country coming under the provisions of the Western Pacific Order in Council, 1877.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 This case, which was an appeal from the decision of the Deputy Commissioner at Samoa, was heard on the 31st August and 2nd September.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Mr. Napier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 (of the New Zealand Bar) for the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13131781\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Mr. Irvine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  for the respondent.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 The facts and arguments sufficiently appear from the judgment.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 FIELDING CLARKE, C.J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  This is an act
ion brought by one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
, a native woman of Samoa, in the Navigators}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 Islands in the Western Pacific, and James Sinclair, Hugh Hart Lusk and William Mathieson, British subjects, against William McArthur & Co. for recovery of possession of certain lands in
 Samoa, alleged to have been wrongfully seized by the defendants, and for damages for trespass. The Deputy Commissioner at Samoa has given judgment for the defendants and the case comes before the Supreme Court of Fiji on appeal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  claims to be entitled to the lands in question un}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494 der a conveyance from one Frank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 Cornwall, a man with whom she has been living at Samoa for some years. The other plaintiffs claim under a lease purporting to be executed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , "by her attorney, Frank Cornwall," whereby for the consideration of fifty pounds the lands included in the conveyance to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 were leased to Messrs. Sinclair, Lusk and Mathieson for the space of one year from the 8th of December last.
\par 
\par Three objections are taken to the jurisdiction of the High Comm
ission Court, two of which relate to the persons of the litigants and the other to the subject-matter of the action. Those relating to the persons of the litigants depend upon the meaning and effect of the 1st and 3rd clauses of the 6th Article of "The We
stern Pacific Order in Council of 1877," under which Her Britannic Majesty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s High Commission Court for the Western Pacific is constituted, and its powers and jurisdiction defined and limited.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 The Article is as follows:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7102494 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 This Order }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 plies to - 1. All British subjec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 
ts for the time being within the Western Pacific Islands whether resident there or not. 2. All British vessels for the time being within the waters mentioned in Article 5 of this Order. 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid13131781 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 oreigners in the cases and according to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 conditions in this Order specifi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 ed but not otherwise.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907948 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
Firstly the defendants object that at the time of action brought they were not "within the Western Pacific Islands." The writ is addressed to "Sir William McArthur & Co., of New Zealand and S
amoa," and the service, to which no objection was taken, was effected at Samoa. No appearance is necessary under the practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 of the Court and none was entered. Article 65 of the Order in Council provides that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid6907948 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2627101 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 
 . . . . there shall ordinarily be no written pleadings; but the Court may at any time if it thinks fit order the plaintiff to put in a written statement of his claim, or a defendant to put in a written statement of his defence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907948 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 Presumably the orders here alluded to were made in this case as written
 statements of claim and defence are amongst the papers forwarded from Samoa. In the statement of claim the defendants are described as "Sir Willia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  McArthur, Alexander McArthur, Charles Cookman McWilliam and Frederick Larkins, all trading together an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 d carrying on business at Samoa,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  and also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
at Auckland as William McArthur & Co., and relief is claimed against "the defendants." Had the action been in a court where formal pleadings are necessary I should have considered it doubtful whether the plaintiffs were
 not precluded by the form of their statement of claim from alleging that the defendants were sued as partners in their partnership}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s name. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Munster v. Railton}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  in the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923 , seems to sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
ow that by the present practice of the courts in England an action commenced as it now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 may be against a firm may by the form of the statement of claim be converted into an action against one or more individual partners, but as the delivery of written state
ments on either or both sides is in the Western Pacific a matter for the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s discretion and as it is provided by Article 58 that "every action sha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494 
ll be heard and determined in a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  summary way" I think that the nature of the action and the form of the jud
gment must be determined by the form of the writ (see the judgment of Lord Justice Brett in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Jackson v. John Litchfield & Sons}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  The Order in Council (Article 248) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 permi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 ts the suing of partners in the name of the firm and from the form of the 
writ I am of opinion that this course has been adopted in the present case. The materiality of this point is that while no one of the individual partners of the defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 firm is or has been "within" the Western Pacific it is submitted that the firm of p
artnership is properly said to be "in" Samoa on account of its business transactions in that place. The evidence adduced at the trial did not show more than that the defendants had for some years been in the habit of doing business in Samoa through agents
, but on the hearing of the appeal an application was made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid6907948 
to me to admit the affidavit of Mr. Napier, the gentleman who conducted the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid6907948 s case, to the effect that defendants had a large store at Apia in Samoa at which they traded and carried on busi
ness by servants and agents, and affixed to which was a sign-board with the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid6907948 words "Wm. McArthur & Co." in large letters. I admitted this evidence on the ground that the very notoriety of the facts deposed to might account for this absence in the evidence, 
and because I thought they were material to the point of jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid6907948 It seems to me that the locality of a firm must depend upon where it regularly carries on business, and that the defendants' firm having a permanent business establishment both in Auckl
and and Samoa can be properly said to be "in" or "within" those two places at the same time. [See judgment of Mellor, J., in "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid2627101 
The Buenos Ayres and Ensanada Port Railway Co. v. The Northern Railway Company of Buenos Ayres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid6907948 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid7102494 (3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid2627101 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid6907948 , where the parties, who were co
mpanies registered and having offices in London but domiciled and carrying on business in the Argentine Republic, were described as being "in" England and "within the jurisdiction" of the English courts.]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 (1) L.R. 11 Q.B. 435.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 (2) L.R. 8 Q.B. 474.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7102494 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102494\charrsid13131781 (3) L.R. 2 Q.B.D. 210.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907948 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
\par The other objection on the score of personal jurisdiction is that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  is not a "foreigner" within the meaning of the 3rd clause of Art. 6, and that the Court cannot entertain the suit as far as she is concerned because the applic
ation of the Order in Council is limited to British subjects and foreigners. "Foreigner" is stated in the definition article - Art. 4, (6) - of the Order in Council to mean "a subject or citizen of a state in amity with Her Majesty" and the question wheth
er Samoa is in a state of amity with Her Majesty has been argued at length. Samoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2490680  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 may, perhaps, be deemed to be within some of the definitions of the word "state" to be found in works on international law and reported cases. In one case cited to me by Mr. N
apier (the report of which he had not got) a tribe of American Indians (Cherokees), was described as a "state," but I should imagine that their political history was no doubt much older than that of Samoa. The question, however, is in what sense the word 
"
state" is used in the Order in Council. I was asked to take judicial notice of the constitution of the kingdom of Samoa, a matter about which I have only very scanty information, and I was referred to a treaty dated the 28th of August, 1879, made between 
Her Majesty, through}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
the High Commissioner, and "the King and Government of Samoa," as showing that whatever was the political condition of Samoa at the date of the Order in Council it was now recognised as a state in amity Her Majesty. Clause 5 of the trea
ty provides that every civil suit which may be brought in Samoa against any subject of Her Majesty shall be tried by the High Commissioner or other duly authorised British officer. And clause 4 contains a similar recognition of Her Majesty}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s exclusive crim
inal jurisdiction over British subjects. These clauses involve a recognition and confirmation of the jurisdiction p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 eviously asserted, and seem to me to leave the position of Samoa with respect to that jurisdiction exactly where it was before. The Order in
 Council is immediately founded on the 6th section of the Pacific Islanders Protection Act, 1875, which provides that-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2627101 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 
It shall be deemed lawful for Her Majesty to exercise power and jurisdiction over her subjects within any islands in the Pacific Ocean not being within Her Majesty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid13131781 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 
s dominions nor within the jurisdiction of any civilised power in the same and as ample a manner as if such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 power or jurisdiction had been acquired by the cession or conquest o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 f}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781  territory, and by Order in Council to create and c
onstitute the Office of High Commissioner in over and for such islands and places or some of them, &c.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907948 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 In the Order in Council itself the Navigators}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  Islands are placed (Art. 5) in the same category as all the other islands and places to which the Order a
pplies, and in the preamble of the Order these islands and places are referred to as "not being within the jurisdiction of any civilised power." The conditions under which a "foreigner" can sue or be sued in the High Commission Court are (Art. 145) that h
e
 first file the consent in writing of the competent authority on behalf of his own nation to his submitting and that he does submit to the jurisdiction of the Court, and that if ordered to do so he find security for the due performance of any order the Co
u
rt may make against him. The first condition is inserted to prevent any difficulty of an international nature which might arise from the mistaken assumption of jurisdiction over the subject of a foreign state in a place where such state may have equal rig
h
ts with Her Majesty. The second condition is to prevent the possible injustice to British subjects which might arise if the Court after pronouncing against a foreigner who had voluntarily submitted to the jurisdiction found itself powerless to give effect
 to its decree. In the determination of the point under discussion I have really only the Order in Council and the statutes upon which it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 founded to guide me. It seems to me that by the Order in Council Samoa is in the same position as all the other comm
unities of the Western Pacific over which the jurisdiction of the Court extends, and, if I am right supposing that the treaty does not alter matters in this respect, it would follow that if Samoa is to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 deemed a "State in amity with Her Majesty," other n
ative communities having (as most of them have) some form of government of their own would come}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 within the same definition. I cannot suppose that the Order in Council contemplates the necessity of "the consent in writing of the competent authority" in plac
es described as "not being within the jurisdiction of any civilised power," and I think that the whole tenor of the Order in Council shows that by the word foreigner is meant the subject of a "foreign state" as that expression is usually understood, viz.,
 a state capable of entering into all international relations with the other nations of the world.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 It is not, however, necessary to pursue the inquiry further because, in my opinion, the adjudication of a civil suit brought by a native of the Western Pacifi
c (though not a "foreigner") against a British subject in the High Commissioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s Court is nothing but the "application" of the Order in Council to a British subject. In vol. i. of Phillimore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13977289 International Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , second edition, p. 393, I find a reference}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 to the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 e Laconia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 Their Lordships of the Privy Council in their judgment said:- "There is no compulsory power in an English court in Turkey over any but English subjects, but a Russian, or any other foreigner, may, if he pleases, voluntarily r
esort to it with the consent of his Sovereign and thereby submit himself to its jurisdiction." Taking into consideration the fact that the jurisdiction of the Consular court in Turkey is derived from and limited by the concessions of the Turkish Governmen
t and is, therefore, at any rate not more extensive than the jurisdiction over British subjects in the Western Pacific, I think that it may be ga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 
thered from this case that even}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289\charrsid6907948 
if the Order in Council had not expressly provided for "foreigners," they could,
 with the consent of their own Governments, have sued British subjects in the High Commission Court, and I think it further follows that when such a consent is not necessary on international grounds there is nothing to prevent the High Commission Court ex
ercising its jurisdiction over a British subject, at the suit of any plaintiff. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289\charrsid6907948  gave security for costs and filed the consent of the King of Samoa. The latter was a very proper precaution, whether necessary or not, and the security gives every proper
 safeguard to the defendants. Under these circumstances I have come to the conclusion that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289\charrsid6907948  has a right to sue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977289\charrsid13131781 (1) 2 Moo. P.C. Rep., N.S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 . 85.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
\par The next objection to be dealt with relates to the subject-matter of the action. It is said that the Court cannot entertain an action which involves the title to land at Samoa. One of the heads of the plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s claim, viz., that the Court may declare that she is the owner of the lands in question, I dismiss altogether from considerati
on as beyond the powers of the Court and the scope of the action; but the main point is whether the Court can act directly upon the land by means of an order for possession. The Order in Council both in Art. 280 and Art. 57 recognises actions respecting l
and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
n the Western Pacific, but it is suggested that these provisions do not mean that the Court can go beyond the powers exercisable by the English courts respecting foreign land. It is of course well known that the Courts of Equity in England have not hes
itated to affect foreign lands by decrees binding personally upon those within the jurisdiction, and there appears to be no distinction in this respect between lands in the colonies and lands in foreign countries. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Lord Cranstown v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Johnston}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , which was a suit to set aside a judgment fraudulently obtained in St. Kitts, whereby the judgment creditor had possessed himself of his debtor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s lands in the debtor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
s absence by means of a forced sale, the Master of the Rolls (Sir R.P. Arden) said, "It w
as not much litigated that the Courts of Equity here (in England) have an equal right to interfere with regard to judgments or mortgages upon lands in a foreign country as upon lands here. The only distinction is that this Court cannot act upon the land d
irectly, but acts upon the conscience of the person living here."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7941344 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7941344\charrsid13131781 (1) 3 Ves. 170.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907948 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 On the principle of not acting directly upon the land, the English courts have always refused orders for possession of land in a foreign country: }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Roberdeau v. Rous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Angus v. Angus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 and other cases cited in the notes to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Penn v. Lord Bal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4655654 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 imore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 (4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  The reason of this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4655654 refusal is twofold. Firstly, by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 the principles of International law every sovereign state has paramount domain over the land within its own territorial limits a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4655654 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 d, therefore, the title, to real property can only be acquired, passed, and lost according to the law of the Sovereign who has such paramount domain. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 Roberdeau v. Rous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 Lord Hardwicke said that the Court had no jurisdiction to put persons in possessio
n in a place where they had their own methods on such occasions to which the party might have recourse. The other reason is that no sovereign state has the actual power to execute such of the decrees of its tribunals as affect to deal with land beyond the
 jurisdiction. (Foote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid16329398 Private International Jurisprudence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , pp.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
120, 121.) Such a decree, if made, might be, as Lord Romilly said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid6907948 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid2627101 Norris v. Chambers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid3411275 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275 , "A me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid6907948 re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid2627101 brutum fulmen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid6907948 
, incapable of being practically enforced." It seems to me that the first of these reasons does not apply to the present case. Even if Native Land Courts exist at Samoa the joint operation of the Order in Council and the treaty above alluded to would prev
e
nt any proceedings to disturb a British subject in possession of lands at Samoa being brought in any other Court other than the High Commissioner's Court. The second reason has, perhaps, a limited application. I doubt whether the Order in Council confers 
t
he actual power to directly enforce a decree for possession even as between British subjects, but as the Court has jurisdiction in Samoa over British subjects there I see no reason why I should not decide the question of right to possession, leaving it to
 the plaintiffs, if I decide in their favour, to enforce the order if necessary by any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275 means which may be open to them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid6907948  under the Order in Council or otherwise. The Order in Council, while recognising actions respecting land, could, I think, hardly have inte
nded that in a case like this where both parties trace their claim to possession from the same British subject the Court could not decide between them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13131781\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid13131781 (2) 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781  Atk. 543.
\par (3) West}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid13131781 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 s Rep. 23.
\par (4) 2 White and Tudor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid13131781 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 s Leading Cases.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3411275 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275\charrsid13131781 (1) 30 L.J. Eq. 288.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907948 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
There is another objection which would until recently have applied in England to a claim either in "ejectment" or for "trespass" to land situate abroad. These forms of action being "local" in their nature could, by the Rules of Procedure, have only been b
rought in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2627101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
place where the land was situate. In my view it is not necessary to discuss the effect of the recent abolition of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 distinction between "local" and "transitory" venue, because as the trial was held in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid2627101 forum situs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 the objection would not apply. I merely mention the o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 jection because it formed matter of argument.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 I now proceed to consider the facts. On the 5th February, 1879, Cornwall, who at the time was indebted to the defendants in the sum of 5,664}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 l.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , conveyed the lands which are the subject of this action to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 by a deed which recites no valuable consideration, and which was admitted to have been purely voluntary. On the following day he executed a mortgage to a man named Nelson of certain other lands, expressed to be in consideration of a debt of 16,000}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 dols}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
. owing by him to Nelson, but which debt by Nelson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s own admission had no existence. Cornw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14309593 all kept the conveyance to Man\'e6}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 ma in his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14309593 own possession, and he and Man\'e6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 ma continued to live together on the land until he left for England, in the middle of 1880. Before leaving, Cornwall arranged for an advance of 1,200}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 l.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 from a Mr. Ruge which was repaid during his absence from the produce of the plantations. During his absence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  no do
ubt remained in possession of the house and exercised some supervision over the plantations, but I think it appears from the evidence that she was acting in the interest and for the benefit of Cornwall and was generally regarded as his}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 representative. Corn
wall returned in September, 1881, and resumed possession, but had left again before the seizure of the lands by defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  agents mentioned below. In July and November, 1879, Cornwall had executed two deeds of mortgage to the defendants of lands ot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14309593 her than those conveyed to Man\'e6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
ma, the latter deed being apparently intended to be in substitution of the former. In 1881 the defendants sued Cornwall in the High Commission Court for their debt which was covered by promissory-notes and obtained a judgment for the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
amount due to them. This judgment was confirmed on appeal by the Supreme Cour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 t of Fiji and at the sam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 e time the mortgages given to McArthur were ordered to be cancelled - why or under what circumstances does not appear. The defendants afterwards took out
 a writ of seizure and sale of Cornwall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
s goods according to the form provided by the Order in Council (Schedule Form 44) and under this the lands conveyed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  were taken in execution, a Mr. Hetherington of Samoa, defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  solicitor, acting in the matter, as he says in his evidence, in the double character of agent for McArthur & Co. and officer of the Court. By Mr. Hetherington}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
s instructions these lands were offered for sale by an auctioneer, and were bought in Mr. Hetherington on behalf of McArthur & Co. for 354}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 l.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 was turned out of possession of the house she was occupying and the defendants have since claimed to be owners of the lands in question and have exercised acts of ownership over them. I may say at once that I think the seizure an
d sale of the lands under the writ of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid9254119 fi. fa.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  was illegal, and does not in the least justify the defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  present possession, but this is not enough because the plaintiffs must make out their case notwithstanding the weakness of the defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  position
. It appears, however, to be clearly established that as against a wrong-doer actual possession is a good title, and this would seem to be the case even though the plaintiffs fail in an attempt to make out a legal title. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 Davison and others v. Gent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 Arber v. Whitlock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
. On the ground, therefore, of actual possession of the house at the time of seizure, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , if there be no other defence, is entitled to damages for trespass. She is not entitled to an order for possession because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 the lease which is joint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 ly set up by herself and the oth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 
er plaintiffs was executed before action brought. This lease is signed by Cornwall as attorney of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 , and a copy of a written authority by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948  purporting to constitute Cornwall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 's attorney in all matters and recit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 ing that "everything which he m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 ay do shall be deemed to be done by me (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 ) and shall be unquestioned by me," is produced as evidence of Cornwall's authority to make the lease. I have no doubt that the above recital expresses exactly the position }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 
 was intended to take. Everything that Cornwall did was as is stated, to be deemed to be done by her, but I think that this arrangement was to suit Cornwall's purposes and not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 's and that the lease was really made by Cornwall alone with the obj
ect of enabling the lessees to sue in the High Commission Court. Whether this lease would be good for every purpose or not the lessees have under it the permission of Cornwall (and as far as it may be material of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948  also) to take possession, and as the
 defendants trace their claim to possession also through Cornwall, but without in my opinion showi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9254119\charrsid6907948 g any right at all, it seems to me that as against them the lessees have a right to succeed in ejectment, and as they made entry before action, in trespass also.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 (1) 26 L.J.N.S. Ex. 122.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923\charrsid13131781 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid13131781 (2) L.R. 1 Q.B. .1.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 It is said, however, that against all the plaintiffs the case falls to the grou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14449864 nd because the conveyance to Man\'e6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
ma was fraudulent and void as against purchasers and creditors under the statutes 13 Elizabet
h c. 5, and 27 Elizabeth c. 4, respectively. The latter statute has no possible application. Judgment creditors are not "purchasers" within the statute in England (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 Bevan v. Lord Oxford}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923 and much less in the Western}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14449864  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 Pacific, and McArthur & Co. were not purchasers from Cornwall in any other sense. With respect to the former statute I certainly think that from the amount of Cornwall}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
s indebtedness at the time of the conveyance one cannot but assume that his intention wa
s fraudulent because although it is stated that he had other land of great value, the value whatever it may have been could not have been realised. The fact, too, of his retaining the conveyance, the almost contemporaneous arrangement with Nelson, the for
m of the so-called power of attorney and the application of the produce of the estates for his benefit all point in the same direction. Nor do I think that the mortgage to def}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14449864 endants makes any difference, as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  I think it was not accepted by them as full and s
ufficient security for their debt, but that their agent being instructed to get what ever security he could, took all that Cornwall would give. On the other hand it is argued that the statute of Elizabeth has no application because lands in the Pacific ca
nnot be taken in execution and therefore no creditor could be defrauded by the voluntary conveyance to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
. No doubt the statute only applies to such property as is subject to execution, but although no writ of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 elegit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  or other execution against the freehold of land is provided by the Order in Council a creditor may under Art. 276 apply for sequestration of the debtor}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948\charrsid6907948 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 s property after an order of arrest (as els}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
where provided by the Order in Council) has failed to produce payment. I think that a voluntary 
and fraudulent conveyance would under the statute be void as against a sequestration duly issued, but I cannot understand how this can be a justification for a trespass when no order for an arrest or for a sequestration has been made or even applied for.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6907948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 Sequestration of the profits of an estate by}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
an officer of the Court is a very different thing to a transfer by a means of a forced sale and even though a creditor may by some means or other be able to have execution against houses and plantations, it does 
not follow that he is justified in forcibly seizing them without resorting to the means provided by law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14449864 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14449864\charrsid13131781 (1) 25 L.J.N.S. Eq. 299.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907948 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923\charrsid6907948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 On the question of damages the true position of Cornwall with respect to the land has in my opinion a very important bearing.
 I am satisfied that he and not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
 is the person who would have taken any produce or profits of the lands and plantations of the defendants had not seized them and that he would have done so in reality on his own account and not by virtue of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11873372 any authority derived from Man\'e6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
ma. If Cornwall had sought to recover damages in his own name for the loss of this produce the defendants could have availed themselves of their judgment debt in answer to his claim. It would therefore be obviously unjust to let Cornwall recover, through 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  and at the same time avoi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11873372 d his just responsibility. Man\'e6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
ma has in my opinion suffered no damage whatever beyond the personal inconvenience in being expelled from her home, and in estimating the amount (which under Art. 121, (3.) 
of the Order in Council, I think I am justified in doing on the hearing of this appeal) I cannot exclude my general knowledge of the mode of native life in the South Seas. I accordingly assess these damages at the sum of 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 l.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  for which amount }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  will have judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11873372  Messrs. Sinclair, Lusk and Mat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
hieson have not proved that they had any intention or object in taking the lease other than the bringing of this action, but as no defence on the ground of maintenance is set up I think they are entitled to recover the 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 l.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  which it is not denied they actually paid. They}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948 
are also in my opinion entitled to possession and there will be a declaration and order to that effect and a judgment in their favour for 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 l.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  The plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  will have costs of the appeal as well as costs in the Court below. The other plaintiffs will have costs in the Court below but not costs of appeal as the appeal was entered on behalf of 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11172260 Man\'e6ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid6907948  alone.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3367923 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4328431\charrsid3367923 Judgment for plaintiffs.
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