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{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 SUPREME COURT}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10368415 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5710844 CASES }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10368415 OF FIJI}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 [CIVIL JURISDICTION.] \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9780753 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 HUNT}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9780753\charrsid5710844 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid5710844 v.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9780753\charrsid5710844 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 GORDON.}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid9780753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 1880 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 October}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 22. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Prohibition Order - Western Pacific Order i}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 n}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Council, 1877, ss. 7, 9, 10, 13, 25, 237 - Western Pacific Order in Council, 1879. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The defendant, as High Commissioner of the Western Pacific, had issued a prohibition order against the plaintiff under s. 25 of the Western Pacific Order in Council, 1}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 8}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 77, debarring him from remaining in Samoa, which order was alleged to have been served on a Sunday.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 On an action }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 or damages being brought in the Supreme Court of Fiji against the defendant for having instituted these proceedings maliciously and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid6967590 with}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid6967590 out}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 proper evidence, \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Held}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 , that no action will lie against the High Commissioner of the Western Pacific for anything done by him honestly and without malice under the powers vested in him by such Order, the same protection being accorded to him as to a judic ial officer under similar circumstances.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226\charrsid1458226 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Held}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 , further, that, under rule 237 of the Order in Council, the writ might have}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 been properly served on a Sun}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 da}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 y}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 . \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid16664679 Mr. Garrick}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 and }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid16664679 Mr. Winter}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 for the plaintiff. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid16664679 The Acting Attorney-Gene}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid16664679 ral}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 (}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid16664679 Mr. Solomon}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 ) for the defen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 dant.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The facts and arguments in the case sufficiently appear from the judgment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid16664679 J. GORRIE, C.J.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 This is a case in which the plaintiff represents himself as Chief Secretary and Minister of Lands to Malietoa, the so-called King of Samoa, and that he is presently residing in Levuka.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The action is laid against Her Majesty's High Commissioner for the Western Pacific,* and damages are claimed by the plaintiff for an alleged wrongful act of the defendant. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid16664679 *Sir Arthur Gordon, Governor of Fiji, afterwards created Baron Stanmore. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 \par The alleged wrong is said to have arisen from a writ* of prohibition having been issued by the High Commissioner against the plaintiff under s. 25 of the Western Pacific Order in Council, 1877. A plea, apparently challenging the jurisdiction of the Court, is raised by the defendant under paragraph 7 of his statement of defence; but, after explanation by the learned counsel and the fact that by the action no appeal (which is barred by the Order in Council) is attempted against the writ of prohibition, although damages are sought because of its issue, this plea to the jurisdiction may be regarded as abandoned and requiring no formal judgment thereupon.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6971618\charrsid6971618 *Order. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 There was no attempt to question the jurisdiction of the Court, as in the recent case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid16664679 Musgrave v. Pulido}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid16664679 (1)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 , and, indeed, after the judgment in that case, it would have been hopeless to do so. But I am afraid the effect of that judgment has been misunderstood in some quarters. It merely affirmed the doctrin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6971618 e that the governor of a colony,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 like any other subject, may be impleaded in the courts of the colony, and the judgment of the court below, which was affirmed, was simply setting aside the demurrer which raised the question of jurisdiction, and ordering the defendant (the Governor of Jamaica) to answer further to the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6971618 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 s action. Here the defendant, who is not sued as Governor but as High Commissioner, does not challenge the jurisdiction on any similar ground, but plea ds a general and also a special plea which will be found set forth in the eighth and ninth paragraphs of the statement of defence, viz., that he is not guilty by statute and that he ought not to be compelled to answer to the action, - which I take to mean to answer further to the action, - because what he did was done as High}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Commissioner, and that he is entitled to the privileges and exemptions appertaining to such office; and that the acts complained of were done by him in exercise of the powers expressly conferred on him by the Order in Council.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The latter plea, in fact, is covered by the former; and under the two pleas the defendant has contended in effect that what he did was done as a judicial act by the officer designated for the purpose by the Order in Council, or at all events that if the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 act was not a judicial act it w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 as an executive act which the Order in Council, issued in pursuance of certain Acts of Parliament, required him to perform, and that therefore be cannot be called upon to answer further or be held liable in damages.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6971618 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6971618\charrsid16664679 (1) L.R. 5 App. Cas. 102. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Before the argument was taken in support of this contention the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6971618 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 s counsel opened his case, and, as it was necessary to understand clearly what such case really was before the Court could determine whether the pleas in defence were sufficient without further inquiry, I found that the allegations of malice and without probable cause, contained in the sixteenth paragraph of the statement of claim, were not the gist of the action as maintaine d at the bar, but that what the plaintiff contended was that the evidence upon which the defendant acted in issuing the writ of prohibition was not proper evidence or any proof to which the word evidence could be properly applied, and, therefore, that in i ssuing the writ of prohibition upon such a description of evidence the defendant had committed the tort which laid him open to a claim for damages. In supporting this contention the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6971618 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 s counsel referred particularly to the evidence of one Coe - whom he described as a person unworthy of belief - and read}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 or referred to a portion of his affidavit which showed that he represented the plaintiff as a person who had advised, or was advising, the Samoan King to make war.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The plaintiff also maintained, as s et forth in the sixteenth paragraph of the statement of claim, that the act of the defendant was not a judicial act; and he further contended that the writ of prohibition having been personally served on the plaintiff on a Sunday it was not legal. In orde r to clear the last point out of the way it is not necessary to enter into that region of argument upon the meridians* into which the Acting Attorney-General for the defendant was not afraid to enter, that Sunday is not Sunday in Samoa because it may then b e Monday in England. By common consent that day of the month is held to be Sunday here which is held as Sunday at home; and we cannot allow the Western Pacific to be deprived of its Sabbath by geographical refinements. In point of fact there is no formal s ervice of a writ of prohibition provided for in the Order in Council. The writ itself is dated on Saturday; and if the High Commissioner, as alleged by the plaintiff, personally informed him of the writ being issued at as early a date as possible and gave him a copy, that was something of which the plaintiff could scarcely complain. If, however, the intimation of the writ were to be regarded as a formal service, then, as s. 237 of the Order in Council provides that a search warrant, or warrant for apprehen sion or commitment or other purpose, may be issued and executed on Sunday where the urgency of the case requires, I would hold such a service on Sunday - because of the urgency of the High Commissioner's duties when visiting these}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 places in Her Majesty's ships of war }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid678046 - }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 to be a good service.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16664679 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid16664679 *See Ordinance XIV. of 1879, whereby an uniform date is provided for the whole of the Colony. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 All the material facts alleged by the plaintiff which raised the question which the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid678046 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 s counsel explained to be the gist of his action - viz., that the evidence taken before the issue of the writ of prohibition was not evidence in the proper meaning of the term - are admitted by the defendant. The allegations are contained in the third, fo u rth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth paragraphs of the statement of claim. The qualification alleged by the defendant in regard to the statement in the sixth paragraph that he informed the plaintiff of the evidence on oath he had obtained in support of the charges made against the plaintiff was in effect admitted by the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15560575 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 s counsel at the Bar, who contended, in reference particularly to the evidence of one witness, that it was not worthy of belief. The allegations set forth in the tw elfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth paragraphs of the statement of claim are denied by the defendant, and are objected to by him as surplusage and bad in form. They were no doubt intended to lead up to the charge of malice, contained in the sixte enth paragraph, which the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15560575 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 s counsel has eliminated from the case, except so far as malice might be inferred from the granting of the order upon insufficient evidence. As to the allegation contained in that paragraph that the High Co}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 missioner in issuing the writ of prohibition was not in the exercise of any judicial duty we shall presently inquire.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The ground is thus cleared and the facts on record for the consideration of the plea put forth by the defendant, in the eighth and ninth paragraphs of the statement of defence, that what he did was done under}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 the Order in Council, and that he is privileged and protected when thus acting and cannot be sued in damages for acts so done. Now although the High Commissioner has under the Order in Council - espe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359053 cially the amended Order of 1879}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 - power, which may more properly be regarded as executive than judicial, yet the prime object of the Order in Council and the Acts of Parliament which authorised it was to provide for a jurisdiction over British subjects i n the Western Pacific in the event of offences being committed by them. The office of High Commissioner is created and constituted under s. 7 of the Order; of a Judicial Commissioner under s. 9; and of Deputy Commissioners under s. 10; while under s. 13 i t is provided that the High Commissioner, the Judicial Commissioners, an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359053 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 the Deputy Commissioners form the members of the High Commissioner's Court. In the ordinary cases, therefore, of the exercise of the powers co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 nferred by the Order in Council,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 these of ficers are judicial officers having the privilege and protection of all judicial authorities in the exercise of their functions, which is that they cannot be sued for an adjudication, according to the best of their judgment on the matter, within their jur isdiction; and that a matter of fact so adjudicated by them cannot be put in issue in an action against them.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 But it has been contended by the plaintiff, both in his statement of claim and in argument in answer to the learned counsel for the defendant, tha t the issue of a writ of prohibition under s. 25 is not a judicial act, it expressly provides that it is to be done by the High Commissioner under his hand and official seal, and not under the seal of the Court. There can be no doubt, however, that a pers on who is not even a judicial functionary may be called upon to perform a judicial act,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 and that in doing so he will be as much protected as any other judicial functionary - and this is well illustrated in the case o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359053 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 } {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid6359053 Kemp v. Neville}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid6359053 (1)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 in 1861, where the functionary called upon to perform a judicial duty was a Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, and where in the performance of that duty he was found entitled to the protection of all judicial officers.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359053\charrsid6359053 (1) 31 L.J. (C.P.) 158}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid6359053 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359053\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 It does not follow, therefore, that because the High Commissioner is called upon under s. 25 to perform this duty in his individual capacity, and not when sitting as a Court, that it is not a judicial act. Let us see what is the nature of the act in itsel f. First of all he is required to take evidence on oath.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The words are,- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16664679 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid5710844 Where it is shown by evidence on oath to the satisfaction of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid5710844 High Commissioner that any Briti}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid5710844 sh subject is disaffected to Her Majesty's Government . . . . . or is otherwise danger ous to the peace and goo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4211719\charrsid5710844 d order of the Western Pacific I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid5710844 slands, the High Commissioner may, if he thinks fit, by order under his hand and official seal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4211719\charrsid5710844 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid5710844 prohibit that person, &c. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 To take evidence on oath is essentially a judicial function, and the object o f this writ of prohibition - the preservation of the peace and good order of the Western Pacific - is no less than that which is usually laid upon judicial or magisterial authorities. Again, by sub-s. 2 of s. 25, the refusal to obey the writ of prohibitio n is to be visited by legal punishment, and even where the offender may not have been convicted of the offence of refusing to obey the prohibition, the High Commissioner has power to remove him in custody to some place in the Western Pacific Islands beyond the limits sp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567257 ecified in the order. This is a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 power to punish following upon a conclusion arrived at after taking evidence on oath.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Then again it is provided by sub-s. 3}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 that an appeal shall not lie against an order of prohi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 b}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 ition or removal. This, the learned counsel for the plaintiff very properly contended, meant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 when taken in connection with sub-s. 5 providing for a report to t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 he Secretary of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid11668390 State - that}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 e act was truly a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11668390 political act, and}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 the respons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 ibility laid upon the High Com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 missioner as a pol itical officer.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16664679 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid16664679 (1) 31 L.J. (C.P.) 158. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 I lean to the opinion, however, that the shutting out of the right of appeal rather shows that the issuing of the order of prohibition was a judicial act, but one which in its nature required to be made }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 final,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 as any pro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 vi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 sions permitting of litigation in regard to it w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 ou}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 ld destroy its efficacy as a measure for the preservation of peace. I am certainly strengthened in my view that the issuing of the order of prohibition is a judicial act by finding the form of the writ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 *}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 of prohibition among }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 judicial forms of procedure (No. 33) provided in the Appe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 ndix to the Order in Council. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 Now if this be so, no allegations such as those made by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 plaintiff that the evidence on oath taken by the defendant could not properly }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 called evidence would form a ground of action. Whether }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 e evidence was such as another court would regard as }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 go}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 od evidence, or whether any court or other functionary would have come to another conclusion than the High Commissioner upon the evidence , cannot be made a ground of any claim of damages against the functionary who rightly or wrongly did come to a decision upon the evidence before him. And the fact whether the plaintiff is or is not a person dangerous}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 the peace of the Western Pacific cannot be put in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 issue}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 against hi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 in such an action as this.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 The Order Council itself, indeed, as if foreseeing the contention }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 now raised } {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 has provided a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid8734292 definition of evidence which}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid8734292 would of itself shut the door}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid8734292 on}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 the pla}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 intiff even if the rules of law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 on such subject}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 s }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 ere not well established. Under s. 4 the word "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 proved}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 " means "shown by evi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 dence on oath in the form of affidavit, or other form, to the satisfaction of the Court, or of the member or officer thereof acting or having jurisdic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 tion in the matter." The word "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 evidence" thereof means what is proved on oath to the satisfaction of the Court or officer, and that is exactly what }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 is }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid7948125 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid7948125 ated}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 in the writ of prohibition which is embodied by the plaintiff in his s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 tatement of claim. It commences}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 : "W}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 hereas it has been shown by evi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 dence on oath to my satisfaction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8734292 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8734292\charrsid8734292 *Order. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1458226 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid1458226 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 I am so satisfied t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 hat the views I have above enun}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 ciated afford the true solution of this question, that i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 t }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid7948125 is }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948125\charrsid7948125 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid7948125 he less }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948125\charrsid7948125 n}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679\charrsid7948125 ecessary}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 to dwell at length upon the alternati}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948125 v}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 e plea o f the defendant that even if the act complained of had not been a judicial act, as it was done in obedience to the duty laid upon the High Commissioner by the Order in Council, no action can lie, for no tort can be alle}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 ed where a simple le}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 g}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 al duty has been performed. I am quite clear that no mistake in the appreciation of evidence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 which is what the learned counsel represented as the gist of his case}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 would warrant an action of da}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 mages as for a tort ag}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 ainst even a non-judicial officer, and that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 e pleas pleaded b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 y}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 the High Commissioner }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 ou}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594\charrsid4329594 l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 d }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594\charrsid4329594 be}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 sufficient answer to a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 ny}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 such action. If any malice is alle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 ed in such cases, either against a person }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 perf}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 m}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 ing a j}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 udicial act of a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 person perfo}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 g in an official capacity a leg}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 al duty, it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 must, I appr ehend, be not mere inferential malice to be deduced from the defective mode in which the duty may have been}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 alleged to have been performed,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 but personal malice which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 ust be directly proved.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 In}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 these circumstances I hold that there is not }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594\charrsid4329594 c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594\charrsid4329594 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594\charrsid4329594 any}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 tort set forth which could}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 arrant further inquiry in this case, and that the defendant's pleas upon the admitted facts are a full and complete answer to the case as put before the Court, and that the action must be accordingly dismissed. I allow costs; and}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 as the plaintiff represents himself as an official of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 K}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 of Sa}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 oa an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 only te}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 mpo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 rarily resident in Lev}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 uka,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 I think i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 t right, in this case, that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 attorney shou}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16664679 l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 d be looked to for the amount }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 in the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 first instance, leaving him to recover the same from his client.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1458226 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 I allow }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027 15}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid7226027 l.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 5}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 s.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid1458226 in name of costs. \par \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4329594 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4329594\charrsid4329594 Judgment for the defend}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226027\charrsid4329594 ant with costs. \par }}