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\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs23\ul\insrsid9594588\charrsid3034634 IN THE FAMILY DIVISION OF THE HIGH COURT AT SUVA
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs23\ul\insrsid9594588 APPELLATE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs23\ul\insrsid9594588\charrsid3034634  JURISDICTION 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs23\ul\insrsid9594588\charrsid15544881 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid7037956 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid7037956 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-1003\trleft-108\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9639 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-700\trleft-108
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 ACTION NUMBER:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\saauto1\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs23\insrsid9594588 20}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs23\insrsid9594588\charrsid3034634 /Suv/ 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs23\insrsid9594588 005}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-700\trleft-108\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-721\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 BETWEEN:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af41\loch\f0 SALINI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4320\pararsid1712192 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \hich\af0\dbch\af41\loch\f0 Appellant\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 
\trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-721\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband
\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-715\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 AND:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af41\loch\f0 ANAND }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \hich\af0\dbch\af41\loch\f0 Respondent \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 
\trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-715\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband
\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh823\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 Appearances:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9594588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9594588\charrsid9594588 Mr. N. Rattan for the Appellant.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid1712192 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid9594588\charrsid9594588 Mr. P. Sharma for the Respondent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9594588\charrsid1712192 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 
\trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh823\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband
\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-713\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 Date/Place of judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9594588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9594588 Thursday 06 July 2023 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9594588\charrsid3034634 at Suva.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-713\trleft-108\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-571\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 Coram: \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9594588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9594588\charrsid3034634 Hon. Madam Justice Anjala Wati. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-571\trleft-108\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-1257\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15555057\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 Category:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \hich\af0\dbch\af41\loch\f0 All identifying information in this judgment have been anonymized or removed and pseudonyms\hich\af0\dbch\af41\loch\f0 
 have been used for all persons referred to. Any similarity to any persons is purely coincidental.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid12780874 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-1257\trleft-108\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15555057\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3119 \cellx3011\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6520 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-5099\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9639 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4996604 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192 JUDGMENT
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin720\pararsid4996604\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 Catchwords:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4996604 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192 Family Law \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 Practice and Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 Amendment of Grounds of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192 \endash  provisions in the Family Law Act governing amendment of appeals \endash  provision in the High Court Rules (Standard Rules) governing amendment of appeals \endash 
 was leave necessary to amend grounds of appeal given the circumstances of this case \endash  is amendment restricted to the existing grounds of appeal or can it include adding 
new grounds of appeal - if new grounds of appeal are added via an amendment outside the time limited for filing an appeal, is an application for extension of time to appeal out of time necessary.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 Family Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 General Matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192 \endash 
 Definition of assault \endash  is it within the purview of the Family Law Act to impose a sentence on the perpetrator \endash  the obligations of the court personnel to report child abuse cases.
\par Family Law -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192 \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 Allegations of Child Abuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid4996604\charrsid1712192 \endash  whether it was open to the trial Court to arrive at th
e finding that the child was abused based on the various evidence presented to it including medical and psychotherapist\rquote s evidence \endash 
 whether the Psychotherapist was agreed to be called as an expert evidence and if so whether her expertise in her specialized field could be challenged on the appeal \endash 
 whether there is any basis for the appellate court to interfere in the findings of the lower court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\pararsid1712192\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af41\afs32 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs32\ul\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid1712192 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9594588\charrsid7037956 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-5099\trleft-108\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14773696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9639 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-3979\trleft-108
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9639 \cellx9531{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 B.\tab}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin720\pararsid8919643\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 Cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\pararsid8919643\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 Paino v. Paino 40 Fam LR 96}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\pararsid8919643\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin720\pararsid8919643\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 Conventions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin360\pararsid8919643\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\pararsid8919643\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 D.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin720\pararsid8919643\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 Legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin360\pararsid8919643\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 
Constitution of Fiji:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 s. 41.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 Family Law Act 2003:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  26, 42, 113; 114; 121 and 185.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 Family Law Rules 2005:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 Rules 1.02;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  1.03; 8.15.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 4.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 Family Law Regulations 2005:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 Reg.6.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \intbl\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 5.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192 High Court Rules 1988:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid8919643 Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid8919643\charrsid1712192  55.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4996604 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\ul\insrsid4996604\charrsid8919643 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4996604\charrsid7037956 
\trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-3979\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband
\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9639 \cellx9531\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow10\irowband10\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-78\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband
\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9639 \cellx9531\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa320\sl386\slmult1
\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpg\phmrg\posnegx-6\posy1941\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14773696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af41\afs15 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs15\lang5129\langfe1033\loch\af41\hich\af41\dbch\af41\langnp5129\insrsid9594588\charrsid7037956 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9594588\charrsid7037956 \trowd \irow10\irowband10\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh-78\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 
\tpvpg\tphmrg\tposnegx-6\tposy1941\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9639\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1712192\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf17 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9639 \cellx9531\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6376698\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1773279 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11803360\charrsid1773279 Cause and Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5131424 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 On 5 May 2017, the father filed an application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9841323  alleging that the mother and his partner had abused the child of the marriage. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13582174 
allegations in the application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 were as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid6357487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 That the child regularly becomes sick as a result of the mother\rquote 
s neglect and lack of care.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 On 12 October 2016, the child said that his mother\rquote 
s friend, the big uncle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9841323 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487  bit him on the cheek.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid6626614 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 
On 13 and 21 November 2016, the child told his paternal grandmother, his nanny and the father that his mother had put a plaster on his mouth and locked him in a room. 
When the mother came to pick the child up for contact on 3 December 2016, the child repeatedly pleaded with the mother not to put plaster on his mouth and lock him in the room.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid15491851 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 On 29 November 2016, the son came to his father\rquote 
s place after contact with his mother. The father saw a bruise on his left lower back. Upon asking the child, the father was informed by the child that his mother had smacked him.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid15491851 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 
On 14 April 2017, the son told the father that his mother had hit him on the head and tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9841323 t the mother\rquote s partner hit him i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 n the leg and that his leg can be broken.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid15491851 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 On 1 May 2017, the child\rquote 
s paternal grandmother called the father and told him that the child was constantly asking the grandmother to hit his mother and his partner because they have been hitting
 the child. The father then lodged a complaint against the mother and his partner with the Samabula Police Station.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid15491851 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 
On 4 May 2017, the mother was interviewed at the Samabula Police Station for child abuse and was charged with two counts of assault occasioning actual bodily harm.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid1773279 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid6357487 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1641765 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1641765\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1641765 
The child was born in 2013. As at the date of the allegations of child abuse, he was 3 years old. The Attorney \endash  General\rquote s Chambers was appointed as the child representative to protect the interest of the child.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1641765\charrsid15226582 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid15226582\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15226582\charrsid12601435 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 The allegations were strongly opposed and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9392698 child abuse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 application was listed for hearing t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9841323 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487  determine the allegations. The substantive parenting order application is yet to be heard. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8401862 This concerns me in terms of case management because the allegations 
of child abuse should have been heard in the substantive parenting order hearing. This would have avoided the hearing on piece meal basis. There would be one trial and all the evidence on the best interest factors could have been tendered in court togethe
r with the evidence on the allegations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9392698  of child abuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8401862 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid8401862 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8401862\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8401862\charrsid8401862 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8401862 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8401862 
By now the substantive parenting order hearing would have been completed. I am concerned that the parties will have to again give evidence on the substantive parenting order hearing which is not only c
ostly in terms of finance but also in terms of time factor. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8401862\charrsid8401862 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8401862\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8401862\charrsid8401862 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8401862 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8401862 
The mandate in the Family Law Act is that a court should proceed with the matters without undue formality and without protracting the proceedings. Directions must be given to en}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9392698 sure speedy resol
ution of cases: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9392698\charrsid9392698 s. 185 (4) of the Family Law Act and Regulation 6(3) of the Family Law Regulations 2005.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8401862\charrsid9392698  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9392698\charrsid9392698 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9392698\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9392698\charrsid9392698 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8401862 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8401862 
I do not concur with the manner in which the issue of child abuse was heard separately from the main hearing on the parenting order application. I will urge the trial court to in future observe the mandate in the Family Law A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1258432 ct and unless a party can establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8401862 irreparable prejudice, there shall be no mini trials in respect of any general }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1258432 proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8401862\charrsid6357487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid6357487 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1258432 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1258432 Be that as it may, let me reflect further on the background of the proceedings. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 At the time of the hearing, the first allegation was withdrawn against the mother. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9392698 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487 ourt therefore properly did not deal with the allegation that was withdrawn as no evidence was tendered to support that allegation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid6357487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357487\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid6357487 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6357487\charrsid12601435 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid12601435 
In its decision of 30 June 2020, the court found that allegations 3 to 6 identified in paragraph 1 of the judgment wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12601435 s made out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9841323 
. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6357487\charrsid12601435 
 allegation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435 was dismissed as it was not established against the mother and his partner. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12601435\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1773279\charrsid12601435 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid12601435\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1773279\charrsid12601435 The Court also found that allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15471247\charrsid12601435  7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725314\charrsid12601435 which stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1927399\charrsid12601435  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927399\charrsid12601435 on 4 May 2017 the mother was interviewed at the Samabula Police Station for abusing the child and was charged for two counts of assault occasioning actual bodily harm }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid12601435 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1773279\charrsid12601435  not an allegation but a supporting fac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1641765 
t in relation to the allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid12601435 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid15226582 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15226582\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15226582\charrsid15226582 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15226582 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 10.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid12601435\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15226582 It is against the decision of the trial Court that this appeal is founded.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15226582\charrsid12601435 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12601435\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid12601435\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12601435 Grounds of Appeal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12601435\charrsid12601435 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15226582 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 11.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid12601435\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15226582 The mother contends }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12601435 that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15226582 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9901542 Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15226582  has}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9901542  erred in law and in fact:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2175171\charrsid1461075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1461075\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1461075\charrsid1461075 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9901542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 
In finding that the medical report by Doctor Om supported the child\rquote s allegations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1461075\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9901542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9901542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 In failing to place sufficient weight on the evi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8069746 dence of Doctor Om under cross-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504  examination.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1461075\charrsid8326504 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9901542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504 In failing to give any weight and or consi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 der the evidence of Doctor Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9901542\charrsid8326504  despite qualifying it as credible evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 By qualifying and accepting Ms. Selina Kuruleca
 as an expert witness in the absence of any substantial and/or verified documentary evidence tendered to support her qualification as an expert.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1461075\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1461075\charrsid8326504  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 In failing to exercise caution while giving weight to the opinion evidence provided by Ms. Selina Kuruleca.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1461075\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
In failing to consider and place sufficient weight on the reports of Empowe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 r Pacific dated 23 October 2017,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
 1 May 2018 and 4 July 2018 when the reports were directed by Court and were all independent reports.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 In finding the evidence of the video footage t
endered by the father to be more credible then the evidence of the video footage tendered in by the mother.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid8326504 In finding that the mother\rquote 
s reply in negative or with laughter to the father\rquote s allegations of child abuse was a demonstration of the mother\rquote s evasiveness and lack of concern for the child.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1461075\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1461075\charrsid1461075 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15823122 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15823122 Ground 7 of the appeal has been abandoned. Al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15823122  other grounds were maintained and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16661874 
robustly opposed by the father. I now turn to the determination of the grounds. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid16661874 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16661874 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874 Submissions, Law and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid16661874 Analysis
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6121259\charrsid2036106 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3552968\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6121259\charrsid2036106 
Before I deal with the grounds of appeal, I will address the preliminary objection raised by Mr. Sharma that the appellant who had amended his grounds of appeal on 1 August 2020 needs to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 both }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6121259\charrsid2036106 seek}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349  leave to file the amended grounds of appeal and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 
 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349  to seek leave for extension of time to file new grounds of appeal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15472245\charrsid15472245 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid15472245\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15472245\charrsid15472245 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2499349 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3552968\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 e argued }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6121259\charrsid2036106 grounds 1 to 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106\charrsid2036106 and 8 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6121259\charrsid2036106  the amended grounds }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106\charrsid2036106 of appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6121259\charrsid2036106 
were new grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349  and as such it was not filed within the required time frame of 1 month from the date of the order so leave to file the new grounds out of time was necessary}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106\charrsid2036106 . Ground 6, he argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106\charrsid2036106 
 was an amended ground incorporating the two initial grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349  for which leave to amend was necessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106\charrsid2036106 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15354254\charrsid2036106 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1518038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1518038\charrsid1518038 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15354254 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid15354254\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15354254 In Family Court, the procedure on amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 of all documents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15354254 is provided for by Division 8.5 of the Family Law Rules 2005. This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305 
provision falls under the general proceedings procedure. It is not spe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 cific to the appeals filed in Family C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305 
ourt but since it applies to general proceedings, it is not absurd or unfair to apply it to the appeals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106  proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305 
 as well. The rules under Division 8.5 are rules 8.14 to 8.17. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 The relevant rule applic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 able to the issue at hand is R}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 ule 8.15 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 reads as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305 
 follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5519305\charrsid14114402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14114402\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402\charrsid14114402 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14114402 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 8.15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-480\li840\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin840\itap0\pararsid14114402\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402\charrsid14114402 A party who has filed and served a document may amend the document 
without the leave of the court, or the consent of any other party to the proceedings, at any time before a date is fixed for the final hearing of the proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li840\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin840\itap0\pararsid14114402\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15354254 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15354254  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 The above rule}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305  clearly empower}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305 
 the appellant to amend the appeal without the leave of the court at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1518038 any time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305 
 before the matter is fixed for hearing. The appellant filed the amended appeal before the hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 
. There is no issue surrounding service of the amended grounds of appeal before the hearing. I thus find that the appellant did not need leave to file the amended grounds of appeal in this instance. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2036106\charrsid2036106 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid2036106\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2036106\charrsid2036106 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5519305\charrsid5519305 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305\charrsid5519305 
Further, the time period of one month to file the appeal is applicable to the original appeal and not to any amendment. An appeal filed within time can be amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245\charrsid5519305 any time}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305\charrsid5519305  before the same is fixed for hearing without the leave of the court to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106  include new grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349 , remove the existing grounds of appeal or to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2036106 modify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349  the same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305\charrsid5519305 . There is no prohibition that new grounds of appeal cannot be added to the original one without leave been granted by the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349 
 or only upon leave to appeal out of time is granted by the court if the amendment is filed after one month}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5519305\charrsid5519305 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6121259\charrsid5519305 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5519305\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5519305\charrsid5519305 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14114402 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 I have also gone through the High Cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 rt Rules 1988. I am referring to the High Court Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402  because Rule 1.02 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349 (3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 ) of the Family Law Rules states that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402\charrsid8326504 \'93
where a practice or procedure is not provided for in these Rules, the standard rules of the court in which the proceedings are being conducted apply\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2499349\charrsid2499349 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2499349\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349\charrsid2499349 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2499349 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349 The definition of standard rules in Rule 1.03 in relation to the
 High Court means the High Court Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245  1988}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2499349 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 
Although there is a specific r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 ule in the Family Law Rules }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5537657 governing amendments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 , I still find it important to reflect on the High Court Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2167225  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14114402 
specifically governing the procedure for amendment of appeal proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5519305\charrsid14114402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14114402\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402\charrsid14114402 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 Order 55 Rule 1 of the H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 igh Court R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2167225 ules }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 states that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504  
\'93subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), this Order shall apply to every appeal which by or under any enactment lies to the High Court from any court, tribunal or person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 
. Order 55 Rule (2) (a) and (b) states that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504 \'93
this Order shall not apply to (a) any appeal by case stated; or (b) any appeal under any enactment for which rules governing appeals have been made thereunder, save to the extent that such rules do not provide for any matter dealt with by these Rules\'94.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8326504\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8326504\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 If there is any reservations about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10699537  the applicability of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504  Rule 8.15 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 of the Family Law Rul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2167225 es }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 current }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 appeal proce}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15472245 edings then Rule 1.02 of the Family Law Rules 2005 and Order 55 of the High Court Rules 1988 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 permits the provisions of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1518038 High Court Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504  to be applied to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 determine the procedure on amending an appeal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 . Order 55 Rule 6 (1) is the specific provision on amendment of appeal proceedings. It reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8326504\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8326504\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 \'93
 The notice of motion by which an appeal to which this Order applies may be amended by
 the appellant, without leave, by supplementary notice served not less than 7 days before the day appointed for the hearing of the appeal, on each of the persons on whom the notice to be amended was served\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid14114402\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14114402\charrsid5519305 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8326504 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8326504 
So, even the HCR allows for amendment without leave. An amendment is not restricted to the exis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12003691 
ting grounds. An amendment can include new grounds of appeal. It can either be an amendment to enlarge, reduce, change or introduce new grounds of appeal. I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12003691 do not find any basis for Mr. Sharma\rquote s preliminary objection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537  which ought to be dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691 . I now turn to the substantive appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8326504\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8326504\charrsid8326504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12983916 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 23.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12983916 The first 3 grounds of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874  appeal relates to the medical evidence given by Doctor Om and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12601435 Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16661874 . The mother is aggrieved that the evidence of Doctor Om was accepted over the evidence of Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid16661874 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid16661874\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1461075\charrsid7864885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16661874\charrsid16661874 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6238080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 In support of the first 3 grounds of appeal, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7223117 mother\rquote s counsel submitted that the medical report by Doctor Om of 30 November 2016 was not conclusive of child abuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 
. It was submitted that the report also did not outline or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12003691 capture any of the allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10699537 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691  by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7223117  the father or the child. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 Mr. Rattan argued that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117 he report did not make any reference to any findings of child abuse or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 mentions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7223117 the cause of the injuries.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117\charrsid7223117 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7223117\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117\charrsid7223117 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7223117 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7223117 It was further submitted by the mother\rquote 
s counsel that paragraph 144 and 145 of the Magistrates\rquote  ruling on child abuse reads as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117\charrsid7223117 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7223117\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117\charrsid7223117 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid7223117\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662 \'93144.\tab 
Dr. Om further in cross- examination informed the Court that he asked the father of the child who had brought the child to him that the back of the child looked \'93unusual\'94
 and then he was told that the child was beaten. According to Dr. Om from what he noted he was not 100% \'93sure whether it was abuse\'94. It was based on what he heard or what was claimed b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4080036 
y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662  the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 arent so what he wrote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662 in the rep}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15158033 ort is what he examined and saw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662 
\par 145.\tab Further in cross-examination Dr. Om agreed with Ms. Vaurasi that at no time when the father saw him or brought the child, there any saying o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4080036 r indications made to him that M}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662 ommy\rquote s friend beat him on the cheek. Neither at no time on the 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid15623662\charrsid15623662 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10774902  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662 f November 2016 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 was he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662  told that the child was put plasters on his mouth\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15623662\charrsid7223117 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7223117\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117\charrsid7223117 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15623662 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 26.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15623662 The mother\rquote 
s counsel submitted that from paragraph 144 of the judgment it is evident that Doctor Om was specifically informed by the father that the child was beaten by the mother.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9835216 
 It was argued that despite receiving such information}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15158033 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9835216  Doctor Om reported what he examined. He did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860  not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9835216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 write in his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9835216 
 report that the child was abused. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 Mr. Rattan said that Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9835216 Om also stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9835216 ross-examination that he is not saying that the child was abused but that abuse is a possible cause. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7223117\charrsid9835216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid9835216\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9835216\charrsid9835216 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15158033 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15158033 It was further contended by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9835216 mother\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 s counsel that fr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9835216 om paragraph 145 it is evident that when the child was being examined by Docto
r Om, he was never informed of the plaster being put in the child\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7673548 s mouth or tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15158033 t the mother\rquote s friend had bitten}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7673548  the child on the cheek.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9835216\charrsid7673548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7673548\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7673548\charrsid7673548 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11616860 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 28.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 It was also submitted that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13712867  if the Court accepted the evidence of Doctor Om as credible then it should have given weight to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13712867 
 evidence in cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15158033 -examination which was that he wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13712867 
s not saying that the child was abused and that the father had never told the doctor about the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid13712867\charrsid13712867 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13712867 
 allegation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 at the time when the compliant in the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid8194519\charrsid8194519 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8194519  allegation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13712867 was relayed to the doctor. There was therefore no direct or sufficient medical evidence for the Court to hold that the medical report and}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13712867  evidence supported the allegations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7673548\charrsid13712867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13712867\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13712867\charrsid13712867 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11616860 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 29.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 It was further contended by Mr. Rattan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13712867  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5979569 apa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 rt from Doctor Om, Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 Mortel}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5979569 
 also gave evidence. He was called by the mother to give evidence. He gave evidence in regards to a medical report which he had prepared of the child after examining the child on 16 November 2015 and subsequently reporting the findings via a medical repor
t dated 24 November 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13712867\charrsid5979569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5979569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5979569\charrsid5979569 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5979569 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 30.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5979569 It was argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1460202 
the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 ourt had qualified Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 Mortel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5979569  evidence as believable}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5979569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 but i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5979569 
t did not accept his evidence in arriving at a finding that the child was abused. It was contended t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 hat the evidence of Doctor Morte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5979569 
l was sufficient to suggest that the child had a history of suffering from an infection which caused marks on the child\rquote s skin. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5979569\charrsid7223117 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7223117\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7223117\charrsid7223117 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11616860 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6238080\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 I have gone through the evidence of both the doctors. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 The evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid7864885 Doctor Om }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 was in respect of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid7864885  4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid6238080\charrsid7864885 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid7864885  allegation that on}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid7864885  29 November 2016, the son came home after contact and the father saw a bruise on his left lower back. Upon asking the child, the father was informed that his mother had smacked him.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8194519  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8194519 , on the other hand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194519  had examined the child on 16 November 2015
 and reported his findings on 24 November 2015. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid11616860 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11616860\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid11616860 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 32.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid14447458\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 I must first of all clarify that Doctor Om\rquote 
s evidence was only in respect of the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 
 allegation. His medical report and his oral evidence did not address the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306  allegation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15158033\charrsid6035306  or any other allegations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 . The evidence of Doctor Om covered only the back}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15158033\charrsid6035306  injury that the child had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 . It is therefore improper for the mother\rquote 
s counsel to assert that the father had not told the doctor about the plas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6035306\charrsid6035306 ter incident which is subject of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306  the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306  allegation. There was no injur
y related to the plaster allegation for the father to as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6035306\charrsid6035306 k the doctor to examine his child.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid6035306 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6035306\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6035306\charrsid6035306 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11616860 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 33.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid11616860\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 The insinuation by the mother\rquote s counsel that since the plaster incident}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1460202  and the mother\rquote s partner biting the child on the cheek}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860  was not reported to Doctor Om means that the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11616860\charrsid11868152 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860  and 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11616860\charrsid11868152 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860  allegation is not established is preposterous as those two are separate incidents and Doctor Om\rquote s evidence cannot be applied to the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11616860\charrsid11868152 rd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860  allegation or any adverse inference be drawn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 when he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860 
not informed of the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid11616860\charrsid11868152 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616860  allegation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid11868152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11616860\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11616860\charrsid11868152 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6238080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 34.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid4591253\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 Doctor
 Om had examined the child on 30 November 2016. He had tendered a report dated 30 November 2016. The material p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4591253 art of the medical report states }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4591253 \'93an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid4591253 unusual skin blood clot like lesion was noted at the mid back of the patient which did not look anywhere like flea bites\'85\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid4591253\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4591253\charrsid4591253 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6238080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 35.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid10485934\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 Doctor Om testified in Court too. He stated that the u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1460202 nusual lesion was near the lumba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 r region which is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1460202 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 lower mid back }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1460202 and is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080  in an indented}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934  form}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 . In medical terms it is called hematoma. Hematoma is seeping of blood out of the blood vessels into the soft tissue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1460202 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080  secondary to a blunt injury in the soft tissues. He further testified that generally that type of injury is see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10356061 n in motor vehicle accidents or }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 fall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10356061 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080  but in cases of falls it is unusual to se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10356061 e it at the lumber region because i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 f 
someone falls, the most likely place to land is on the buttocks. He added that this kind of injury is also seen in child abuse cases when the child is being slapped or belted or if they are being tied by some kind of strap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid10485934 The Doctor went onto say that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934\charrsid10485934 
 injury was more than 2 days}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid10485934  and less than 5 days old.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid10485934 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6238080\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid1204804 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6035306 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 36.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid11868152\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6035306 I am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 
 surprised that the mother\rquote s counsel impliedly wants the oral evidence of Doctor Om to be excluded as evidence on the basis that he did not mention in the report that there was child abuse and that he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10485934  only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152  wrote in the report what he saw.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868152\charrsid11868152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11868152\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868152\charrsid11868152 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11868152 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 37.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid11868152\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 Different doctor
s make different types of medical report. In this case the doctor wrote what he examined and saw.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934  He did not write what he thought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 
 has caused the injury on the child as he was not sure but in his oral evidence he says that it is possible that the injury is due to the abuse as he had information from the father that the child was abused. The doctor\rquote 
s oral evidence cannot be impeached on the basis that he did not put every information in the r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 eport. He need not. He wrote what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 
 he thought was essential. I do not think that he should have recorded what the counsel in hindsight think is proper or what the court thinks ought to have gone in the report. A doctor can always clarify what he wrote in his report through hi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 s oral evidence. It is for the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 ourt to either accept or reject that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868152\charrsid11868152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11868152\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868152\charrsid11868152 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14364634 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 38.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 The c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 
ourt had to see whether the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1204804  medi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 cal evidence of Doctor Om was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1204804  impeached
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934  by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1204804  any witness, either non-medical or medical witnesses. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 
It was not. In fact Doctor Om\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152  remained unchallenged by other medical and non \endash  medical evidence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868152\charrsid11868152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11868152\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152\charrsid11868152 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11868152 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 39.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 The m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 
edical evidence of Doctor Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152  was not sufficient to dispute the allegations or the e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 vidence of Doctor Om. Doctor Mor}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152 tel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692 had examined the child on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 16 November 2015, a year before D
octor Om examined him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080  Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 Mortel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692 
 evidence was that the child had been found to be suffering from hand, foot and mouth infection. The infection caused the blisters which erupts as well.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid5580692 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5580692\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid5580692 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6238080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 40.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 Mortel}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692  never stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 such infections}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692  cause hematoma.
 Hematoma and blisters are two different medical conditions and it presents itself differently too. If the child had blisters in 2015, those blisters cannot be said to be equivalent to a hematoma seen a year after in the chil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 d. The evidence of Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692  was confined to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 his examination in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692  2015 and not 2016. In fact, there wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 s no evidence that Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692  saw the child in 2016. I find it extremely difficult to fathom how the mother\rquote s counsel expects the court to tre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6238080 at the evidence of Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692  relev
ant to the type and nature of injury sustained by the child on his back. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid5580692 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5580692\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid5580692 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5580692\charrsid10485934 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 41.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid10971311\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid10485934 I fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6238080\charrsid10485934 nd the evidence of Doctor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934\charrsid10485934 Mortel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10356061\charrsid10485934  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid10485934 totally irrelevant to the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid5580692\charrsid10485934 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid10485934 
 allegation in respect of which Doctor Om confined his evidence to.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868152\charrsid10485934  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid10485934\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10485934\charrsid10485934 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5580692 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 42.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid5580692\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692 Further, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1204804 
It was not only the medical evidence based on which the Court had arrived at the finding that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692  4th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1204804 
 allegation was established. The Court had looked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6035306 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1204804 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6035306 entire}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1204804  evidence and Doc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692 tor Om\rquote s evidence was one of it to support the allegation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1204804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1773279\charrsid5580692 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5580692\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid5580692 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5580692 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 43.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid5580692\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692 I will turn to the e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10485934 
vidence of the mother and her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5580692 
case theory which did not at any point impeach the allegation and the evidence by the father and his witnesses that it was more probable than not that the child was abused when he was with the mother from 25 to 28 November 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1191832 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5580692\charrsid1191832 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1191832\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1191832\charrsid1191832 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1191832 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 44.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1191832 
The mother gave evidence that she had the child for 4 days before the father picked him up on 29 November 2016. She had the child on 25, 26, 27 and 28 November 2016. She had picked the child up at 9am on 25 November 2016 from his school and then took him 
to the West. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14364634\charrsid14364634 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14364634\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634\charrsid14364634 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1191832 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 45.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1191832 She testified in her evidence in chief that she did not see any injury on the child
\rquote s back when he left her place on 29 November 2019. However, in cross- examination, the mother\rquote s counsel put it to Doctor Om that the injury was as a result of
 the child rubbing himself with a ruler. Doctor Om had stated that if the child or someone else rubbed him with a ruler then the area would show an abrasion and not a hematoma. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid540359\charrsid540359 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540359\charrsid540359 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1191832\charrsid540359 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 46.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1191832\charrsid540359 
If the mother had not seen any injury on the child then how can she suggest in her case theory that the mark on his back was as a result of the rubbing by the ruler. The suggestion put in the cross-examination by the mother\rquote 
s counsel was their case of how the child sustained the injury. It contradicted the mother\rquote s statement that there was no injury and it also did not address the issue of hematoma.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid540359\charrsid540359 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540359\charrsid540359 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid540359 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 47.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540359 It was therefore open to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540359  to attach weight to the evidence of Doctor Om and arrive at a finding on the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid540359\charrsid540359 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540359  allegation of child}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634  abuse. I do not find that the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540359 ourt had made any 
error in arriving at that finding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid540359\charrsid540359 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid540359\charrsid540359 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1191832\charrsid540359 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 48.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1191832\charrsid540359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1263104 The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036391 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid15036391\charrsid15036391 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036391  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1263104 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036391 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid1263104\charrsid1263104 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5636569  grounds }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1263104 of appeal con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6035306 cerns the evidence of Ms. Selina}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1263104  Kuruleca.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926511  The mother\rquote s counsel argued that in the trial court, no objections were taken in regards the qualifications of Ms. Kuruleca. Despite that, 
it is submitted that the Court should not have qualified Ms. Kuruleca as an expert because apart from tendering her Curriculum Vitae, she did not tender or produce any other documentary evidence to verify her qualifications as an expert, and that there wa
s no evidence of the skills and knowledge of Ms. Kuruleca in the area she claims to be an expert.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1773279\charrsid4926511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4926511\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4926511\charrsid4926511 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4926511 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 49.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926511 The mother\rquote 
s counsel further argued that it is the duty of the court to be satisfied that a witness is indeed an expert irrespective of whether or not a party has taken objection on a witness being classified as an expert witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4926511\charrsid4926511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4926511\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4926511\charrsid4926511 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1263104\charrsid8268673 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 50.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1263104\charrsid8268673 I find that is important to lay down the principle}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6035306 s applicable in admitting a witness as an expert witness. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 For that I turn to the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 Paino v. Paino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1263104\charrsid8268673  40 Fam LR 96}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1263104\charrsid8268673 . T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 his is a New South Wales Case and it states:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8268673\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-1080\li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5771853\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5771853 [60]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 In his seminal exegesis on expert evidence in Makita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673  (Aust) Pty Ltd v. Sprowles (2002) 52 NSWLR 705; [2001] NSWCA 305 (Makita), Heydon JA, as his Honour then was, summarized the principles applicable to permit expert evidence to be admitted as follows (at [185]):
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8268673\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-1080\li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7175131\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673 [85] }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5771853 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673 In short, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2049968 
if evidence tendered as expert evidence is to be admissible, it must be agreed or demonstrated that there is a field of \'93specialized knowledge\'94; there must be an identified aspect of that 
field in which the witness demonstrates that by reason of specified training, study or experience, the witness had become an expert; the opinion proffered must be \'93wholly or substantially based on the witness\rquote s expert knowledge\'94
; so far as opinion is based on facts \'93observed\'94 by the expert, they must be identified and admissibly proved by the expert, and so far as the opinion is based on \'93assumed\'94 or \'93accepted\'94
 facts, they must be identified and proved in some other way; it must be established that the facts on which the opinion is based form a proper foundation for it\rquote 
 and the opinion of an expert requires demonstration or examination of the scientific or other intellectual bas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6035306 is of the conclusions reached: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2049968 that is, the expert\rquote s evidence must explain how the field of \'93specialized knowledge\'94 in which the witness is expert by reason of \'93training, study or experience\'94, and on which the opinion  is \'93
wholly or substantially based\'94, applied to the facts assumed or observed so as to produce the opinion propounded. If all these matters are not made explicit, it is not possible to be sure whether the opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14113402  is based wholly or substantially on the exp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13726559 ert\rquote s specialized knowledge. If the court cannot be sure of that, the evidence is strictly}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16150812  speaking not admissible, and
, so far as it is admissible, of diminished weight. And an attempt to make the basis of the opinion explicit may reveal that it is not based on specialized expert knowledge, but, to use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14113402 
 Gleeson CJ\rquote s characterization of the evidence in HG}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2049968  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14113402 v R (1999) 197 CLR 414, on \'93
a combination of speculation, inference, personal and second \endash  h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14113402 
nd views as to the credibility of the complainant, and a process of reasoning which went well beyo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 nd the field of expertise (at [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14113402 
41])}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8268673\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-1080\li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7175131\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 [63}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 Heydon JA
\rquote s summary of the conditions of admissibility of an expert report was considered in Sydneyw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3998460 ide Distributors Pty Ltd v Red B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 
ull Australia Pty Ltd (2002) 55 IPR 354; [2002}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101  FCAFC 157 ( Branson, Weinberg and Dowsett JJ). Branso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14707405 n J (at [7]) observed that his H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 onour\rquote s approach reflected \'93a counsel of perfection\'94 and that reading his Honour\rquote 
s reasons as a whole revealed he recognized \'93that in the context of an actual trial, the issue of the admissibility of evidence tendered as expert opinion evidence may not be able to be addressed in the way outlined\'94. \'85
 the test of  admissibility is whether the court is satisfied on the balance of probabilities that the opinion is based wholly or substantially on that knowledge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 ,\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid788101 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8268673\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-1080\li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7175131\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 [64]\tab 
Weinberg and Dowsett JJ also analysed Heydon JA\rquote s summary. Dealing with his Honour\rquote s expression \'93strictly speaking\'94, they observed:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8268673\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12996894\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 [87] The use of the phrase 
\'93strictly speaking\'94 \'85should not be overlooked. It may well be correct to say that such evidence is not strictly admissible unless it is shown to have all the qualities discussed by Heydon JA. However many of those qualities invol
ve questions of degree, requiring the exercise of judgment. For this reason it would be very rare indeed for a court at first instance to reach a decision as to whether tendered expert evidence satisfied all of his Honour\rquote 
s requirements before receiving it as evidence in the proceedings. More commonly, once the witness\rquote 
s claim to expertise is made out and the relevance and admissibility of opinion evidence demonstrated, such evidence is received. The various qualities described by Heydon JA are then assesse
d in the course of determining the weight to be given. There will be cases in which it would be technically correct to rule, at the end of the trial, that the evidence in question was no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5636569 t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131  admissible because it lacked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10887922 one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7175131 
or other of those qualities, but there would be little utility in doing so. It would probably lead to further difficulties in the appellate process.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12996894 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4077423 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12996894\charrsid12996894 [65] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12996894 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12996894\charrsid12996894 Giles JA (with whom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12996894 Mason P and Beazley JA agreed) approved the Full Federal Court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11091583 analysis of Makita in Adler v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2003] NSWCA 131 saying (at [63]):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12996894 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4077423 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11091583 
[63] Whether an opinion has been shown to be based on the specialized knowledge is a question of fact,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3998460 \'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11091583 
What is required by way of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2697809 which Heydon JA spoke in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowle
s (2001) 52 NSWLR 705; [2001] NSWCA 305 at [85] will depend on the circumstances. The disconformity in HG v R (1999) 197 CLR 414; 160 ALR 554; [1999] HCA 2 to which his Honour referred was gross, in that the psychologist\rquote 
s evidence went to when the complainant was abused and who abused her, outside the psychologist\rquote s expertise and based on matters other than a psychologist\rquote 
s expertise. Other circumstances will be quite different. And, as was said in Sydneywide Distributors Pty Ltd v Red Bull Australia Pty L
td [2002] FCAFC 157, absolute certainty that the opinion is based on the specialized knowledge is not required (at [14]) and many of the stated qualities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4077423 of the opinion evidence by Heydon JA 
\lquote involve questions of degree, requiring the exercise of judgment (at [87])}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2697809 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4077423  [Emphasis added.]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11091583 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4077423 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4077423 [66] \tab 
It is inherent in the process of preparing many expert reports that the factual basis for the opinion expressed is third party information. Courts emphasize the necessity that the factual bases of opinions be clearly laid
 out so that the opinion can be tested. An expert is rarely the source of all the factual information in his or her report. It may be garnered from a party (the typical illustration from a medical report), from empirical investigations (engineering report
s for example), or in the case of valuations, from data relating to the properties about whose value and opinion is to be expressed.
\par [67]\tab Consistent with that reality, it is accepted that an expert need not amass all the factual data on which an opinion is 
to be expressed. The task can be delegated to another. As Austin J said in Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) v Rich (2005) 190 FLR 242; 53 ACSR 110; [2005] NSWSC 149 at [329]:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13726559 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4077423 [329] \'85
 There is nothing in the law to prevent such delegation from occurring. But it is necessary for the expert who is the author of a report to apply his or her mind to the analysis and reasoning processes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13726559  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4077423  his or her subordinates have developed, so that when the report is finalized, the whole of the reasoni
ng and conclusions that it contains have been adopted as the expert\rquote s own reasoning and conclusions. Were that not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13726559 the case, the expert should not claim to be the author of the report
\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4077423 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14707405 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 51.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14707405 I gather from the records that the witness Ms. Kuruleca filed an affidavit which she deposed on 2 November 2017. That affi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3998460 davit contained her curriculum v}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14707405 itae and her report dated 2 November 2017. A copy of the affidavit was served on the mother\rquote s counsel on the same day. By an email dated 10 September 2018, the father\rquote s cou
nsel advised the mother\rquote s counsel that the father will be relying on the affidavit of Ms. Kuruleca of 2 November 2017.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4812705\charrsid4812705 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid4001800\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4001800\charrsid4001800 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4812705 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 52.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4812705 By an email dated 11 September 2018, the mother\rquote 
s counsel queried whether Ms. Kuruleca will be giving evidence and whether she was the father\rquote s expert witness. The father\rquote 
s counsel then responded via an email dated 11 September 2018 that Ms. Kuruleca will give evidence as an expert witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14707405\charrsid4812705 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid4812705\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4812705\charrsid4812705 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4812705 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 53.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4812705 At the hearing, the mother\rquote s counsel advised the 
court that they had no objectio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10229257 
ns about her qualifications and her curriculum vitae. No one challenged her qualifications and experience and no one has provided sufficient basis to say that she is not a trained and qualified psychotherapist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3998460  who specializes in that field}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10229257 
. She has a Masters in Counselling and Psychology. Based on her experience and qualification, she has the specialized knowledge in psychology}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3998460  to give evidence of her analysis of the child
\rquote s behavior in relation to the abuse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3998460\charrsid3998460 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3998460\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3998460\charrsid3998460 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3998460 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 54.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3998460 Further, although Ms. Kuruleca was treated as an expert witness, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10229257 her evidence was not used solely to make a determination in this case. Her evidence was amongst the many evidence before the court to arrive at a conclusion of child abuse. Even if the witness was not to be 
treated as an expert, there are other remaining evidence bas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 ed on which it was open to the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10229257 
ourt to arrive at the finding of child abuse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5636569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3998460\charrsid3998460 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3998460\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3998460\charrsid3998460 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15036391 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 55.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036391 Ground 6 complains that the Court had not put sufficient we}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10887922 ight on the reports of Empower P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036391 acific of 23 October 2017, 1 May 2018 and 4 July 2018 when the reports were directed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15036391 ourt and were all independent reports.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid8268673 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid4591253\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4591253\charrsid4591253 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8155176 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 56.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8155176 Mr. Rattan says that all the reports were prepared by Ms. Saral Chand }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid603523 who also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8155176  gave oral evidence on her report. The counsel contends that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 
at page 111 of the Ruling, the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8155176 ourt found that Ms. Chand was a credible witness and so was her evidence. Mr. Ratta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 
n referred specifically to the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8155176 ourt\rquote s remarks saying that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8155176\charrsid8668977 \'93
Ms. Chand was very fair in her assessments and based on her sessions and the time she spent with the Child she made her conclusions\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8155176 . It was argued that in Ms. Chand\rquote 
s report there was no fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277898 ndings on any child abuse. Ms. Chand had reported that the child\rquote s statements were contradictory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8268673\charrsid12277898 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12277898\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12277898\charrsid12277898 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14364634 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 57.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 Mr. Rattan argued that if the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12277898 ourt had found Ms. Chand a credible witness, it should have then provided sufficient weight to the contents of her reports. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12277898\charrsid12277898 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12277898\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12277898\charrsid12277898 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid603523 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 58.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid603523 I have gone through the reports and the evidence of Ms. Chand. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277898 There were 3 reports prepared by Ms. Chand. The report dated 23 Oct
ober 2017 was tendered on 12 July 2019 as Exhibit CR1 and the report dated 1 May 2018 was tendered on 16 July as Exhibit CR2. The last report of 4 July 2018 was not a report that was request}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid603523 
ed pursuant to the child a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12277898 buse application. It was prepared to ascertain the child\rquote s wishes on whether he wanted to spend more time with his mother.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7475711  Therefore Ms. Chand did not refer to the 4 July 2018 report during her oral evidence at the hearing. The report was also not tendered in evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12277898\charrsid7475711 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7475711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7475711\charrsid7475711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16515926 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 59.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 The c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270 
ourt had analysed both the written report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270  of Ms. Chand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 
and her oral evidence too. The c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270 
ourt could not look at the written report in isolation. Ms. Chand had stated in her report that from all the statements that the child made regarding the physical abuse, it could not be co
ncluded if he was physically abused or badly smacked which could have affected him emotionally or physically to some extent. She also recorded in her written statement that it could not be ignored that the child had stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid603523 his mother\rquote s friend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634  had hit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270 him on t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6251742 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270 e head}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 The child needed to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270  be protected from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 the perpetrators although}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5976270  the child did not identify that person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5976270\charrsid5976270 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5976270\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270\charrsid5976270 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5976270 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 60.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270 
 When Ms. Chand supplemented her written evidence with the oral evidence, it was very clear that Ms. Chand admitted that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6251742 reason why}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5976270  the child did not open up about abuse suffered by the mother was because he had been manipulated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 . The child was made to understand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5976270  that if he spoke against his mother, he would lose contact with her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364634 . He was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5976270 
manipulated not to divulge details about the abuse that he had suffered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7475711\charrsid7414509 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7414509\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7414509\charrsid7414509 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7414509 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 61.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509 
Ms. Chand also testified that when it came to answering questions relating to the mother, the child would withdraw from answering any furth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 er. That puzzled her. She could not}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509  conclude why he showed withdrawal signs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 . The child talked about other issues though.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509 
 That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675  behavior of the child}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509  made her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 to note in the report that he is 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509 not mentioning things about his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675  mother}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 either due to the feelings he has for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509  her or that he has a bad memory which he does not want to open up to.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid7414509\charrsid7414509 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7414509\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7414509\charrsid7414509 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7414509 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 62.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid540359\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7414509 
Then Ms. Shamal Chand was shown videos submitted to the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions by the mother. Ms. Chand said that while she was interviewing the child, around the same time, the mother was manipulating and brainwashing the child. Sh
e said that the mother was asking him leading questions. She constantly sought reassurances from him that she had not assaulted him, put him in a room or put plaster on his mouth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989 
 That is the reason Ms. Chand said that the child was not opening up to her because the child had been subject to answering that kind of questions so many times.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7414509\charrsid6579989 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6579989\charrsid6579989 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6579989 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 63.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989 
Further, the video of 19 August 2017 showed that the mother promised him a reward of getting him a CD if he told that uncle did not assault him. Ms. Chand\rquote s oral evidence 
also emphasized that her report of 23 October 2017 mentioned that the child had stated that his uncle, mother and one other person had hit him and when he said that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989  the child\rquote s expression was serious. Ms. Chand went onto say that her report of 1 May 2018 states that the child mentioned that his mother was a bad mummy and on saying that, his expression was again serious.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6579989\charrsid6579989 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6579989\charrsid6579989 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6579989 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 64.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989 The report dated 1 May 2018 by Ms. Chand again
 stated that the child had said that the uncle, meaning the mother\rquote s partner had hit him and when he said that his expression was serious.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6579989\charrsid6579989 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6579989\charrsid6579989 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6579989 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 65.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989 Ms. Chand also said that she had noted in her report of 1 May 2018 that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 the child said that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989 everyone ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 d hit him and when he said that, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989 he was not genuine. The child refused to elaborate on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989 smacking}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579989  as he was scared.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6579989\charrsid6640299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640299\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6640299 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 66.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 Ms. Chand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675  also}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 testified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 
 that the child liked her even though she was a stranger for the child because she had not harmed him. On the contrary the video evidence showed that the child was reluctant to hug his mother\rquote 
s partner on 24 December 2017 which may be an indication that the child was scared of him for some reason. Ms. Chand did say that the child looked worn out. In another video, the child is 
seeking reassurance from his father that his uncle will not hit him again. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640299\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6640299 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 67.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 When Ms. Chand was shown the photos of the child\rquote 
s injury to his lower back, she said that it amounted to extensive abuse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640299\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6640299 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 68.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 I have reflected on the evidence of Ms. Chand. There is
 nothing in her evidence collectively that favou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7159920 rs the mother}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 
. The report could not come to a conclusion as to whether there was abuse by the mother because the child was not opening up and Ms. Chand could not conclude in her findings why the child was not
 opening up. When she became privy to all the information and evidence put to her during the cross-examination, she related the child\rquote 
s reluctance to comment about the mother abusing him as something that he did because of being manipulated by the mother }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7159920 owing to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 
 being asked the same question over and over again and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7159920 owing to the offer of gifts if the child said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 things in a particular way.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640299\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6640299 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 69.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 I do not accept Mr. Rattan\rquote 
s submission that the report was not given the proper weight. The report was explained by th
e maker and the holistic evidence pointed to a serious case of child manipulation which led the child to bottle up instead of opening about the abuse at the hands of the mother causing the maker not to be able to come to a clear finding on whether there w
as abuse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640299\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid6640299 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6640299 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 70.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299 
I will now address the final ground of appeal. It states that the court erred in law and in fact when it found that the mother\rquote s reply in the negative or with laughter to the father\rquote s allegations of child abuse was a demonstration of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8651118 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6640299  evasiveness and lack of concern for the child.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6640299\charrsid12995808 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12995808\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12995808\charrsid12995808 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 71.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413 
The very issue before the court was whether the mother had been abusing the child by assaulting him and putting plaster on his mouth. To address this, the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914 
, together with analysis of other evidence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413  went }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413 to the text messages that the father had sent to the mother}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914  regarding the abuse and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413  s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914 ought her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413  response. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid607914 The court also looked at the demenaour and deportment of the mother in court to assess her credibility. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid607914\charrsid607914 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid607914\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid607914\charrsid607914 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid607914 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 72.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914 It is not uncommon for courts to observe the dem
eanour and deportment of parties in court and also analyse their conduct in dealing with each other on matters in dispute to assess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8809038  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914 
 person\rquote s credibility. I do not find that in the circumstances of the case, it was wrong to analyse the mother\rquote s conduct when faced with the allegations by the fat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8809038 her}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid607914\charrsid607914 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid607914\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914\charrsid607914 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 73.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7088439\charrsid1927413 The court arrived at the conclusion that the mother\rquote 
s attitude towards the father\rquote s concern showed lack of concern for the child and her attempt to evade the father\rquote s concern.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 
 This reinforced the courts findings that the mother had been abusing the child and when confronted did not show any regard for the child\rquote s well-being. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15618675\charrsid15618675 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15618675\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15618675\charrsid15618675 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15618675 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 74.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8809038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 It was not only the evasiveness regarding the child\rquote 
s injury, the court also noted how evasive and careless her attitude was when confronted with serious questions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8809038 at the trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15618675 
about the child\rquote s welfare. Instead of wanting to address the issue, the mother would be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914 difficult, would try and derail the line}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8809038  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid607914  questioning and avoid answering simple questions. All this conduct was relevant for the court to make a finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8809038 on whether the mother was a credible witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid607914\charrsid8809038 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8809038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8809038\charrsid8809038 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8809038 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 75.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8809038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8809038 
Having gone through the evidence again, I do not find any basis to disturb the findings of the court below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8809038\charrsid8809038 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8809038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8809038\charrsid8809038 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8809038 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 76.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8809038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8809038 I do not find any merits in the 
grounds of appeal and the appeal ought to be dismissed. However I wish to deal with other ancillary matters that Mr. Sharma has raised in the proceedings for the benefit of the children of this country. I think that his concerns are valid and needs to be 
addressed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8809038\charrsid8809038 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8809038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8809038\charrsid8809038 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8809038\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413\charrsid1927413 Other Matters

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8797127 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 77.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8797127 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 
he first concern that Mr. Sharma has addressed is in respect of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8809038 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 definition of child }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7947099 abuse in s. 42(1) (a) of the Family Law Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 .  The definition reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413\charrsid1927413 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 \'93 \tab \'93abuse\'94\tab in relation to a child, means \tab -
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1927413 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 An assault, including a sexua
l assault, on the child which is an offence under the law; or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413\charrsid15408626 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15408626\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid1927413 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1927413 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 
A person involving the child in a sexual activity with that person or another person in which the child is used, directly or indirectly, as a sexual object by the first-mentioned person or the 
other person, and where there is unequal power in the relationship between the child and the first-mentioned person;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413\charrsid15408626 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15408626\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid15408626 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1190779 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 78.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1190779\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 Mr. Sharma says that the definition of abuse it too limited as it does not include 
\'93emotional abuse (including psychological abuse) and neglect of a child. Since the definition did not include neglect and lack of care, the father }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14244211 had to withdraw the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 allegation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1190779\charrsid15408626 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1190779\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1190779\charrsid1190779 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8406932 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 79.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 
It is my view that Mr. Sharma has chosen to limit the definition of assault in s. 42 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 1) (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid722884  of the Family Law Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 . An abuse is an assault on the child. The assault can be phy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid722884 sical, mental, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14244211 psychological}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid722884  and spiritual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 . The term assault has to 
be defined to meet the international standard definition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 of assault }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 specified in the Convention of the Rights of the Child (1989).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12592254  By Article 19, any kind of physical or mental violence, injury, abuse, neglect, maltreatments or exploitation of a child is condemned and abhorred. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8406932\charrsid8406932 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid8406932\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8406932\charrsid8406932 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7947099 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 80.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7947099 S. 26 of the Family Law Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 
states that a court exercising jurisdiction under this Act must, in exercise of that jurisdiction, have regard to the need to protect the rights of the children and to promote their welfare and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12592254 The domestic law has specifically required that rights of the children outlined in the Convention be promoted. How can then the definition of assault be only confined to physical assault? }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8406932\charrsid8406932 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8406932\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8406932\charrsid8406932 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12592254 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 81.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12592254 Further, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 
he rights of the child}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 ren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932  are clearly spelt out in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926  Constitution 
of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8406932 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8462776 The Constitution of Fiji says tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8462776\charrsid4591253 t }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8462776\charrsid4591253 \'93every child has the right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, any form of violence, inhumane treatment and punishment, and haz}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12592254\charrsid4591253 ardrous or exploitative labour\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12592254\charrsid4591253 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12592254\charrsid4591253 s. 41 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12592254\charrsid4591253  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8406932\charrsid4591253 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8462776\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8462776\charrsid4591253 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8462776 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 82.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8462776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8462776 
Following the definition of the Constitution, no court can limit the definition of assault to only physical abuse. It has to include mental and spiritual assault on the child or any kind of neglect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8462776\charrsid8462776 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8462776\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8462776\charrsid8462776 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16515926 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 83.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 Not only the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7159920 
onstitution but the Family Law Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 itself recognizes the need to protect the childr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 en from physical and psychological}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779  harm caused by being subject }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 
or exposed to abuse, ill-treatment, violence or other behavior. This is clearly provided for in s. 121 (g) (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7947099 and s. 114 (3) of the Family Law Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8462776\charrsid1190779 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1190779\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1190779\charrsid1190779 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1190779 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 84.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1190779\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 
Given the above laws protecting the interest of the children, no court should narrow down the definition of assault to only physical assault. I will also urge the lawyers of this country }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 
to instead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7947099 f looking for lacunas in the Family Law Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 , imp
ress upon international standards being observed as the domestic law demands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021190  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1190779\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779\charrsid1190779 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15408626 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 85.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15408626 The second issue that Mr. S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 harma has raised is that the Family Law Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15408626 
 does not make any provision for a sentence to be implemented on the party who has abused the child. He suggests that this must be corrected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779  Sentencing a person for child abuse does not co}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 me within the purview of the Family Law Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16515926\charrsid16515926 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16515926\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926\charrsid16515926 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1190779 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 86.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 he Family Law Act,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779  does however}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 , impose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 
 sanctions if a party is found to have abused the child. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16515926 The sanctions include but is not limited to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131 
supervised contacts, limited contacts, contacts with conditions, protection orders and monitoring conditions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 The sanction must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131 
however }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 reflect the b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131 est interest of the children}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 . The issue }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131 of sanction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 left to the discretion of the court. Any sanction must not do more harm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 or prejudice to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779 to the child}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021190 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1190779  for example, if there is a need for the child to maintain contact with the paren
t who has been found to have abused the child then the court has to make an order for the benefit of the child bearing in mind the need to protect the safety and well-being of the child.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11604702\charrsid11604702 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11604702\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702\charrsid11604702 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11604702 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 87.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 When it comes to sanctions, I usually apply what I call the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11604702\charrsid11604702 \'93protection versus the prejudice principle\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991609 
Any sanction must not cause more prejudice than protect the child. A child\rquote s competing rights have to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7159920 be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991609 
balanced when the issue of sanctions are considered. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11604702 No such sanction must have a long term impact on the welfare of the child.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid15408626 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15408626\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid15408626 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15408626 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 88.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15408626 
The third concern of Mr. Sharma is that s. 4 of the Child Welfare Act 2010 states that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid3021190 \'93
where a professional becomes aware or reasonably suspects during the practice of his or her profession, that a child has been or is being, or is likely to be harmed; and as far as he or she is aware, no other professional has notified the Permanent Secret
ary under this section about the harm or likely harm, the professional must immediately give notice of the harm or likely harm to such a child to the Permanent Secretary in writing or by facsimile,  email or other reliable means of communication, where ne
cessary the professional may, subject to section 6 give oral notice under this section\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid3021190 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15408626\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid15408626 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15408626 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 89.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid1927413\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15408626 
Mr. Sharma says that the definition of professional does not include a judicial officer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid347526  At this stage I can only sa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131 
y that s. 113 and 114 of the Family Law Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid347526  compreh
ensively sets out the obligations on any court personnel to notify the child welfare authority of any child abuse cases. In this case, a Form 15 was filed and the first thing that the Family Court does upon receiving Form 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021190  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid347526  to serve a copy of the same to the child welfare authority. This is in line with th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131 
e obligation in s. 113 of the Family Law Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid347526 . The F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5310131 amily Law Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid347526 
has put the same onus on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3021190  family court personnel as the Child Welfare A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid347526 ct has on the other professionals
. I see no reason to be alarmed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15408626\charrsid1927413 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid12003691\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1927413 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 Final Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8797127 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12003691 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 90.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6579989\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12003691 
In the final analysis, I make the following orders:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12003691\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
The preliminary objection by the father on the amendment of the grounds of appeal is dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12003691\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12003691\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 The substantive appeal is dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4995597  The decision of the Family Division of the Magistrate\rquote s Court is upheld.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12003691\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12003691\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 Each party shall be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4995597 ar their own costs of the appeal proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691\charrsid12003691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qc \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid289238\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1773279 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid289238\charrsid289238 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid289238\charrsid289238 Hon. Madam Justice Anjala Wati
\par Judge 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3021190 06}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1773279 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3021190 07}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12003691 .2023.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid289238\charrsid289238 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001800 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\ul\insrsid289238\charrsid4001800 To: 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1773279 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid154844\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid1773279 Capital Legal for the Appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid289238\charrsid15102136 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1773279 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid1773279 Victoria Chambers }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid289238\charrsid15102136 for the Respondent.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8606851\charrsid15102136 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid8606851\charrsid15102136 File: Appeal Case Number: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid1773279 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid3342544\charrsid15102136 /Suv/000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid1773279 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs18\insrsid289238\charrsid15102136 .
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