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\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11029237  PAGE   \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3227145 20}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029237 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029237 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid10430999\charrsid11745711 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par WESTERN DIVISION AT LAUTOKA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 CIVIL ACTION No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid10430999\charrsid11745711 HBC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 229}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid10430999\charrsid11745711 /}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid10430999 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid10430999\charrsid11745711 BETWEEN \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 NAMSOO CHO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711  of Martintar, Nadi, Businessman}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10430999\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab FIRST PLAINTIFF}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid10430999 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid10430999\charrsid11745711 AND\tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 SUNYUNG KWON }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 of 141 Kennedy Avenue, Nadi, Manager}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10430999\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab SECOND PLAINTIFF}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 AND\tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 ANNA JANG}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711  of Martintar, Nadi, Businesswoman
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 DEFENDANT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4422783 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 APPEARANCES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 Mr Sailo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 for the Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 Mr Tunidau for the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711  Defendant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4674041\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 DATE OF HEARING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 21 & 22 January 2020}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 DATE OF JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 : }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13258455 13 March}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3492362\charrsid11745711  2020}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2977444\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9337473\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9337473\charrsid11745711 DECISION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid9337473 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 The tort of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3614250\charrsid11745711 what is now commonly referred to as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 defamation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3614250\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4422783\charrsid11745711 has a long history. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3614250\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 The ninth commandment brought down from the mountain by Moses exhorts us not to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 bear false witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 \rquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 .  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3614250\charrsid11745711  origins }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 
of its enforcement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3614250\charrsid11745711 go back at least to Roman law, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13847654\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 its development as a modern remedy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13847654\charrsid11745711 can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711  be}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13847654\charrsid11745711  trace}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13847654\charrsid11745711 
through the invention of paper, the printing press, and the invention and growth of the mass media via radio, television and the internet.   It has adapted to all of these developments, just as it has develo
ped to reflect religious, political and social change through the centuries.   It is still adapting to the recent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1272699\charrsid11745711 popularity and use of social media.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13847654\charrsid11745711 In the words of one commentator}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs24\super\insrsid1272699\charrsid11745711 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid1272699 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272699  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1272699\charrsid1272699 The History and Theory of the Law of Defamation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1272699 
. Van Vechten Veeder Columbia Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 8 (Dec., 1903), pp546-573.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13847654\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1272699\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1272699\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3614250\charrsid11745711 
If the laws of each age were formulated systematically, no part of the legal system would be more instructive than the law relating to defam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1272699\charrsid11745711 ation. Since the law of defama}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3614250\charrsid11745711 tion professes to protect personal character and public institutions from destructive attacks, without sacrificing freedom of thought and the benefit of pub
lic discussion, the estimate formed of the relative importance of these objects, and the degree of success attained in reconciling them, would be an admirable measure of the culture, liberality, and practical ability of each age. Unfortunately the English
 
law of defamation is not the deliberate product of any period. It is a mass which has grown by aggregation, with very little intervention from legislation, and special and peculiar circumstances have from time to time shaped its varying course. The result
 is that perhaps no other branch of the law is as open to criticism for its doubts and difficulties, its meaningless and grotesque anomalies. It is, as a whole, absurd in theory, and very often mischiev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1272699\charrsid11745711 ous in its practical operation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15470781\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi45\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid12081913\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12081913\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12081913\charrsid11745711 That history is marked
 by continuing conflict between, on the one hand the need to protect the reputation and privacy of individuals (and sometimes organisations), and on the other the need to ensure freedom of expression.   Just as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711 the exercise of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12081913\charrsid11745711 rights of free speech can be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711 abused}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12081913\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711 to bully,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12081913\charrsid11745711 
 intimidate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711  and deter dissenters, critics or political opponents, so too can the threat of defamation be used to silence legitimate and necessary criticism. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12081913\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711 This tension is referred to in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711 decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711 Derbyshire County Council v Times N
ewspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2114384\charrsid11745711  [1993] AC534}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 
 in which the House of Lords ruled that a public authority cannot sue for defamation. As Lord Keith put it:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15470781\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 It is of the highest public importance that a democratically elected governmental body, or indeed any governmental body, should be open to uninhibited pub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 ic criticism.  The threat of a civil action for defamation must inevitably have an inhibiting effect on freedom of speech. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 
This tension also lies at the heart of the present case, which, although it does not involve great political or social issues, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 nevertheless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 calls for a ruling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711  by the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 
 on where the line lies between the right of legitimate complaint (freedom of expression), and the right to be protected from false accusations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4002566\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 
At the completion of evidence at the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4152423\charrsid11745711  on 22 January }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 
I made directions for the filing of submissions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4152423\charrsid11745711  Counsel for the plaintiffs was to file closing submissions within 14 days (a period coun
sel appeared to be happy with), and the defendant had a further 14 days to file submissions in reply.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12013819\charrsid11745711 
For reasons that are not now relevant there was a delay in counsel for the plaintiff filing his submissions, but I have now received these and they have been taken into account in arriving at this decision.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 The factual background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid15470781 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 The case arises from a relatively minor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11864419\charrsid11745711  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid3215082\charrsid11745711 probably not un}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11864419\charrsid11745711 common incident at the Dena}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 
rau golf course in the early afternoon of 6 August 2016.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711 Since the case revolves around 
the truth of what she says happened, and the motivation for her subsequent actions, I will describe what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214  the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711  says occurred, with reference where appropriate to the plaintiffs\rquote  evidence where there are differences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8989728\charrsid11745711 
, or where there is additional relevant evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 The defendant Ms Jang}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1770634\charrsid11745711  is a member of the Denarau Golf and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 Racquets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid1770634\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 Club}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1770634\charrsid11745711  and on 6 August 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711  was playing a round of golf with her son.  They were accompanied by her daughter, who was not playing but sat in and watched the action from the golf cart.  Ms Jang and her son were not partic}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711 ularly experienced golfers;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711  at the time of the incident Ms Jang
 had been playing golf for approximately 18 months.   Her son was then aged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711 approximately 13 years, and was also a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 relative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711 beginner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 
, although he had been taking golfing lessons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15821109\charrsid11745711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 In front of Ms Jang\rquote 
s group was another group of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711  men}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711  players, and Ms Jang an
d her son (who both gave evidence) said that their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 own }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 
speed of play was affected by having to wait for the group in front of them.  Whether this was because two players generally progress more quickly than a larger group of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 
players}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711  or because the group in front were particularly slow was not in evidence. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 Behind Ms Jang and her son was a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711 nother}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711  group of four }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711 men}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2829663\charrsid11745711 made up of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11033863\charrsid11745711  the first and second plaintiffs, Mr Namsoo Cho, and Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid788763\charrsid11745711 Sunyung Kwon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2829663\charrsid11745711 , plus Mr Pha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid16014914\charrsid11745711  Ki Hun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6692705\charrsid11745711  (who also gave evidence)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2829663\charrsid11745711 , and Mr Jang Hyun Seok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid788763\charrsid11745711 .  Both of the plaintiffs are experienced, and apparently skilled }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 (with single figure handicaps) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11026668\charrsid11745711 amateur }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid788763\charrsid11745711 golfers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711 , and so too}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6692705\charrsid11745711 
, although apparently to a lesser extent,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711  were the other two members of the group}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid788763\charrsid11745711 
.  Mr Cho says that he has been playing golf for 40 years, while Mr Kwon has been playing for 25 years.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6692705\charrsid11745711  Mr Kwon is a C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11026668\charrsid11745711 ategory A player in club competitions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711 
, but it seemed from what they said about themselves and each other, that Mr Cho was probably the best golfer in the group (he generally played last, which suggests that he generally won the previous hole)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11026668\charrsid11745711 .  They are familiar, as is Ms Jang, with golf etiquette, including the rule that requires a golfer to shout \lquote Fore\rquote 
 when his/her golf shot seems in danger of hitting another player, and also the convention that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 slow group of golfers should allow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11026668\charrsid11745711  a faster group behind them to \lquote play through\rquote 
.  I note however that this convention does not necessarily apply when the front group is itself held up by the progress of other groups ahead of it on the course. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11684980\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6692705\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6692705\charrsid11745711 
The evidence of Ms Jang and her son Daniel Kim is that the plaintiffs\rquote  group behind them seemed impatient, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711 appeared to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6692705\charrsid11745711  trying to hurry them along.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14818007\charrsid11745711 
Ms Jang says that she first realised at around hole number 3 that Mr Kwon and Mr Cho and their group was behind them.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11864419\charrsid11745711 This first had an impact on the 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\super\insrsid11864419\charrsid11745711 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11864419\charrsid11745711  hole, which at Den}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11864419\charrsid11745711 rau is a par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 5 hole over 400}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 m long (depending on the starting point)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711 
.  Daniel Kim says that while he and his mother were playing this hole the group of players behind them (which included the plaintiffs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 and Mr Pha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 ) teed off before Ms Jang\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711  group was far enoug}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 
h ahead for this to be safe.  Daniel Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14818007\charrsid11745711  observed that being hit by a golf ball can cause serious injuries or even kill a person.  He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711  said the golf balls }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14818007\charrsid11745711 hit by the group behind them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711 
were close enough for his sister to be afraid.   There were then no issues at the 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\super\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711 
 or 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\super\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711  holes, but at hole 8 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 (another relatively long hole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid422577\charrsid11745711  \endash  Ms Jang says 400m from tee to cup - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 which at Denarau I know}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid422577\charrsid11745711  (from bitter experience)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 
 is crossed by a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711  water course at driving length}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682389\charrsid11745711 one of the group of players behind them teed off when they were only 130m from the tee, and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 tee shot went over their head, only just missing Ms Jang.  The golf ball landed in front of his mother.   As a result of this, Ms Jang and her son played out the 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\super\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711  hole, but then stopped playing, because they were afraid of being hit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid12873839\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 10.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 
That evening Ms Jang sent an email to the manager of the Denarau Club at the time, Mr David Roche.  The email is dated 6 August 2016, and was sent at 10.47pm.  The subject of the email is Disrespectful Golf Club Members, and the email says:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 Dear Sir, 
\par 
\par My name is Anna Jang, and I am sending a complaint in regards to four Korean men: Mr Kwon, Mr Park, Mr Cho and Mr Jang.  I booked for 1.00pm on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 Saturday}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711  (8/6/16)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8257885\charrsid11745711  game to play with my son Jungsoo
 Kim.  We were playing in a team of two, and these men were playing just behind us in a team of four.  As we were just about to prepare for a second shot at Hole number 5 and 9, we almost got hit by the ball from those men. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7274597\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8257885\charrsid11745711 
\par They threatened us to hurry up, but we were not able to hurry up and move or skip to the next Hole, because there was another team still on the green before us.  
\par 
\par I decided to send an email to inform you today, because I was, and I still am very mad at them for what they did; I surely felt that they did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid151113\charrsid11745711 
this on purpose, because today is not the first time they did this. I played with other members before, and those men committed this same action, telling us to hurry up or move aside until they were done playing. We gave him a notice on
 that day, but they did not even bother to listen to us.  Instead, they complained back to us why we are such beginners. They always threatened us to hurry up by keep aiming the ball for us.  They commit this same evil action to other members, or team who
 plays before them. I was playing with my son today, and we both could have gotten injured. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8257885\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid151113\charrsid11745711 
\par I hope that those men would be warned for a respect and a good manner for other golf club members, and a better improvement for other members to enjoy golf safely. 
\par 
\par Yours sincerely,
\par Anna Jang.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid151113 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11557739\charrsid11745711 Although the email refers to holes 5 and 9, Ms Jang in her evidence at trial confirmed that the incidents she was complaining of occurred at holes 5 and 8 (not 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid151113 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11617690\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 11.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11617690\charrsid11745711 Ms Jang says that she sent the email because she wanted to complain to the manager of the Denarau Golf Club, of which she was a member.  It was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 not her intention to defame the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 plaintiffs;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11617690\charrsid11745711  she just wanted them to be warned about their behaviour.  In cross-examination she said that when the ball first landed in front of her, she didn\rquote t know where it came from, but it was clear that it didn
\rquote t come from in front or to the side.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid422577\charrsid11745711 She says that she did not tell anyone else in the club about the contents of the em
ail, not even her husband, who first learned of the email when he was phoned by Mr Kwon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711  after it was sent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid422577\charrsid11745711 .  She was aware that David Roche, the manager of the golf club, had contacted the plaintiffs about her email.  She says that her email was simply a co
mplaint to the management of the club.  She did not know which of the four in the group hit the ball until Mr Kwon complained to her husband about the email.  She did not elaborate on this, and it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 still }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid422577\charrsid11745711 not clear which of four members of the plaintiffs\rquote  group hit the ball or balls that Ms Jang and h}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 er son specifically complain of, although Ms Jang understood it was Mr Cho. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid422577\charrsid11745711 
  Nor I think does it particularly matter for the purpose of these proceedings.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11617690\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid8546229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8546229\charrsid11745711 
Mr Kwon, who was the first of the plaintiffs to give evidence (and gave his evidence in English), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711 recalls playing golf on the day in question.  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 is recollection was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711  that Ms Jang\rquote s group consisted of four women player}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid8546229\charrsid11745711  copy of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 Ms Jang\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4741731\charrsid11745711  email was}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8546229\charrsid11745711 show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8455398\charrsid11745711 n 
to him by the manager of the g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4741731\charrsid11745711 olf c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8546229\charrsid11745711 
lub, who also forwarded him a copy of the email.  He does not say exactly when this happened, though presumably it was at least the following day (given the time that the email was sent by Ms Jang).  He says that what is 
set out in the email is not true, and is totally different from what happened.  He says that no-one in the group he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4741731\charrsid11745711 in ever hit the ball behind Ms Jang}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8546229\charrsid11745711 , and that what they say is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid8546229\charrsid11745711 ridiculous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711 , they have never had other complaints, and this complaint has given them a bad reputation.  He was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711 dumb-struck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447108\charrsid11745711 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711 
 by the allegations in the email.  He also says that they (referring to the players in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6323778\charrsid11745711 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711 
 group referred to in the email) have good manners, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 the members of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711 Ms Jang\rquote s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 group}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711  were very poor players who should have given way to his group.  He said that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 Ms Jang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711  shouldn\rquote t be pointing out golf etiquette to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711 competent golf players }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11564402\charrsid11745711 such as him and the group he was in that day. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15470781\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7808832\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6632538\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 13.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6632538\charrsid11745711 
Mr Kwon says that this complaint has affected his reputation.   The news started to spread. Other members and staff at the golf course started to ridicule him.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4741731\charrsid11745711 
He did not say how.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6632538\charrsid11745711 He said he had a witness about how this case has affected his reputation i
n the Korean community, but no such witness gave evidence before me.  He says that his reputation was affected by people accusing him of doing this, and suggesting that he needed to be careful.  Prior to this complaint his reputation was very high in the 
K
orean community, but his name has now been damaged.  He has a small business bringing Korean students to study in Fiji (which he has been operating for 16 years).  The complaint has had an impact on the business.  His business is based on teaching student
s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 (among other things) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13258455 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6632538\charrsid11745711 
be honest.  He is worried about how students and their parents will react. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid528491\charrsid11745711 
 There was no independent verification of any of this, and no documents were produced (or discovered) that corroborated what he says about the damage to his
 business, for example by showing a loss of turnover, or reduction in the number of student he is getting since the email was sent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7808832\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid528491\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid528491\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid528491\charrsid11745711 It is Mr Kwon\rquote 
s belief that Ms Jang had a motive for sending the email.  He thinks she was trying to \lquote show off\rquote  to her group by challenging him and the others in his group, simply to show that she could get away with it. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711  After he received a copy of the email Mr Kwon spoke to Ms Jang and asked her why she had referred to him in the email.  Her reply \endash  Mr Kwon says \endash  was to th
e effect that she did so because he was playing with Mr Cho. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4741731\charrsid11745711  Ms Jang was not cross-examined on this. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid528491\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711 
In his evidence the first plaintiff, Mr Namsoo Cho (who spoke partly in English and partly through an interpreter) confirms that he was in a group of four golfers at Denarau course on 6 August 2016, playing behind a group that included Ms Jang. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711  He doesn\rquote t remember who was in Ms Jang\rquote s group.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711 
Mr Cho was told about the complaint by Ms Jang in a telephone call from the manager of the golf course, but was shown the email not by the manager but by Mr Kwon.  He understood part of the email, but not all of it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711  Mr Kwon explained what he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 did and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 didn\rquote 
t understand.  He was deeply disappointed by Ms Jang\rquote s complaint, and wanted all four members of his golfing group to participate in this claim.  He says that the allegations in the email are not true.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 It seems, from Mr Cho\rquote 
s evidence, that the story has spread, particularly in the Korean community.   He says that members of that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 community}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711  and other golf club members have lost trust in him as a result of this story. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10313762\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid8804690\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 
Furthermore, Mr Cho believes that Ms Jang\rquote s complaint w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711 as malicious.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 he reason }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711 he gives }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 for Ms Jang\rquote s alleged malice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711  towards him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711  relates to a business transaction between them in 2015, in the course of which he purchased a restaurant business}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711  at Jetpoint, Nadi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711  from Ms Jang. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711  He says that Ms Jang did not honour that agreement, in that, after selling the business to him, she opened a competing business with a similar name only 40metres away.  He said that he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711 really angry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711 
 about Ms Jang and her husband, but was not still angry at the time of this incident in August 2016.   In answer to questions put to him in cross-examination he said that Ms Jang had sai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711 d malicious things about him, but w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711 hen asked what things she had said, Mr Cho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711 \rquote s only response was to refer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711  to the email that is the subject of these proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711  as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711 an example}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711 
. He gave no other evidence of malicious stories told of him by Ms Jang.  He had not told his golfing partners of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711  business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid14961461\charrsid11745711  issues with Ms Jang. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6760136\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711 Also called by the plaintiffs were Mr 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6124379\charrsid11745711 Pha Ki Hun }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711 (one of the plaintiffs\rquote 
 group of four on the day in question), and Simi Naduba (a member of the staff at the Denarau Golf Club).  Because they were not available on the first day I al
lowed (rather than adjourning the case in mid-afternoon, at the risk of running out of time the following day) the plaintiff to call these witnesses on the second day of the trial, although the defendant and her son had already given evidence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4741731\charrsid11745711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711   Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6124379\charrsid11745711 Pha}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711  gave evidence that he has been playing golf for 16 years, and has played regularly with the plaintiffs over the past 10 years.  He has not seen Ms Jang\rquote 
s email himself, but was told of its contents by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12347610\charrsid11745711 Mr Kwon and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711 
the manager of the golf club.  His understanding of what the email says is that it complains that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\insrsid12347610\charrsid11745711 we hit the ball towards them, and we swore at them.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6124379\charrsid11745711 Mr Pha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid12347610\charrsid11745711  denies that anyone in Ms Jang\rquote s group was hit by a golf ball from the group he and the plaintiffs were in.  He says that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid7938280\charrsid11745711 
we waited until the front team was ahead. Only when the front team got away did we hit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10504395\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7938280\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7938280\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 20.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7938280\charrsid11745711 
Mr Naduba, as stated, is a staff member at the Denarau golf course. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11037102\charrsid11745711 
At the time of the incident in 2016 that is the subject of this case he had been working at the course for 7-8 years.  He was working at the time as an attendant at the course (which involves carrying bags, giving directions etc).  He says that he heard a
b
out the complaint that Ms Jang had made from his work colleagues, and from some other members of the club. He was not at work on the day in question.  Mr Naduba knows some of the rules of golf, including the requirement that players should not hit the bal
l when someone is in front of them.  He is aware that sometimes players in front have to give way to a group behind.  Mr Naduba\rquote s evidence is that if this were to happen (assuming presumably that the front group needed to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14818007\charrsid11745711 asked/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11037102\charrsid11745711 told to give way)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14818007\charrsid11745711 
, he would expect that - once alerted to the problem - the attendants at the course would ask the slow players to give way.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7938280\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 21.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711 In her response to th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14818007\charrsid11745711 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7235718\charrsid11745711  evidence of ill-feeling between them from Mr Cho, the defendant\rquote s evidence was that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711 the business that Mr Cho had bought was in her husband\rquote s name}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6124379\charrsid11745711  but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 operated under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6124379\charrsid11745711  the name Anna\rquote s Cake and Wine & Dine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6124379\charrsid11745711   At the time of the sale she and her husband also had another business nearby, operating under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11682651\charrsid11745711  a similar name.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 They have continued to operate that business.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711 About a year after the sale of the business }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214 to Mr. Cho }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711 she became aware of stories that Mr Cho was telling about the transaction.  Some of the stories she heard were that the business was no good, and that she had not helped in the business after selling i
t to Mr Cho.  Nevertheless, she says, she remained on speaking terms with Mr Cho.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11369214   She denied that she has any malice towards him, and denies that her complaint was motivated by malice.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2764238\charrsid11745711 The plaintiffs\rquote  claim and pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2764238 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2768248\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 22.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2768248\charrsid11745711 In their statement of claim the plaintiffs say:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7235718 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2768248\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2768248\charrsid11745711 
The plaintiffs and the defendant are members of the Denarau Golf & Racquet Club.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid15822505\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 ii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15822505\charrsid11745711 The defendant sent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711  an email dated 6 August 2016 addressed to Mr David Ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15822505\charrsid11745711 che the manager of the club, as a result of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711  which the plaintiffs had to attend a meeti
ng to give explanation to other members of the club, and as such the said e-mail was revealed to other members of the club. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iii.\tab}
The publication contains a number of defamatory statements that were calculated to damage the plaintiffs\rquote  reputations.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iv.\tab}Specifically
, the defendant falsely and maliciously said the following defamatory words:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 Disrespectful Gold (sic \endash 
 the email refers to Golf) Club Members
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}\lquote we almost got hit by the ball from those men\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2768248\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 
\lquote They commit this same evil action to other members, or team who play before them\rquote 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}\lquote those men }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 would be warned for a respect and good manner for other golf members and a better improvement for other members to enjoy golf safely\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid14110769\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 v.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 
In their natural and ordinary meaning these words mean, and were understood to mean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid805901\charrsid11745711  (paragraph 8 of the statement of claim)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 
The plaintiffs are not good sportsmen or alternatively do not know how to play golf
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
The plaintiffs are hooligans and unprofessional in interacting with other members of the golf club while on the golf course
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The plaintiffs 
are sports bullies, in other words they are habitually overbearing, harsh and cruel
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
The plaintiffs are trying to dominate and/or control other members of the golf club
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The plaintiffs are unsafe to be members of the golf club
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The plaintiffs are aggressive and not good to be members of the golf club
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The plaintiffs do not know the rules of the golf course. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 vi.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 
These defamatory and libellous statements go far beyond fair comment and are malicious and desig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15822505\charrsid11745711 ned specifically to impugn the plaintiffs\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711  personal character
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 vii.\tab}
The defamatory words have brought them into hatred, ridicule and contempt and they have suffered damages as result as the plaintiffs continue to su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11669550\charrsid11745711 
ffer disrepute and disgrace amo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 ngst members of the golf club and the Korean community in Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13652269\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 23.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 Accordingly the plaintiffs seek:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13652269 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 Damages for defamatory statements

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 ii.\tab}Aggravated and punitive damages
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iii.\tab}
Interest under the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision)(Death and Interest) Act 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iv.\tab}Costs on a solicitor/client basis.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 v.\tab}Any other relief that the Court deems fit and proper. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 24.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 In her statement of defe}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 nce Ms Jang admits that she and the plaintiffs are members of the Denarau golf club, as alleged, and that she sent the email complained of to the manager of the club.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15822505\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711  Otherwise she says:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 She did not ask for a 
meeting of the club, that was a decision of management of the club
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 ii.\tab}
She is entitled to take issue, justify and make fair comment in writing of what actually happened }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 
on the golf course with the management of the club. Specifically she describes the incident as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12217229\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 
While she and her son were playing golf at the course on 6 August 2016, and were approximately one hundred and thirty feet ahead and in the same direction as a group of four players comprised of the plaintiffs and two others, Mr Cho intentiona
lly and deliberately teed off in the direction of the defendant and her son, with the golf ball landing about one foot in front of the defendant. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
The failure of Mr Kwon to stop, resist and discourage Mr Cho from teeing off as described irresistibly infer that he condoned and approved of such action.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
The action of Mr Cho caused great fear, shock, alarm anxiety and distress to the defendant and her son. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Mr Cho\rquote 
s actions as described were malicious and intended to injure the defendant and her son.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}After the 
first ball landed in front of her the defendant heard the plaintiffs scorning her and her son as being \lquote beginners\rquote  and very slow in playing golf.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The defendant had encountered the same experience }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 when she teamed up with other club members on previous occas
ions when Mr Cho had hit his golf ball when the defendant and her group were directly in front of them, and had scorned them as beginners in the game of golf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 
Teeing off in the circumstances described by the defendant was a serious breach and violation of 
golf etiquette and rules, the overriding purpose of which is that consideration discipline, courtesy and sportsmanship should be shown to others on the course at all times
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}In particular these rules require:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 \hich\af37\dbch\af31506\loch\f37 -\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li2520\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin2520\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 
Players should ensure that no one is standing close by or in a position to be hit by the ball when they make a stroke or practice swing
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 \hich\af37\dbch\af31506\loch\f37 -\tab}Players should not play until the players in front are out of range
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 \hich\af37\dbch\af31506\loch\f37 -\tab}
If a player plays a ball in a direction where there is a danger of hitting someone, he should immediately shout a warning.  The traditional word of warning in such situations is \lquote fore\rquote . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iii.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 
Otherwise the defendant denies the allegations in the statement of claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid936058\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 25.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2370472\charrsid11745711 
The defendant has also filed a counterclaim, in which she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 pleads that Mr Cho had negligently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2370472 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 
Teed off with a in the direct direction of the defendant at a very short distance between him and the defendant
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 ii.\tab}Failed to comply with and adhere to golf etiquette
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iii.\tab}
Failed to withhold his stroke until the defendant and her son were out of range
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iv.\tab}Failed to imm
ediately warn the defendant and her son before teeing off in their direction,
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 v.\tab}
Failed to take obvious steps to enable the Defendant and her son to advert to the likelihood of harm
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 vi.\tab}
Knowing the consequences of his actions Mr Cho either decided to take the risk, or ignored the risks of teeing off. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 Accordingly the defendant says that she and her son suffered great fear, shock, alarm, anxiety and distress, for which she seeks unspecified damages, interest and costs. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14096287 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 26.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711 I need to say at once that very little of what has been pleaded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 
, by either the plaintiffs or the defendant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14096287\charrsid11745711  has been led in evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 
 There was no evidence from the plaintiffs, or cross-examination of them by counsel for the defendant, on the subject of the club meeting that was apparently called to consider the defendant\rquote 
s complaint email.  What was said at that meeting and by whom, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 who was present at the meeting and what was its purpose, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 and what was the outcome of the defendant\rquote s complaint?  I would have thought that this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711  have shed some light}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711  on who was responsible for the wider publication of the email }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid7405649\charrsid11745711 (the defendant sent it only to the manager, and denies discussing it with anyone else), and also possibly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 
on the strength of the plaintiffs\rquote  claim, the validity of the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid16668650\charrsid11745711 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 
s complaint and her defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7405649\charrsid11745711 , and the presence or otherwise, of malice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15470781\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11682651\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11682651\charrsid11745711 Nor was there much in the way of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 evidence given by or for the plaintiffs about the extent to which the complaint has brought them into contempt, hatred, ridicule etc at the golf club and in the K
orean community in Fiji.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6886967\charrsid11745711 
Particularly in the case of the Korean community, without evidence the Court has no means of judging what would or would not lower the plaintiffs in the estimation of right thinking members of that community.  I assume that the pl
aintiffs are saying that this might be different from what might affect them in the wider community (otherwise there would be no point in pleading their claim in the way they have), but without evidence how would I know? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12483518\charrsid11745711  Furthermore, this is a threshold issue.  It relates to whether or not the words are defamatory.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12483518\charrsid11745711 hile I accept that proof of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711  damage is not essential }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid12483518\charrsid11745711 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711  a defamation claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12483518\charrsid11745711 
 (damage is assumed if the words are defamatory), the plaintiffs first have to prove they have been defamed in the manner pleaded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 28.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 As regards the defendant\rquote 
s defence and counterclaim, no evidence was given by her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid16668650\charrsid11745711 (apart from what is said in the email \endash 
 which she was not asked to elaborate on, either in examination in chief, or cross-examination) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 about hearing what was said by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid16668650\charrsid11745711 
members of the plaintiffs group about their slowness and in-experience.  How did she hear these things, given the distances players are generally apart on the golf course, who said them, and what was said?  Nor did she say anything about how frig
htened she, her son and daughter were, although I accept that there is evidence that they were sufficiently concerned to stop their game and go home after the 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\super\insrsid16668650\charrsid11745711 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid16668650\charrsid11745711  hole. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4597826\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 29.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 Nevertheless, the pleadings }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2900844\charrsid11745711 (leaving aside for the time being the defendant\rquote s counterclaim) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 
are sufficiently clear to define the scope of the plaintiff\rquote s claim, and of the defendant\rquote s defence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11669550\charrsid11745711  The plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2900844\charrsid11745711 s have pleaded the specific words complained of, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 the publication of those words (the pleadings and the evidence refer only to the publ
ication to the manager of the club, although the statement of claim suggests \endash  again not very clearly \endash  that the defendant was responsible for the subsequent revelation of the contents of the email to the other members of the club) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2900844\charrsid11745711 and have set out in the statement of claim the defamatory meanings that they say should be understood from these words.  The plaintiffs also say that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 email was sent maliciously.  There are no particulars of malice, but the defendant has not asked for them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 
 I will deal further with the issue of malice (and the evidence of it) in relation to the defences relied on by Ms Jang. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2900844\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 30.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2900844\charrsid11745711 
The defendant admits the words used in the email, and that she sent the email to the manager of the golf club, intending the email to be a complaint to the club about the conduct of the plaintiffs.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 She says that she did not ask or call for a meeting of the members of the club, which was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15822505\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 a decision made by the club.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2900844\charrsid11745711 She says, in effect if not in actual words, that what she said in the email is true.  She
 also says, again in effect, that the email was sent on and for the purposes of an occasion of qualified privilege, in that it was a complaint by her as a member of the golf club, about the conduct of the plaintiffs as members of the same club, that calle
d for an investigation and finding by the club about that complaint.  The defendant also denies that the words are defamatory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15401318\charrsid11745711 , and denies that the publication was malicious}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2900844\charrsid11745711 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 The law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid15470781 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7405649\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 31.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7405649\charrsid11745711 Given these pleadings, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 o succeed in their claim the plaintiffs need to show}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15470781 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 
That the words used by the defendant have the defamatory meaning pleaded
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11669550\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 ii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11669550\charrsid11745711 That the words refer to the plaintiffs
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 That the sending of the email to the manager of the club was a publication that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15822505\charrsid11745711 is not privileged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711  (the defendant has the initial burden of proof on this issue)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 , or that the defendant published the email to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10756853\charrsid11745711 a wider audience such that the qualified privilege }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 
defence is not available, or that the publication was malicious, so negating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10756853\charrsid11745711 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711  defence.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 32.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10500033\charrsid11745711 
For her part it is sufficient for the defen
dant to establish that what she says in the email is not defamatory, or if and to the extent they are defamatory, they are true.  Even if the words are defamatory and are not shown to be true (she having the burden of establishing truth), it is a defence 
if she is able to show that the words were published on an occasion of qualified privilege, and the plaintiff is not able to establish malice. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2493206\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 33.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2493206\charrsid11745711 Stephen Offei, the author of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2493206\charrsid11745711 Law of Torts in the Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2493206\charrsid11745711  (1997) Oceania Printers suggests that w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 ords are defamatory if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2493206\charrsid11745711 in their ordinary meaning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 they tend to:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6060566 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 Lower the plaintiff in the estimation of right-thinking members of society generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs24\super\insrsid2493206\charrsid11745711 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid2493206 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2493206  Lord Atkin in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2493206\charrsid2493206 Sim v Stretch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2493206  [1936] 2 All}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11543621  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2493206 ER 1237 at 1240.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Cause others to shun or avoid the plaintiff
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Expose the plaintiff to hatred, contempt or ridicule
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Discredit the plaintiff in his office, trade or profession
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Injure his financial credit.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4154516\charrsid11745711 Of these alternative tests, the first is now most commonly applied, but the courts may have recourse to the others if appropriate in a particular case.  As the author of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4154516\charrsid11745711 Street on Torts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4154516\charrsid11745711  14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\super\insrsid4154516\charrsid11745711 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4154516\charrsid11745711  Ed. (2015) Oxford University Press suggests at p527:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2493206 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4154516\charrsid11745711 The truth is that English law has not defined the term \lquote 
defamation\rquote  with satisfactory precision.  With diffidence, it is suggested that the \lquote right-thinking\rquote  person test is of greatest utility but must 
be understood in the following way: If a substantial and respectable proportion of society would think less well of a person then the statement will be construed as defamatory, provided that their reaction is not plainly anti-social or irrational. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4154516 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9846165\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 34.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9846165\charrsid11745711 In determining whether the words complained of are defamatory, the Court must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 \endash 
 except in those cases where the plaintiff pleads and proves (the burden being on the plaintiff) that the words have a particular defamatory meaning - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711 
construe them in their ordinary and natural sense.  In the words of Lord Bramwell in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711 Capital and Counties Bank Ltd v Henty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711  (1882) 7 AppCas 741 at 790:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5527687\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711 \'85 the question is not what the writer of any alleged libel means, but what is the meaning of the words he has used. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 35.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711 The law also 
requires the whole statement to be looked at, not just the parts which the plaintiff says are defamatory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3228838\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 36.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711 The author of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711 Gatley on Libel & Slander}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711  7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\super\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711  ed at paragraph 93 says, on the subject of \lquote natural and ordinary meaning\rquote :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3151385\charrsid11745711 Words are normally construed 
in their natural and ordinary meaning, i.e. in the meaning in which reasonable men of ordinary intelligence, which the ordinary man\rquote 
s general knowledge and experience of worldly affairs, would be likely to understand them.  The natural and ordinary meaning
 may also include any implication or inference which a reasonable reader guided not by any special, but only by general knowledge and not fettered by any strict legal rules of construction would draw from the words. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3151385 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10164696\charrsid11745711 In striving to identify the 
\lquote natural and ordinary meaning\rquote  from the words used in that case the English Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid10164696\charrsid11745711 Dr Frank Skuse v Granada Television Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10164696\charrsid11745711  [1993] EWCA Civ 34 followed these principles in arriving at the meaning of words used in a television broadcast:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid16582241 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10164696\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10164696\charrsid11745711 
The courts should give to the material complained of the natural and ordinary meaning which it would have conveyed to the ordinary reasonable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 viewer watching the programme once in 1985.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10164696\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 ii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 The hypothetical reasonable reader [or viewer] is not na\'efve but he is 
not unduly suspicious. He can read between the lines. He can read an implication more readily that a lawyer, and may indulge in a certain amount of loose thinking.  But he must be treated as being a man who is not avid for scandal and someone who does not
, and should not, select one bad meaning where other non -defamatory meanings are available. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iii.\tab}
While limiting its attention to what the defendant has actually said or written, the court should be cautious of over-elaborate analysis of the material at issue (see the words of Lord Diplock in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 Slim v Daily Telegraph Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711  [1968] 2 QB 157 at 171).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 iv.\tab}
The court should not be too literal in its approach.(see Lord Devlin\rquote s speech in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 Lewis v Daily Telegraph Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711  [1964] AC 234 at 277.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 v.\tab}A statement should be taken to be defama
tory if it would tend to lower the plaintiff in the estimation of right-thinking members of society generally \'85 or would be likely to affect a person adversely in the estimation of reasonable people generally.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 vi.\tab}In determining the meaning of the material complained of 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6894904\charrsid11745711 the court is \lquote not limited by the meanings which either the plaintiff or the defendant seeks to place upon the words\rquote  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\insrsid6894904\charrsid11745711 Lucas Bros v News Group Newspapers Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6894904\charrsid11745711  [1986] 1 WLR 147 at 153H).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9250640\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6894904\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 vii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6894904\charrsid11745711 The defamatory 
meaning pleaded by the plaintiff is to be treated as the most injurious meaning the words are capable of bearing and the questions a judge sitting alone has to ask himself are, first, is the natural and ordinary meaning of the words that which is alleged 
in the statement of claim, and secondly, if not, what (if any) less injurious defamatory meaning do they bear. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6894904\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3228838\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 37.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3228838\charrsid11745711 I also note, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13634192\charrsid11745711 rather}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3228838\charrsid11745711  wistfully, that in the United Kingdom the law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs24\super\insrsid3228838\charrsid11745711 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid3228838 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3228838  Defamation Act 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3222336 
 (UK)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3228838 , s.1(1)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3228838\charrsid11745711  provides that a statement is not defamatory unless its publication has caused
 or is likely to cause serious harm to the reputation of the claimant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1445223\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1445223\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 38.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1445223\charrsid11745711 
In relation to defences to the tort, the law makes it clear that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1791389\charrsid11745711 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1791389\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid9402007\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1791389\charrsid11745711 
For the defence of justification or truth, it is assumed that any defamatory statements are false; it is for the defendant to prove (on the balance of probabilities) that they are true.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid1445223\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1791389\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 ii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid1791389\charrsid11745711 It is not necessary, in a claim for libel (which this is) as opposed to slander, for the plaintiff to prove actual damage. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid16582241\charrsid11745711 Analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid16582241 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 39.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 In the present case it is not clear whether the plaintiffs argue that the ordinary meaning of the words}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711  is as pleaded (see paragraph 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 
(v) above), or whether the meanings referred to are said to be particular meanings likely to be taken out of the words by golf club members or members of the Korean comm
unity.  If the latter applies, there has been no evidence on this issue from anyone from either the club or the Korean community}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6951003\charrsid11745711   It is also important to make the point that the defendant did not publish her email to the Korean community, and there is no 
evidence to suggest that she, as opposed to the plaintiffs themselves (who seem to have complained to various people about the email) is responsible for any wider publication of the email\rquote s contents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 40.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 Nor am I attracted to the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6951003\charrsid11745711 submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711  that the defendant\rquote s words that are complained of (see paragraph 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 (iv) above) have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 all }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 the meaning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 
 attributed to them in the statement of claim (see 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12394593\charrsid11745711 (v)). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 41.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 
The plaintiffs have chosen to plead that the defendant\rquote s allegations relating to a specific incident on a particular day, and the assertion that the same sort of thing had happened once before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 
(which is what the email says in its ordinary and natural meaning) can instead be taken to as a generalised comment/statement about the plaintiffs\rquote  conduct when playing golf, and about their general character (\lquote sports bullies, \lquote 
habitually harsh and c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711 ruel\rquote , \lquote poor sportsmen\rquote  etc).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 42.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 
In striving to find the worst possible interpretation of the defendant\rquote s words and language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4348032\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 the plaintiffs and their advisers have over-re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15823553\charrsid11745711 ached themselves. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15823553\charrsid11745711 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 n doing so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid1530076\charrsid11745711 they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 have overlooked the obvious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4348032\charrsid11745711  meaning of the defendant
\rquote s words, i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711  that someone In the plaintiffs\rquote  gr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14180693\charrsid11745711 oup of players deliberately played
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711  a dangerous shot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007  or shots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711  (h}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4348032\charrsid11745711 itting the ball when the group i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 n front were not a
 safe distance away), and sought to intimidate and frighten the defendant and her son}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5721162\charrsid11745711 , and have behaved in the same way with others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid735880\charrsid11745711 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5721162\charrsid11745711  I would readily accept that the defendant\rquote s words carry such a meaning, and that such an accusation, if based on false fac
ts, is defamatory of the plaintiffs (leaving aside any possible defence)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11423818\charrsid11745711 .  B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5721162\charrsid11745711 ut t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15823553\charrsid11745711 he plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5721162\charrsid11745711  have not pleaded their case in this way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6951003\charrsid11745711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5721162\charrsid11745711   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11543621\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5721162\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13634192\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 43.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13634192\charrsid11745711 I cannot see how t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3896781\charrsid11745711 he pleaded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13634192\charrsid11745711  meanings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3896781\charrsid11745711 (cl}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid805901\charrsid11745711 ause 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3896781\charrsid11745711  of the statement of claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid805901\charrsid11745711  \endash  which is denied in the statement of defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3896781\charrsid11745711 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13634192\charrsid11745711 
can be taken from the words complained of on any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6951003\charrsid11745711 natural and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13634192\charrsid11745711 ordinary reading of those words}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6951003\charrsid11745711 , even allowing for available inferences (see the principles listed in paragraph 36 above)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13634192\charrsid11745711 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4146150\charrsid11745711   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4146150\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid4146150\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 44.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4146150\charrsid11745711 Applying those same p
rinciples however (see in particular principle (vii)) I agree that the natural and ordinary meaning of the email as set out in paragraph  42 above is \endash  if not shown to be true \endash  defamatory, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6514675\charrsid11745711 I will now look at the defences that Ms Jang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid1116192\charrsid11745711  has raised, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6514675\charrsid11745711 
in case they provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4146150\charrsid11745711 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6514675\charrsid11745711  answer to this claim. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid8133571 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 Truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid14180693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13790828\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 45.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13790828\charrsid11745711 First, the defendants pleads (in effect \endash  although not explicitly) that what she has said in the email }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid4737176\charrsid11745711 is true}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3820521\charrsid11745711 .  Even if, contra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711 ry to my finding in paragraph 43}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3820521\charrsid11745711  above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3820521\charrsid11745711 
 the meaning of the email is taken to be as pleaded by the plaintiffs in paragraph 8 of the statement of claim,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 
 I nevertheless do not agree that all of the meanings pleaded in paragraph 8 are the \lquote natural and ordinary meaning\rquote  of the words used by Ms Jang.
  In my view it is impossible to construe from her email some of the elaborate meanings pleaded by the plaintiffs.  I have set out below the meanings as pleaded in paragraph 8 of the statement of claim, but crossed out those meanings that are, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 in my view, simply not arguable.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711 For example, nothing in the email can be taken as a suggestion}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 , or should lead to an inference,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711  that the plaintiffs should be removed }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9326394\charrsid11745711 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711 members of the golf club.  Instead the email explicitly suggests in the final paragraph that, as 
members, they be warned about the need for respect and good manners towards other members of the golf club.  This request is not compatible with a request that their club membership should be terminated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 
The plaintiffs are not good sportsmen or alternatively do not know how to play golf
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
The plaintiffs are hooligans and unprofessional in interacting with other members of the golf club while on the golf course
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
The plaintiffs are sports bullies, in other words they are habitually overbearing, harsh and cruel
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 
The plaintiffs are trying to dominate and/or control other members of the golf club
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The plaintiffs are unsafe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\strike\fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 to be members of the golf club
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 
The plaintiffs are aggressive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 and not good to be members of the golf club}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\strike\fs24\insrsid10236220\charrsid11745711 The plaintiffs do not know the rules of the golf course
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711 It is what remains}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 , or what I have found that is the \lquote natural and ordinary\rquote  meaning of the words used,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711 
 that the defendant must justify, i.e. prove to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 substantially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711  true}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 , that is, that the plaintiffs:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 or someone In the plaintiffs\rquote 
 group of players, deliberately played a dangerous shot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007  or shots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 
 (hitting the ball when the group in front were not a safe distance away), 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}sought to intimidate and frighten the defendant and her son, 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}have previously behaved in the same way with others
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid4737176\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4737176\charrsid11745711 
are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5515416\charrsid11745711 /were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4737176\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711 
trying to dominate and/or control the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711  other members of the club, 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12935375\charrsid11745711 
are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4737176\charrsid11745711  unsafe and aggressive players.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7146665\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007 The defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4737176\charrsid11745711  is obliged to prove this on the balance of probabilities.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid14180693 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid5515416\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 46.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5515416\charrsid11745711 
The defendant pleads in paragraph 2(c)(i) \endash  (x) of her statement of defence how the incident that gave rise to her complaint happened, and her assertions as to the plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid4146218\charrsid11745711 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5515416\charrsid11745711  conduct.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid550297\charrsid11745711 
 She asserts that Mr Cho hit his golf ball off the tee intentionally and deliberately in the direction of her and her group of players. She says t
hat the failure of Mr Kwon to stop and discourage Mr Cho from his conduct shows that he condoned and approved such actions.  She says that she heard the plaintiffs \lquote scorning\rquote  her and her son as \lquote beginners\rquote 
.  She also says that she had encountered such behaviour from the plaintiffs on \lquote previous occasions\rquote 
, and that such conduct breaches the rules and etiquette of golf, which require consideration, discipline, courtesy and sportsmanship at all times. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14180693\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid550297\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid5929670\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 47.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5929670\charrsid11745711 
In closing submissions counsel for the plaintiffs argues that the defendants statement of defence does not expressly and specifically plead truth as a defence, and that the function of the pleadings is to give fair notice of the case which has to be met, 
\lquote so that the opposing party may direct his evidence to the issue disclosed\rquote  by the pleadings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid923935\charrsid11745711 
I entirely accept the second part of this submission, and am led thereby to reject the first.  Having observed the parties conduct of the case I am perfectly satisfied that the plaintiff well understood that part of the defendant\rquote 
s defence was that what she complained of was true.  While I agree that the pleadings of neither party provide a model for others to follow, I don\rquote t accept that either party was impeded from prosecuting or defending the case by any deficiencies 
in the pleadings. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5929670\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5929670\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 48.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711 As I have observed, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 here is very little }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711 actual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid923935\charrsid11745711 
evidence to support the defendant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 assertions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid923935\charrsid11745711  in paragraph 2 of her statement of defence}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 , which are denied by the plaintiffs.  The defendant and her son gave evidence of golf balls landing nearby (at hole 5), and nearly hitting the defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 at hol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711 e 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 .  Having observed Ms Jang and her son give evidence, I accept that they did so honestly, a
nd that they believe that the golf balls that landed near them were hit by members of the plaintiffs\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10824546\charrsid11745711  group of players.  Indeed, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 here is no evidence to suggest that the balls could possibly have come from anywhere else on the golf course, and Mr Cho seemed to accept in cross-examination, that this would not have happened.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5929670\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5929670\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 49.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12415613\charrsid11745711 It is the plaintiffs\rquote 
 position that the defendant and her son are lying, and that nothing like this happened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10824546\charrsid11745711 
, but I do not accept this argument.  On the other hand, neither Ms Jang nor her son claim to have seen the plaintiffs hitting the balls at them, and it is supposition on their part that the balls were hit 
deliberately.  No doubt the fact that it happened more than once}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711  (i.e. on holes 5 and 8)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10824546\charrsid11745711 
, that there was no apology from the plaintiffs\rquote  group}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711  (which would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711 indicate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711 d that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711 
 it was accidental),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10824546\charrsid11745711  that the plaintiffs were known to be experienced and skilful players}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711 
 (therefore less likely to have shots go astray)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10824546\charrsid11745711 , and that something similar had happened }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711 
on previous occasions involving the plaintiffs\rquote  group \endash  all of which is part of the defendant\rquote s evidence \endash  provides a reasonable basis for the defendant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 belief, and she may be right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13578935\charrsid11745711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid10824546\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid550297\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 50.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 
However, I remind myself that the onus of proving truth is on the defendant, and I am not satisfied that she meets that test.  For her to justify as true the only alleged assertions that I have found could conceivably be defama
tory as pleaded, the defendant would need to prove that the plaintiffs deliberately hit their shots near the defendant and her group with the intention of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid794892\charrsid11745711 
intimidating them.  While I certainly accept that this is what she believes, I am not satisfied that Ms Jang has proved this on the balance of probabilities.  Accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid5929670\charrsid11745711  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid794892\charrsid11745711 I find that Ms Jang has not established that her assertions are true. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8471124\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11345670\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11345670\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 51.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11345670\charrsid11745711 
Because of this finding, the defendant is not assisted by section 15 of the Defamation Act 1971, which provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11345670\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11345670\charrsid11745711 
In an action for defamation in respect of words containing 2 or more distinct charges against the plaintiff, a defence of justification shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not ma
terially injure the plaintiff\rquote s reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11935859 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11345670\charrsid11745711 \tab since she has not shown that any of the alleged charges are true.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11345670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6497144 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 Qualified privilege}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid794892 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid794892\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 52.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid794892\charrsid11745711 The defendant\rquote s other defence is qualified privilege.  Again, the 
pleadings do not provide a text book model for students to follow, but I am satisfied that they convey this defence clearly enough.  Paragraph 2(c) of the statement of defence asserts:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8341968\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid794892\charrsid6497144 
The Defendant, as a member of the Denarau Golf & Racquet Club, has the right to take issue, justify and make }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8341968\charrsid6497144 
fair comment in writing of what actually happened in the golf course with the management of the Denarau Golf & Racquet Club. The issues complained by the Defendant are as follows: \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid794892\charrsid6497144 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid11935859\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14103056\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 53.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14103056\charrsid11745711 Clearly also, this defence is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11693007\charrsid11745711 anticipated by the plaintiffs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14103056\charrsid11745711 
n their statement of claim they allege that the assertions complained of in the defendant\rquote s email of complaint to the golf club management were made \lquote falsely and maliciously\rquote , which if shown to be the case would negate any qual
ified privilege defence, but which is not something that the plaintiffs are otherwise obliged to prove.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11693007\charrsid11745711 
  The plaintiff is not therefore impeded by any deficiencies in pleading from presenting its case, and responding to this defence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid794892\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8015927\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid8015927\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 54.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8015927\charrsid11745711 
The reasoning behind the defence is explain succinctly by Lord Diplock in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711 the decision of the House of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711 Horrocks v Lowe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711  [1975] AC 135 at 149:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8015927\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711 
The public interest that the law should provide an effective means whereby a man can vindicate his reputa
tion against calumny has nevertheless to be accommodated to the competing public interest in permitting men to communicate frankly and freely with one another about matters in respect of which the law recognises that they have a duty to perform or an inte
rest to protect in doing so. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14103056\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 55.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711 
The essential elements of the defence are summarised as follows in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711 Street on Torts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711  14}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\super\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711  Ed. (2015) at p.564:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid14103056\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid805756\charrsid11745711 
In certain circumstances, it is thought desirable that reflections on the reputation of another, although untrue, should not give rise to tortious liability, provided those reflections were not published with \lquote malice\rquote 
.  These are occasions of qualified privilege and with respect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid805756\charrsid11745711 
 which the interest in freedom of speech is more important than the claimant\rquote s interest in the protection of her reputation.  The defence is generally underpinned by the notion that the defendant was under a duty \endash  whether legal, 
social, or moral \endash  to make the communication complained of. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 56.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8277559\charrsid11745711 The footnote to this }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6053912\charrsid11745711 passage refers to the judgment of Lord Atkinson in the House of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6053912\charrsid11745711 Adam v Ward}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6053912\charrsid11745711  [1917] AC 309, at 334, and it is worthwhile quoting part of that speech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid16481215\charrsid11745711  as a ruling on a
ll the important elements of this defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6053912\charrsid11745711 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6053912 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6497144\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6053912\charrsid11745711 It is not disputed, in this case on either side, that a privileged occasion is, in reference to qualified privilege, an occasion where the person who makes a commu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16481215\charrsid11745711 nication has an interest or a duty, legal, social, or moral, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9402007 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16481215\charrsid11745711 
o make it to the person to whom it is made, and the person to whom it is so made has a corresponding interest or duty to receive it.  This reciprocity is essential. Nor is it disputed that a privileged communication \endash  a phrase often used loose
ly to describe a privileged occasion, and vice versa \endash 
 is a communication made upon an occasion which rebuts the prima facie presumption of malice arising from a false and defamatory statement prejudicial to the character of the plaintiff, and puts the latter on pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2252884\charrsid11745711 oof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8137585\charrsid11745711  that there is malice in fact. \'85 Nor that the question of whether the occasion is a privileged occasion or not is \'85
 a question of law to be decided by the judge at the trial.  Nor yet that a person making a communication on a privileged occasio
n has not, in the first instance and as a condition of immunity, to prove affirmatively that he honestly believed the statement made to be true, his bona fides being in such case always presumed. \'85
 All these matters were not questioned. They could not be q
uestioned successfully.  Nor was it suggested that, while on the question of malice the bona fide belief of the defendant that he was under a moral, or social duty to make the communication is relevant and important, the existence in fact of this duty or 
interest, not merely the defendant\rquote s belief in its existence, is the thing which is relevant to the question of whether the occasion was or was not privileged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6053912 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2057796\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 57.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2057796\charrsid11745711 The same decision also makes it clear that if the occasion of the communication is privileged, the language used in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2057796\charrsid11745711  offending communication does not change that, nor can that language be used as evidence of malice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 The decision quotes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2057796\charrsid11745711  the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid2057796\charrsid11745711 
Laughton v Bishop of Sodor and Man}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2057796\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 (1872) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2057796\charrsid11745711 LR 4 PC 495 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 508 as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3222336\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 
To submit the language of privileged communications to a strict scrutiny, and to hold all excess beyond the absolute exigency of the occasion to be evidence of malice would in effect greatly limit, if not altogether defeat, the protection which the law th
rows over privileged communications. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 58.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 
Applying these principles to the present case, it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3750689\charrsid11745711 
for the court to decide, as matter of law, whether there was a reciprocal duty or interest between the complainant and the management of the golf club to make and to
 receive complaints about the conduct of other members, so as to negate the prima facie presumption of malice that would normally arise if a false and defamatory statement is made of the plaintiffs.  The fact that such occasions/communications have qualif
ied privilege does not (in the balance to be struck between freedom of speech and protection of reputation) mean }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711 \endash  to mix my metaphors - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3750689\charrsid11745711 that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9242533\charrsid11745711 floodgates are opened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3750689\charrsid11745711  for the dis}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711 seminators of lies and abuse to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3750689\charrsid11745711  pour out.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711 All that the defence does is to impose on the plaintiff the need to prove malice to negate the privileged occasion.  If the victims of defamation can do so, the defendant will be liable for the defamation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11693007\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 59.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11693007\charrsid11745711 
The plaintiffs argue in their closing submissions that:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11693007\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11693007\charrsid11745711 
Mr David Roche had no interest in knowing what the issue was between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant.  The Defendant had no duty to publish the said email.  This was done through an indirect and improper motive on the Defendant\rquote 
s part, in making the communication complained of. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11693007\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 60.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 n spite of this submission, I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711  have no hesitation in holding that a complaint by a golf club member }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 to the manager of the club }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6447009\charrsid11745711 
about the conduct of another member on the golf course is an occasion of privilege, provided the complaint is not made maliciously.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6965432\charrsid11745711 
It is clearly a matter of reciprocal interest for the members and management of a golf club, as in any organisation of this sort, to be able to make and have determined disputes between members about matters for which the club
 exists, whether these are about conduct in the course of playing golf, or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid725239\charrsid11745711 behaviour in the clubhouse, or communications between members relating to the activities of the club. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13450755\charrsid11745711  It is also clearly in the public interest to enable organisations such as club
s to manage their own internal affairs themselves, rather than burdening the state or the public at large with the need to resolve such disputes or issues.  Whether a golfer is cheating, playing too slowly, driving his golf cart in a dangerous way, or abu
sing other players}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13450755\charrsid11745711 
 are not (usually) matters for the police, or the government to resolve, but they are nevertheless issues which have to be mediated, decided and remedied in some way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711 .  I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13450755\charrsid11745711 f members cannot even make a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 legitimate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid13450755\charrsid11745711 complaint without being sued for defamation that will quickly result in a complete breakdown in the order }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 and comity between members }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13450755\charrsid11745711 on which the functioning of the club is dependent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 61.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 
Furthermore, although there was very little evidence on the subject of how the club reacted to Ms Jang\rquote s complaint, what evidence there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 (see paragraph 26 above) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 suggests that the club responded as one would expect, by conducting a meeting of some sort t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 
o investigate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8916243\charrsid11745711  the complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 .  Regardless of the outcome of this process
, the fact that it took place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711  supp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 orts the view that I have taken;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711  that the club has an interest in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 receiving and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15357533\charrsid11745711 managing such complaints that are raised with it. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14247210\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 62.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 
The next question then is whether the plaintiff is able to show (on the balance of probabilities) that the defendant acted maliciously in making her complaint, so that she is not entitled to the protection of privilege that would otherwise apply. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 63.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 
In this context malice can mean all or any of:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6497144 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid6497144 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 Where the defendant does not believe in the truth of her statement. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Where the defendant has abused the purpose of the privilege
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The inclusion of extraneous matter. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Unreasonable publication to persons outside the scope of the privilege.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11744967\charrsid11745711 Of these only the second requires any explanation.  Even if the de
fendant believes what she says to be true, if the dominant motive for the publication was not to lodge a complaint with the club, but for some other, improper, purpose, the privilege will be lost. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2450853 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2450853\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 64.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2450853\charrsid11745711 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711  have referred previously (paragraphs 18 & 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid9402007 and paragraph 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15163903 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711 
to the evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2450853\charrsid11745711 
given by the plaintiff Mr Cho about ill-feeling between him and the defendant Ms Jang.   Mr Cho clearly believes that Ms Jang was motivated by this ill-feeling to make a false complaint about him and his fellow players}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2585408\charrsid11745711 Whatever the true position was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711 
 regarding the sale and purchase of the business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2585408\charrsid11745711 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid14814734\charrsid11745711 plaintiffs\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2585408\charrsid11745711 evidence fell a long way short of establishing that Ms Jang\rquote s feelings towards Mr Cho were sufficiently hostile to provide motivation to make a false complaint about his
 conduct on the golf course.  From the evidence I heard it seemed that the preponderance of ill will was on the part of Mr Cho towards Ms Jang, not the other way around as he needed to show.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007 
I also note that although he attributes malice to Ms. Jang }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15163903 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6897832 making
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007  her complaint, he disclaims any malice on his part in his behaviour o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15163903 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid9402007  the day in question.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3829964\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2585408\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2585408\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 65.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2585408\charrsid11745711 
As I have said previously, I am satisfied that Ms Jang honestly believed what she said in her email to the club ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13006393\charrsid11745711 nager about what had happened on the golf 
course.  It is not necessary for me to decide (for the purpose of deciding whether Ms Jang acted maliciously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 ) exactly what happened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid13006393\charrsid11745711 .  The truth may lie somewhere in between their two versions of events, with Mr Cho and his group becoming impatient at the speed of progress and making their shots sooner than they should have done, and Ms Jang }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 and her group, as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13006393\charrsid11745711  novice golfer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 s,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13006393\charrsid11745711  being more anxious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 about that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13006393\charrsid11745711 than they needed to be.  I don\rquote t know, and cannot decide on the evidence provided.  But I do not accept t
hat Ms Jang made her complaint without believing in the truth of what she said happened. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2585408\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11744967\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11744967\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 66.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11744967\charrsid11745711 
Nor do any other aspects of malice - as listed in paragraph }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid8916243\charrsid11745711 63}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11744967\charrsid11745711  \endash  apply.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 There is no evidence that the motive for the complaint was other than as expressed in the email, to complain about something that Ms Jang believed happened on the golf course that day.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 The email that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 she}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 
 sent is focussed on the incident and behaviour she was complaining about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 ; it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 
 does not contain extraneous matter that relates to matters other than the plaintiffs\rquote  behaviour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711  and it was published by Ms Jang only to the management of the club to whom she was making the complaint (and which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 
 was the proper place }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 to lodge the complaint).  Although the plaintiffs say that the contents of the email became known in the club}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2639569\charrsid11745711  and in the Korean community}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11547141\charrsid11745711 , there is no evidence that Ms Jang was responsible for that happening.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9402007   It seems more likely that it became more widely known only because of the plaintiffs\rquote  sense of grievance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11744967\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 67.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 Accordingly I find that even}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 the email }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 she sent h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 
as defamatory content which is not shown to be true}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711 Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711  Jang is entitled to rely on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid11745711  defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 
 of privilege.  The plaintiffs\rquote  claim is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 accordingly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2647787\charrsid11745711 dismissed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2639569\charrsid11745711 It is important though to record that the fact that the plaintiffs\rquote 
 claim has not succeeded does not mean that the court has found that the plaintiffs conducted themselves in the manner complained of by Ms Jang.  I have found that there is insufficient evi
dence before the court to establish that what Ms Jang said is true.  I would expect that the golf club will have looked into the complaint, and reached a decision on her complaint.  That is where the matter should have been left. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 68.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 The defendant\rquote s counterc
laim is also dismissed.  I am not satisfied on the balance of probabilities that the plaintiff\rquote s deliberately or negligently hit the ball close to the defendant\rquote 
s group, and there is no evidence of distress or anxiety on the part of the defendant Ms Jang.   She cannot sue (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3492362\charrsid11745711 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 does not purport to be doing so) on behalf of her son and daughter. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3492362\charrsid11745711 \hich\af31506\dbch\af31506\loch\f31506 69.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11745711\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3492362\charrsid11745711 The plaintiffs are liable for}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711  costs to the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 , which I fix at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid11300724\charrsid11745711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid7352275\charrsid11745711 $3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3492362\charrsid11745711 000.00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2359468\charrsid11745711  (taking into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2359468\charrsid9581375 account the defendant\rquote s unsuccessful claim for damages)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid3492362\charrsid9581375 .  As between themselves the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid2359468\charrsid9581375  plaintiffs are liable equally for these costs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid2639569\charrsid9581375   If they have not already done so the plaintiffs are also to reimburse the court for the cost of engaging an interpreter. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9530417\charrsid9581375 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11745711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6497144 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1155\li1439\ri0\widctlpar\tx1134\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1439\itap0\pararsid6497144 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6497144 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 
\par 
\par 
\par __________
\par A.G. Stuart
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 Judge
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6497144 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 
\par At Lautoka this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid13258455 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\super\insrsid13258455\charrsid13258455 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid13258455  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 day of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid13258455 March}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6497144\charrsid9581375 , 2020
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6497144 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid6497144 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid9581375\charrsid9581375 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9581375 SOLICITORS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid6497144 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9581375 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9581375\charrsid9581375 Mr Sailo for the Plaintiffs
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9581375 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid9581375\charrsid9581375 Mr Tunidau for the Defendant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6497144 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15470781\charrsid9581375 
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