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\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI 
\par AT SUVA 
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid4279920 Civil Action No. HBC 284 of 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10362947\charrsid4279920 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 CHRISTINE LOUISE FOWLER}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392  of UNDP Pacific Office, Level 8 Kadavu House, 414 Victoria Parade, Suva. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
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\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 PLAINTIFF
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\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 : \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 SEREIMA RANADI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
as the personal representative of the estate of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 MELI DELANA KAMA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 deceased.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
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\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\super\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
 DEFENDANT
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 : \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 REGENT TAXIS LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 a company duly incorporated in Fiji and having its registered office at 88 Jerusalem Road, Nabua, Suva.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\super\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
 DEFENDANT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx916\tx1832\tx2748\tx3664\tx4580\tx5496\tx6412\tx7328\tx8244\tx9160\tx10076\tx10992\tx11908\tx12824\tx13740\tx14656\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 Counsel\tab      \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4279920 :    Plaintiff:      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3633454 Mr. Kat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13570743 ia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3633454  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392\charrsid9470 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 
:    Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4279920 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3633454 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13570743 Mr. Chand A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx3686\tx4395\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 
Date of Hearing         :   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3148743 23.03.2020}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392\charrsid9470 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392\charrsid9470 
Date of Judgment\tab :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4279920  30}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4279920 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 .2020   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10362947 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1459287 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3883679 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1459287 Catch-words-}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2833589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2833589\charrsid10048316 Stamp Duty Act 1920-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9177351\charrsid10048316  general exemptions- Schedule (Part2)-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3148743\charrsid10048316  any employment contract- }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2833589\charrsid10048316  independent contractor or an employee-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1459287\charrsid10048316 
Taxi owner- paid daily fixed amount by driver \endash  conditions imposed by owner- all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2833589\charrsid10048316 damages to third parties and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9177351\charrsid10048316  to the vehicle borne by driver- }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10048316\charrsid10048316 self-employed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9177351\charrsid10048316 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1459287 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3883679\charrsid10048316 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10362947 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2833589\charrsid3148743 Cases Referred 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3883679 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid3148743\charrsid3148743 Hassan v Transport Workers Union}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148743\charrsid3148743  [2006] FJSC 11; CBV0006U.2005S (19 October 2006)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2833589\charrsid15484961 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3883679 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf18\insrsid2833589\charrsid3148743 
Barclays Bank plc v Various Claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\cf18\insrsid2833589\charrsid10362947  [2020] UKSC 13 (01 April 2020)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\cf18\insrsid16526151 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 [2020] 2 WLR 960, [2020] WLR(D) 205}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\cf18\insrsid13115392\charrsid10362947 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10362947 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid13439654\charrsid3148743 
Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf18\insrsid13439654\charrsid10362947 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16526151\charrsid3026622 [2013] 1 All ER 670, [2012] UKSC 56, [2013] PIQR P6, [2012] 3 WLR 1319, [2013] 2 AC 1, [2013] IRLR 219, [2013] ELR 1, [2012] WLR(D)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid13439654\charrsid10362947 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid13439654\charrsid3148743 WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf18\insrsid13439654\charrsid10362947 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201385  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2020/12.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\f0\cf18\insrsid13439654\charrsid3148743 [2020] UKSC 12}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid9177351\charrsid3148743 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid13439654 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 Various Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 [2012] UKSC 56;\~[2013] 2 AC 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid16526151 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 JGE v The Portsmouth Roman Catholic Diocesan Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 \~\~
[2012] EWCA Civ 938, [2013] 2 WLR 958, [2012] PIQR P19, [2013] 1 QB 722, [2012] IRLR 846, [2013] PTSR 565, [2013] Ch 722, [2013] QB 722, [2012] 4 All ER 1152, [2012] WLR(D) 204}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid16526151 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 Cox v Ministry of Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 
 [2016] 2 WLR 806, [2016] UKSC 10, [2016] IRLR 370, [2016] AC 660, [2016] PIQR P8, [2016] WLR(D) 110, [2016] ICR 470, [2017] 1 All ER 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid16526151 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 Ng Huat Seng v Mohammad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid16526151\charrsid16526151 \~[2017] SGCA 58}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid16526151 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid11827391\charrsid11827391 Bates van Winkelhof v Clyde and Co LLP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid11827391\charrsid11827391  [2014] UKSC 32; [2014] 1 WLR 2047}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf18\insrsid11827391 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid11827391\charrsid11827391 Pimlico Plumbers Ltd v Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid11827391\charrsid11827391  [2018] UKSC 29; [2018] ICR 1511}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\cf18\insrsid11827391 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\ul\cf18\insrsid11827391\charrsid11827391 Woodland v Essex County Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid11827391\charrsid11827391 \~
[2014] 1 AC 537, [2013] 3 WLR 1227, [2013] UKSC 66, [2013] WLR(D) 403, [2014] ELR 67, [2014] 1 All ER 482}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf18\insrsid11827391\charrsid10362947 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 JUDG}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid5202494 MENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx916\tx1832\tx2748\tx3664\tx4580\tx5496\tx6412\tx7328\tx8244\tx9160\tx10076\tx10992\tx11908\tx12824\tx13740\tx14656\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 INTRODUCTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13905512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10299946\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10299946\charrsid13115392 
Plaintiff filed this action to recover damages to a vehicle from a motor accident. Plaintiff was an expatriate worker attached to international organization and had left Fiji at the time of the trial. First 
Defendant was the driver of the Taxi that collided with Plaintiff\rquote s vehicle and there is a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571 n interlocutory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10299946\charrsid13115392 
 judgment entered against the first Defendant. At the time of trial he had also passed away}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9177351  and substitution was done}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571 
 for first Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10299946\charrsid13115392 . Second Defendant is the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13059203\charrsid13115392 owner of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10299946\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392 
a Taxi business to which the Taxi driven by first Defendant belonged. Second Defendant denies any liability on the basis that first Defendant was an ind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6100596 ependent contractor. The issues were}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid13115392 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392 
 relationship between Defendants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6100596 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392 
 sufficient to impose vicarious liability to second Defendant and the proof of damage. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6100596 The claim is only relating to damages to the vehicle.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7486571  Since Plaintiff\rquote s vehicle was covered by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13059203 insurance the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571 
 damage was paid, but insurance company had instituted action under subrogation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6100596  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571  had purchased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13059203  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 the vehicle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid13115392 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6100596  the local agent and dealer on 25.8.2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13059203  The accident was on 14.1.2017. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13201568 It had not even expired its warranty time period given for new vehicles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6100596  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392 It was repaired by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6100596  same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392  local }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6100596\charrsid13115392 agent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7340358  after the accident and they had also submitted a detailed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571 
quotation of the work carried out.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449157  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392 There is no alternate assessment of damages produced by second }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4279920\charrsid13115392 Defendant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392  though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6826214  assessment was}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392  verbally denied the amount}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449157  and said it was excessive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7349623\charrsid13115392 . So, on the balance of probability damage to the vehicle due to accident is proved through production of assessment and detailed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid162141 \lquote 
Claims Purchase Order\rquote  of the insurer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 . First Defendant\rquote s estate did not appear at the hearing of the assessment of damages. S
o only remaining issue is the liability of second Defendant, which is depended on the relationship between the parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6826214  and nature of the wrong doing and its connection to his work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid162141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid162141 aw relating vicarious liability is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid162141\charrsid7486571 \lquote on the move}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9449157\charrsid7486571 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9449157 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid9449157 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9449157  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9449157\charrsid9449157 Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid9449157\charrsid9449157 Various Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9449157\charrsid9449157 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201385 
 HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2012/56.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9449157\charrsid13059203 [2012] UKSC 56}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9449157\charrsid13059203 ;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201385 
 HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?path=/uk/cases/UKSC/2012/56.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9449157\charrsid13059203 [2013] 2 AC 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9449157\charrsid9449157 ,\~}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid162141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571 
 and new frontiers were made in order to impose vicarious liability to relationships other than employers in UK. This may be so depending on the circumstances of the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1255927 
when the relationship between the parties are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13201568 in doubt, but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7486571  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid162141 
courts should be careful not to let it loose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449157 , so as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 diminish the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449157 
 character }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 of independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449157  contractors and make them vicariously liable. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid162141 
 At the same time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9449157 courts in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11226195 UK had applied vicarious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 liability to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13201568  expand scope of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13905512 actives. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13201568 
This is due to novel claims based on rights and obligations   of employees.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13115392 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3633454 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 FACTS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7340358 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7340358 There is an interlocutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7340358\charrsid13115392 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 
 entered against first Defendant due failure to file }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7340358 acknowledgment of service. Neither }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15037380 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7340358  Defendant nor his estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3236852 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7340358  upon substitution after his death}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3236852 , appeared}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7340358  in this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 proceeding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7340358  13 rule 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 of High Court Rules of 1988 deals with such non participation and accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6826214 
 interlocutory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171380\charrsid13115392 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392  was entered against first Defendant and this was not set aside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392 At the time of assessment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15037380 in terms of Order 37 rule 3 of the High Court Rules 1988}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577\charrsid13115392  a notice was served to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9450607\charrsid13115392 estate of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171380\charrsid13115392  the first Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15037380  as required by Order 37 rule 1(2)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid13115392 but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3171380\charrsid13115392 
 again with no one appearing for first Defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12932577 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15037380\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15037380\charrsid15037380 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15037380 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15037380 So the assessment of damages against first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 Defendant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15037380  was not opposed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6751109\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6751109\charrsid6751109 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6751109 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6751109 Second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 Defendant
\rquote s Managing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6751109  Director and owner gave evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid933873  and he did not denied negligence of first Defendant but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6751109  denied vicarious liability. According to him first Defendant was an independent contractor who paid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 daily fixed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6751109  sum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253  of $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 60 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253  the second Defendant, who is the owner of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 Taxi.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6751109 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13386253\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253\charrsid13386253 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13386253 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253 
Driver of the Taxi had made an application to join second Defendant as per terms and co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid933873 nditions imposed on its drivers of second Defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13386253 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13386253\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253\charrsid13386253 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13386253 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253 
Said application and terms and conditions is marked as D1. Plaintiff objected to this document on the basis that it had not been stamped properly. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6826214 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13386253  could not provide statutory provision at the time of hearing to make a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 ruling. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253 
At the hearing I allowed it to be marked subject to objections to be considered at the hearing and exclude from evidence if the objection of the Plaintiff sustained.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13386253\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253\charrsid13386253 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13386253 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253 In terms of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3019976 
Section 41 of Stamp }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 Duties Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3019976  1920, there is a complete bar to accept such a document as evidence in a civil suit. And it reads;

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3019976\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3019976\charrsid3019976 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3019976\charrsid10561633 \'93
41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3019976\charrsid10561633 . Except as aforesaid, no instrument executed in Fiji or relating
 (wheresoever executed) to any property situate or to any matter or thing done or to be done in any part of Fiji shall, except in criminal proceedings, be pleaded or given in evidence or admitted to be good, useful or available in law or equity, unless it
 is duly stamped in accordance with the law in force at the time when it was first executed.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3019976 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3019976 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 10.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3019976 
The documents exempted from stamp duties are contained in Schedule to the Stamp Duties Act 1920 and in Part 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105  as the twenty seventh exempted items reads;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2051105\charrsid2051105 \lquote 
Any employment contract\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3019976\charrsid2051105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3019976 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2051105\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid2051105 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16527300 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 11.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527300 
Vicarious liability can be imposed when there is a contract of service but even when there is no vicarious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 liability,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527300 
 under freedom of contract, a party can enter in to a contract with an independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 contractor. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16527300 
This is traditionally called contract for service. This can be verbal as well as written. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7146826 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7146826\charrsid7146826 JGE v The Portsmouth Roman Catholic Diocesan Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826\charrsid7146826 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid7146826 \~
[2012] EWCA Civ 938, [2013] 2 WLR 958, [2012] PIQR P19, [2013] 1 QB 722, [2012] IRLR 846, [2013] PTSR 565, [2013] Ch 722, [2013] QB 722, [2012] 4 All ER 1152, [2012] WLR(D) 204}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid4334515 
, Lord Justice Ward held,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-131\li851\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin851\itap0\pararsid13905512 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7146826\charrsid13905512 \'93
At the first stage the contrast has traditionally been made between the relationship the employer had with his employee and the one he had with an independent con
tractor. The analysis examined the difference between a contract of service and a contract for services. Control became the important factor\'94
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2051105 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826 here can be contracts of service or contract for service, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105 s independent contractors.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826  It is unfair to exclude a contract being presented}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515  as evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid933873 , at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826  the hearing when it is not certain as to the nature of the contract and r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515 elationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid933873  and that is the main contention of the parties.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4334515\charrsid14306717 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515\charrsid14306717  When the line between two contracts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15424831 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515\charrsid14306717  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2974448\charrsid14306717 \lquote on the move\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515\charrsid14306717  and scope of liability being expanded it will be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4071915\charrsid14306717 harsh to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid14306717 exclude a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4071915\charrsid14306717  cont}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid933873\charrsid14306717 
ract at the outset of a hearing and if done so a party will be prejudiced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid14306717 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid14306717 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid14306717 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7146826 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826 
Plaintiff who is claiming that the relationship between the first and second Defendants for vicarious liability cannot blow hot and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515 
cold and claim that contract between the Defendants is not an employment contract. If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid933873 so,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4071915  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid933873 Plaintiff cannot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515  claim against the second Defendant. Plaintiff cannot blow hot and cold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7146826 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4334515 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515 In my judgment any employment contract includes a 
contract of service as well as contract for serv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4143954 ic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4334515 e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105 
 Both such contracts are exempted from stamp duties irrespective of nature of the relationship between the two parties. Hence independent contractor\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223 agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105  such as taxi driver and owner of vehicle is an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223  exempt item from stamp duties. So }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11102461 it cannot}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4143954  be excluded in terms of Section 41 of Stamp Duties Act 1920.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13386253 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2051105 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105 Accordingly objection to admit D1 as evidence in terms of Section 41 of Sta}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4071915 mp Duties Act 1920 is overruled and D1 admitted as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4143954 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4071915 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6716774 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6716774 
The main issue before the court is vicarious liability of the second Defendant for the negligence act that resulted damage to Plaintiff\rquote s vehicle.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2051105 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3883679 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6716774 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid14306717\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6716774 Second Defendant\rquote s witness in his evidence denied that first Defendant was an employee and also said at the time of accident he had completed his work hence outside his working time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid14306717 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9899223 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223 
In his evidence he further said that there are drivers that were employed by the second Defendant for their Taxi business, but majority of the drivers of their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 vehicles, including}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223  first Defendant were independent contractors who provided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14306717  daily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223 
 fixed income from a vehicle. According to him they were self-employed and no wages or superannuation paid.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223\charrsid2051105 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3633454 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 LAW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12982533\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 The law relating to vicarious liability had expanded during last few decades and this is geared to allow relief to victims as opposed to protection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392  to the persons or entities that engage such wrongdoers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9188218 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 
An employer was held liable for unauthorized disclosure of material}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223 . This disclosure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 was not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9899223  only outside the employees }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 scope of work but also he had done it deliberately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223 
 to take revenge from the employer,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392  in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201385  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2020/12.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\f0\fs24\ul\cf18\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 2020] UKSC 12}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid13115392 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid9899223  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10561633 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 23.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 So Lady Haley }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14306717 
reiterated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633  that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 The Law of Vicarious Liability is on the Move\'94 in UK Supreme Court decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 delivered on 1.4.2020}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9899223 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 Barclays Bank plc v Various Claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 
 [2020] 2 WLR 960, [2020] UKSC 13, [2020] WLR(D) 205 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid3358352 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3358352  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3358352\charrsid3358352 [2020] UKSC 13 (01 April 2020)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3358352 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid4549563 URL:\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid4549563 http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2020/13.html}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid4549563 (30.4.2020)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4549563\charrsid13115392 (with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3294502\charrsid13115392  Lord Reed, Lord Kerr, Lord Hodge and Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 Lloyd -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3294502\charrsid13115392 Jones }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392  agrreing)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392  held ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 {\*\bkmkstart para1}
The law of vicarious liability is on the move}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 .\'94 So stated Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 Various }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 \~{\*\bkmkend para1}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2012/56.html" \\
o "Link to BAILII version" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 [2012] UKSC 56}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 ;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201385  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?path=/uk/cases/UKSC/2012/56.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 [2013] 2 AC 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 , generally known as\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 Christian Brothers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 , at para 19. The question raised by the current case, and by the parallel case of\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 WM Morrison }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201385  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2020/12.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 2020] UKSC 12}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3358352\charrsid4279920 is how f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 ar that move can take it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 . Two elements have to be shown before one person can be made vicariously liable for the torts committed by another. The first is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 
a relationship between the two persons which makes it proper for the law to make the one pay for the fault of the other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 
. Historically, and leaving aside relationships such as agency and partnership, that was limited to the relationship between employer and employee, but that has now been somewhat broadened. That is the subject matter of this case. The second is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 the connection between that relationship and the tortfeasor\rquote s wrongdoing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 
. Historically, the tort had to be committed in the course or within the scope of the tortfeasor\rquote s employment, but that too has now been somewhat broadened. That is the subject matter of the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 Morrison\rquote s\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid13115392 case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7799991 (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3358352\charrsid7799991 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 So the present test to be applied before imposition of vicarious liability are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3294502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 Relationship between two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1080\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 Connection of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6716774 wrongdoing and the relationship.(i.e there should be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6716774 close relationship betwee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347 n the wrong committed and his work)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1080\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9518827 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid9518827\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9518827 In application of above two , first test is to consider relationship , and in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3026622\charrsid3026622 The Catholic Child Welfare Society & Ors v Various Claimants & The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools & Ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3026622  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026622\charrsid3026622 \~[2013] 1 All ER 670, [2012] UKSC 56, [2013] PIQR P6, [2012] 3 WLR 1319, [2013] 2 AC 1, [2013] IRLR 219, [2013] ELR 1, [2012] WLR(D) 335}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026622  UK Supreme Court  this relationship had been expanded beyond employer employee relationship (Per Lord Phillips).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3026622\charrsid3883679 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3883679\charrsid7799991 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7799991 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 26.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid7799991\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7799991 Traditional application of vicarious liability was limited to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 employers, employments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7799991  in such other limited circumstances such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 as agents}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7799991  and partnerships.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7799991 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid7799991 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7799991  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid7799991\charrsid7799991 Barclays Bank plc v Various Claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7799991\charrsid7799991  [2020] 2 WLR 960, [2020] UKSC 13, [2020] WLR(D) 205}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7799991 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid3883679 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid7799991 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3026622 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid9518827\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026622 Again in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7092814\charrsid7092814 Cox v Ministry of Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid7092814  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092814  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3737467\charrsid3737467 [2016] 2 WLR 806, [2016] UKSC 10, [2016] IRLR 370, [2016] AC 660, [2016] PIQR P8, [2016] WLR(D) 110, [2016] ICR 470, [2017] 1 All ER 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092814  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7799991 relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3026622  was extended beyond employment to inmates of a prison, but had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3737467 
cautioned,(Per Lord Reed)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9518827\charrsid3026622 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin720\itap0\pararsid13905512 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7092814\charrsid13905512 {\*\bkmkstart para29}\'93It is important, however, to understand that the general approach which Lord Ph
illips described is not confined to some special category of cases, such as the sexual abuse of children. It is intended to provide a basis for identifying the circumstances in which vicarious liability may in principle be imposed outside relationships of
 
employment. By focusing upon the business activities carried on by the defendant and their attendant risks, it directs attention to the issues which are likely to be relevant in the context of modern workplaces, where workers may in reality be part of the
 
workforce of an organisation without having a contract of employment with it, and also reflects prevailing ideas about the responsibility of businesses for the risks which are created by their activities. It results in an extension of the scope of vicario
us liability beyond the responsibility of an employer for the acts and omissions of its employees in the course of their employment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7092814\charrsid13905512 
but not to the extent of imposing such liability where a tortfeasor's activities are entirely attributable to the conduct of a recognisably independent business of his own or of a third party.{\*\bkmkend para29}\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7092814\charrsid13905512 (emphasis is mine)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3026622 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13905512 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3737467 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 28.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3737467 Court of Appeal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1510056 {\*\bkmkstart para26} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3737467\charrsid1510056 Ng Huat Seng v Mohammad}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3737467\charrsid3737467 \~{\*\bkmkend para26}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3737467\charrsid1510056 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGCA/2017/58.pdf" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3737467\charrsid1510056 [2017] SGCA 58}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3737467\charrsid3737467 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3737467 
Singapore while discussing two abovementioned UK Supreme Court decisions which had expanded the relationship between the parties beyond }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 employment,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3737467  held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1510056 that such expansion cannot be applied to independent contractors, who are engaged to do certain activities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3737467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11690669 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 29.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690669 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11690669\charrsid11690669 Barclays Bank plc v Various Claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690669  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690669\charrsid11690669 \~
[2020] UKSC 13, [2020] WLR(D) 205, [2020] 2 WLR 960}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690669 
 , Lady Hale after discussing the recent decision in UK where vicarious liability was expanded to persons who were not employed held that such expansion is possible when it is not certain as to the relationship between parties and held in paragraph 27 as}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13905512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13905512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690669  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin720\itap0\pararsid4592439 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11690669\charrsid13905512 \'93{\*\bkmkstart para27}
The question therefore is, as it has always been, whether the tortfeasor is carrying on business on his own account or whether he is in a relationship akin to employment with the defendant. In doubtful cases, the five \'93incidents\'94
 identified by Lord Phil
lips may be helpful in identifying a relationship which is sufficiently analogous to employment to make it fair, just and reasonable to impose vicarious liability. Although they were enunciated in the context of non-commercial enterprises, they may be rel
evant in deciding whether workers who may be technically self-employed or agency workers are effectively part and parcel of the employer\rquote s business. But the key, as it was in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11690669\charrsid13905512 Christian Brothers, Cox\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11690669\charrsid13905512 and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11690669\charrsid13905512 Armes}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11690669\charrsid13905512 , will usually lie in understanding the details o
f the relationship. Where it is clear that the tortfeasor is carrying on his own independent business it is not necessary to consider the five incidents.{\*\bkmkend para27}\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13905512 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7799991 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 30.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7799991 So these recent decisions have expanded scope of both tests beyond their traditional boundaries. The relationship }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14228025 
of the wrongdoers had expanded beyond traditional employees but this had not diminished }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4592439 recognized}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14228025 
 independent contractors for a long period of time. The connection of the wrongdoing to the work assigned was also expanded to for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4592439 ceable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14228025  risks.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14228025 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14228025 
In the light of the new developments relationship of the first and second Defendant revisited to consider the claim of vicarious liability. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13905512 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9253232 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9253232\charrsid13115392 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid13905512 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12982533\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 32.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12982533\charrsid13115392 Second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid13115392 Defendant\rquote s Managing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9272329\charrsid13115392  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid13115392 Director said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12982533\charrsid13115392  that his enga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10362947 ge}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12982533\charrsid13115392 ment of first Defendant to drive a Taxi belonging to his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9272329\charrsid13115392 Taxi business was independent contractor.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12982533 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4592439\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4592439 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7092814 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 33.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092814 
First step in recognition of vicarious liability is to examine the relationship between driver of Taxi and second Defendant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7092814 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 34.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092814 Witness for second Defendant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9272329\charrsid13115392  relied on Fiji Supreme Court Case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9272329\charrsid13115392 Hassan v Transport Workers Union}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9272329\charrsid13115392  [2006] FJSC 11; CBV0006U.2005S (19 October 2006).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9272329 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3633454\charrsid4075347 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 35.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3633454\charrsid4075347 Ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9272329\charrsid4075347 ssan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9272329\charrsid13115392 
(supra) was a decision regarding judicial review application filed by a taxi company against the recognition of its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15608068\charrsid13115392  drivers as \'93employees\'94 in terms of Trade Union Act}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9272329 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15608068\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 36.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid14228025\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15608068\charrsid13115392 For the said determination long standing decision o}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11872198\charrsid13115392 f UK and commonwealth were considered in detail. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11690669 The relationship between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2098715 first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4592439 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715  and second Defendant needs to be considered since second Defendants business is}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4592439  to provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715  taxi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4592439 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715 
 and it had also employed taxi drivers for its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 business,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715  but that number is only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 11. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715 According to evidence, majority of the Taxi drivers of second Defendant were self-employed or independent contractors similar to the first Defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14228025\charrsid3883679 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7092814\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092814\charrsid7092814 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7092814 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 37.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3737467\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7092814 
So it is important to consider latest development in UK and commonwealth jurisdictions in order find out imposition of vicarious liability in this case if fair and justified in the circumstances. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3737467\charrsid3883679 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid10362947\charrsid4075347 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 38.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10362947\charrsid4075347 Ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11872198\charrsid4075347 ssan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11872198\charrsid13115392  (supra) determined that taxi driver and the owner\rquote s relationship was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 of \lquote bailment\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11872198\charrsid13115392  and not employer and employee relationship.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11872198 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4075347\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347\charrsid4075347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4075347 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 39.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347 
Plaintiff contends the findings of the said case regarding employer and employee is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4075347\charrsid14228025 obiter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid14228025 
dicta,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347  as it was judicial review action and not an action relating to tort.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4727030\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030\charrsid4727030 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4727030\charrsid4727030 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 40.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030\charrsid4727030 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030 n}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030\charrsid4727030  discussing the nature of a precedent in English law Sir John Salmond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid4727030 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\super\insrsid4727030 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4727030  Salmond , JURIsPRUDENcE (7th ed.) 201}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030\charrsid4727030  says:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4727030 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4727030\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030\charrsid4727030 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin720\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030\charrsid4727030  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4727030\charrsid10561633 
"A precedent, therefore, is a judicial decision which contains in itself a principle. The underlying principle which thus forms its authoritative element is often termed the ratio decidcadi. The concrete decision is binding between the parties to it, but 
it is the abstract ratio decidcadi which alone has the force of law as regards the world at large." 2
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4075347\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347\charrsid4075347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4075347 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 41.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347 It is correct that matter before Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4075347\charrsid4075347 Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347  (supra) was not an action relating to damages from a driver of a Taxi, but careful examination of
 the said decision is needed to deduce the ratio of a case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15950197 
 It was a judicial review application regarding a determination of the nature of relationship between taxi drivers and owners of the vehicles. Though there are statutory provisions to be interprete
d in that case, the way Supreme Court had approached the issue without interpreting statutory provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 , has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15950197 
 a very broad application of the law relating to taxi drivers and owners of the vehicles and their relationship. So one cannot state findings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10561633\charrsid2098715 Hassan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15950197 (supra)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727030  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253232 
as to the relationship between}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633  drivers of taxi and the owners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253232 , in that case is obiter only because it was a judicial review }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253232 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15950197 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15950197\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15950197\charrsid15950197 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4075347 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 42.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4075347 In my judgment this is too narrow }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9253232 determination of ratio, but the application of that is limited to circumstances of that case and proper objection should have been to distinguish the said judgment from the facts of this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6892490  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490\charrsid3883679 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11872198\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 43.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11872198\charrsid13115392 So, the ratio of the said Supreme Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11872198\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
is relationship between taxi driver and owner of the vehicle in said case where the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid13115392 relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
 between the two parties were described as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11872198\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \'93Each driver was assigned a Sanyo taxi in which to offer taxi services to members of the public for a fare which was to be paid by the member of the public to the driver.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
Each driver had to pay $66 daily to Mr Hassan and could retain the rest of his takings.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
The area in which the driver could operate the cab was defined by reference to Suva, Deuba along Queens Road, and Tailevu along Kings Road. The cab could not be used outside these areas without Mr Hassan\rquote s permission.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 The cab was restricted to the driver\rquote 
s personal use only and could not be made available to others to drive.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
The driver could not undertake repair work on the cab other than in an emergency and then only sufficient to drive it to the nearest garage.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
The driver was liable in the event of an accident for which the driver was at fault while using the vehicle for private purposes. It is implicit in this provision that the driver was free to use the vehicle for his own purposes.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
The driver was required to bring the vehicle in for inspection by management each day.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13905512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 Under clause 11 of the agreement it was provided\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 "the company shall have no control over the Employee\rquote s daily driving"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 \~The reference to employee may ha
ve been a slip but in any event it cannot be conclusive. There was no express provision for termination by Sanyo however drivers were required to give one week\rquote s notice of termination\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 "except in the casual dismissal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 "\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
whatever that may mean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9188218\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9253232\charrsid10561633 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 44.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253232\charrsid10561633 According to u
ndisputed evidence before the court first Defendant paid a fixed amount daily to second Defendant. Payments were made by the commuters to the Driver and he can keep any amount that he receive and pay only the fixed $60 per shift. First Defendant was assig
ned an area to operate, he had to return the vehicle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1514171\charrsid10561633 on day }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 off and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1514171\charrsid10561633  take it following day. All}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13648289  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1514171\charrsid10561633  time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13648289 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1514171\charrsid10561633 
 except day off the vehicle was with driver and he was required to check its maintenance and maintain it in proper condition. First Defendant could not a
ssign the vehicle to another person to drive but he could drive for his personal use while it was not operating as taxi. All these features are analogous to features contained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1514171\charrsid13648289 Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10561633\charrsid13648289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1514171\charrsid10561633 (supra) case quoted above}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253232 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7081080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 45.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7081080 The only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 
noteworthy deviation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 D1,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12067949  from above features in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12067949\charrsid12067949 Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10561633  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12067949 
(supra) is that first Defendant was liable to all damages to all parties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 from any accident, whereas in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10561633\charrsid15290946 Ha}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12067949\charrsid15290946 ssan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13648289  (Supra)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12067949 
 it was restricted accidents happened during personal use. In my judgment this distinction is not sufficient to distinguish the findings of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid12067949\charrsid12067949 Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12067949 (supra) as regards to the nature of relationship between taxi driver and owner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1514171 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2098715\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715\charrsid2098715 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2098715 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 46.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid616990\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2098715 Second Defendant had also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6423772 employed a small number of drivers to its business as permanent employees as \lquote senior drivers\rquote , but according to evidence first Defendant and majority of the drivers are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 self-employed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6423772 . In my judgment this feature does not create a doubt as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6423772  nature of the relationship between Taxi drivers and second Defendant in order to consider policy consideration stated by Lord Phillips.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid6423772 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3542138 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid6423772 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid349418  Paragraph 35 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid349418\charrsid349418 The Catholic Child Welfare Society & Ors v Various Claimants & The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools & Ors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid349418  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid349418 [2013] 1 All ER 670, [2012] UKSC 56, [2013] 2 AC 1,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid349418  Lord Phillip}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6423772 \'93 The relationship that gives rise to vicarious liability is in the
 vast majority of cases that of employer and employee under a contract of employment. The employer will be vicariously liable when the employee commits a tort in the course of his employment. There is no difficulty in identifying a number of policy reason
s that usually make it fair, just and reasonable to impose vicarious liability on the employer when these criteria are satisfied:
\par i) The employer is more likely to have the means to compensate the victim than the employee and can be expected to have insured against that liability;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6423772 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6423772 
ii) The tort will have been committed as a result of activity being taken by the employee on behalf of the employer;
\par iii) The employee's activity is likely to be part of the business activity of the employer;
\par iv) The employer, by employing the employee to carry on the activity will have created the risk of the tort committed by the employee;
\par v) The employee will, to a greater or lesser degree, have been under the control of the employer.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14646838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14646838\charrsid14646838 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid14646838\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14646838\charrsid616990 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6892490 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 47.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 
Taxi driver and owner of such vehicle are independent contractors that is recognized in law for a long period of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 time,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 
 but this does not prevent a driver being employed as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15424831 taxi driver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490  if the owner desired to do so.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6892490\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490\charrsid6892490 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6892490 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 48.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 At the same time an employer cannot be allowed to exclude vicarious}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10096863  liability for part of their employees deliberately categorizing them as independent contractors. This is possible with the advent of ICT and culture }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 of WFH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10096863  (Work From Home). In such a scenario application of Lord Phillips five policy considerations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid10096863 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\super\insrsid10096863 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096863  ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10096863 
 is useful. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545877 This is not the position between Defendants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6892490 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 49.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892490 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12067949 irst Defendant
\rquote s employment contract state that he is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15216426 self-employed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154  and his shift is from 4pm to 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12067949 am. The orientation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10096863  information further stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15216426 
first Defendant being the driver was liable for all costs of the damage of the vehicle assigned and its security and he was not entitled for payment of wages or superannuation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12067949 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9596361 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 50.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9596361 In the circumstances the ratio of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9596361\charrsid6892490 Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9596361  (supra) can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15216426 not be distinguished and it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 is applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9596361  to this case and the result is there is no relationship that could impute vicarious liability upon second Defendant for actions of the first Defendant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3216845 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 51.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3216845 Even if I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264 
 am wrong on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264  though there are expansion of scope for vicarious liability still distinction of independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 contractor is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264  very much a part of law in UK and commonwealth jurisdiction. It had not been entirely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 discarded,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 in determination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264 
 of vicarious liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3216845 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7081080\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7081080\charrsid7081080 
\par {\*\bkmkstart para70}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13725917\charrsid13725917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 52.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725917\charrsid13725917 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13725917\charrsid13725917 JGE v The Portsmouth Roman Catholic Diocesan Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725917  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725917\charrsid13725917 
[2013] 2 WLR 958, [2012] PIQR P19, [2013] 1 QB 722, [2012] IRLR 846, [2013] PTSR 565, [2013] Ch 722, [2013] QB 722, [2012] 4 All ER 1152, [2012] WLR(D) 204}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725917  Lord Ward held,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13725917\charrsid13725917 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid349418 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725917\charrsid349418 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin567\itap0\pararsid13905512\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7081080\charrsid13905512 \'93
Whilst it may be useful to carry out some sort of comparative exercise for the purpose of ascertaining how close the relationship of Father Baldwin and the bishop is to a relationship of employer/employee as opposed to that of employer/ independent contra
ctor, my judgment is that one should concentrate on the extent to which, if at all, he is in a position akin to employment. The cases analysed in the immediately preceding paragraphs should be noted with a view to abstracting from them, if it is possible,
 the essence of being an employee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7081080\charrsid13905512 To distil it to a single}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid616990  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7081080\charrsid13905512 sentence I would say that an employee is one who is paid a wage or salary to work under some, if only slight, control of his employer in his employer's business for his employer's business. The ind
ependent contractor works in and for his own business at his risk of profit or loss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7081080\charrsid13905512 {\*\bkmkend para70}\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13725917\charrsid13905512  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7081080\charrsid13905512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13725917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 53.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725917 First Defendant was not paid any salary or wages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16743279  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15424831 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16743279  FNPF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13725917 
 and D1 specifically state so, too. He only pays fixed sum to the second Defendant, irrespective whether he earned more or less. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16389264 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 54.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid16389264\charrsid16389264 Barclays Bank plc v Various Claimants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264\charrsid16389264  [2020] UKSC 13 (01 April 2020)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16389264  UK Supreme Court rejected claim on vicarious liability for the conduct of a doctor engaged by them for a considerable time for medical examination of its employees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698631 
. He was paid for each report he submitted and he had his own clientele and was never paid even a retainer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15216426  The Doctor\rquote 
s relationship with the bank was held as independent contractor and vicariously }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16743279 liability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15424831 of Bank was rejected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15216426  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698631 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid2698631\charrsid2698631 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 55.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2698631\charrsid2698631 Bates van Winkelhof v Clyde and Co LLP}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698631\charrsid2698631  [2014] UKSC 32; [2014] 1 WLR 2047}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698631  dealt with the employment relationship of a solicitor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10561633\charrsid11827391 Pimlico}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2698631\charrsid11827391  Plumbers Ltd v Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698631\charrsid2698631  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698631 [2018] UKSC 29; [2018] ICR 1511 dealt with issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 of relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698631  of plumbing and heating engineer had with a company that provides such services.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3604554\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid3604554 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604554\charrsid3604554 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 56.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid3604554 In both those cases solicitor\rquote s work and plumbing engineer
\rquote s work was akin to the work of the respective entities where he worked but in both cases it was held that irrespective of that factor they were not employees.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3604554\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3604554\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid3604554 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3604554 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 57.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3604554\charrsid3604554 Woodland v Essex County Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid3604554 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid3604554 2014] 1 AC 537, [2013] 3 WLR 1227, [2013] UKSC 66, [2013] WLR(D) 403, [2014] ELR 67, [2014] 1 All ER 482}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3604554  Lord Sumption held,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri571\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin571\lin1440\itap0\pararsid616990\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 
{\*\bkmkstart para3}\'93In principle, liability in tort depends upon proof of a personal breach of duty. To that principle, there is at common law only one true exception, namely vicarious liability. Where a 
defendant is vicariously liable for the tort of another, he commits no tort himself and may not even owe the relevant duty, but is held liable as a matter of public policy for the tort of the other:\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 Majrowski v Guy's and St. Thomas's NHS Hospital Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 \~{\*\bkmkend para3}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?path=/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2005/251.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf17\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 [2005] QB 848}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 
. The boundaries of vicarious liability have been expanded by recent decisions of the courts to embrace tortfeasors who are not employees of the defendant, but stand in a relationship which is sufficiently analogous to employment:\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 Various Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201385  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?path=/uk/cases/UKSC/2012/56.html" \\o "Link to BAILII version" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\i\f0\fs24\ul\cf17\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 
[2013] 2 AC 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 
But it has never extended to the negligence of those who are truly independent contractors, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3604554\charrsid13905512 such as Mrs Stopford appears to have been in this case.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5316369\charrsid13905512 (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid616990 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid9518827\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9518827 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9518827 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 58.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9518827 Latest developments find in decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5316369 s of UK Supreme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3542138 Court had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369 
 applied vicarious liability to relationships other than employment, but had not changed long established relationships such as Taxi drivers and owner of the vehicles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9518827 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid749140 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 59.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid749140 So first Defendant who was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 driver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid749140 
 of taxi business of second defendant cannot be considered as an employee considering circumstances of the case I described earlier and also long established common law position.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid749140 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 60.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid749140 There may be positions in gig economy where a parson who is working from hom
e can be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369 vicariously }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 liable as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid749140  an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 employee,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid749140  but that will depend on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369 relationship and type }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3542138 of wrong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369 doing and whether the risk of wrong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369 doing was close for the type of work assigned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid749140 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369  Sometimes it may be strict }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 liability depending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369  on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16743279  nature of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5316369  work assigned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid749140 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16389264 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9596361 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 61.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9596361 
When there is no relationship between the parties to impose vicarious liability there is no need to consider the wrong doing and its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 relationship which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9596361  is the second stage fulfillment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12147748 , in order to impose vicarious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9596361 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3216845 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3216845 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 62.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3216845 Without prejudice to wh
at was stated above I consider the nature of wrongdoing and the relationship between the parties for completeness of that issue which had also developed over the years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9596361  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10561633\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10561633\charrsid10561633 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 63.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 The owner and managing director}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9596361  of second Defendant in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154\charrsid13115392 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9596361  stated that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392  there are approximately 46 vehicles used as taxis by the second Defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 64.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499\charrsid13115392 
The vehicle driven by first Defendant was a taxi owned by second Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13924499 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 65.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 This ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid402154 cident had happened around 7.30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 am and according to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 witness,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392  he was supposed to te}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154 rminate his taxi operation by 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 am.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 66.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 
According to him the vehicle was given to first Defendant on the basis that he would pay $60 per day and on the date of accident driver was on night shift and his duty started at 4 pm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154 
 on previous day and ended at 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 am on the date of accident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 67.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2233357\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 
This is contrary to written instructions marked by Defendant as D1 where nig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154 ht shift can be any time from 4pm to 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13270969\charrsid13115392 
am on the following day. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12147748 There was no evidence as to the time he started work and that he had paid his daily payment or returned the vehicle for day off.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2233357 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2233357\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233357\charrsid2233357 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2233357\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2233357\charrsid2233357 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16084056\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 68.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16084056\charrsid13115392 
So on the balance of probability it is proved that first Defendant\rquote s negligent act that resulted accident had happened while he was driving his Taxi as taxi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 driver}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7633588 , and not as stated in evidence outside his night shift}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16084056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16084056\charrsid13115392 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 69.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16084056\charrsid13115392 There were no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 passengers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16084056\charrsid13115392  in the vehicle at the time of the accident, but that is not determinate to find determination to deny }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10048316\charrsid13115392 vicarious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16084056\charrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid13115392 liability}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16084056\charrsid13115392  if he was an employee of second Defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16084056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12147748\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12147748\charrsid12147748 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12147748 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 70.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12147748 The above finding cannot impose vicarious liability, since there 
was no relationship to impose vicarious liability.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12147748\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12147748\charrsid12147748 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12147748 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 71.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12147748 
Plaintiff had produced details of the damage to the vehicle which was under warranty when accident happened and all the repairs were carried out by the local agent of for the said brand of vehicles.  The 
total repair cost was $55,181.96 and Assessors Fee was $235 (P8) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5842336 Towing fee was $94 and a Police Report fee was $21.80 (P12) proved .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10561633 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid3883679 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid3883679 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10362947 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13905512\charrsid3633454 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 72.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454 Plaintiff had obtained default judgment against the first Defendant who was the driver of the Taxi that caused damage to the Plaintiff\rquote s vehicle. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8723\charrsid3633454 It is proved on the balance of probability that dama}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154 ge to Plaintiff\rquote s vehicle was $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8723\charrsid3633454 55}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8723\charrsid3633454 181.96 and further expen
ses of towing and assessment and total damage incurred due to collision of Taxi driven by first Defendant was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454 $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 
55,181.96.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li360\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid10362947\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 73.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8723\charrsid3633454  Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 Supreme Court decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454 
Hassan v Transport Workers Union}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154 2006] FJSC 11; CBV0006U.2005S (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454 decided on 19 October 2006)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454  it was held \lquote 
There is a long history of court decisions in England, Australia and New Zealand which establish that generally speaking the legal relationship between taxi owners and their drivers is n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10362947 
ot that of employer/employee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454  The evidence proved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8723\charrsid3633454  the arrangement between first and Second Defendants was akin to arrangement between the parties in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8723\charrsid4210397 Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8723\charrsid3633454  (supra). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 I in my judgment this can }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 change}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454  with time and also there are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 
policy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454  considerations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 . This is a lo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4210397 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 g establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 position}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 
 and law should be certain and to deviate from the recognized position there should be sufficient reasons. Hence the claim based on vicarious liability fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454 
 So the claim against second Defendant is struck }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 off and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454  I d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4210397 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454  not grant any cost to the second Defendant considering circumstances of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454  Plaintiff had proved the damage to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275\charrsid3633454 vehicle for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454 
 $55,181.96 and other special damages }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 totalizing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9843564\charrsid3633454  to $55,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid800081\charrsid3633454 532.76. The cost of this action is summarily assessed at $3,000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12088622 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4210397 
 The Plaintiff is granted 4% interest for special damages produced from the date of accident to date of judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid12088622 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3633454 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3633454\charrsid3633454 FINAL ORDERS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid800081\charrsid3633454 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid800081 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081 Special Damages in the sum of $55,532.76 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275 against}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081  first Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid402154 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5529275 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275 Interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081 
 at the rate of 4% from the date of accident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid349418 (14.1.2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081  to the date of judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5529275  amounting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10048316 $ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8586692 7315.11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8586692\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8586692 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid800081 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 c.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6911684\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081 Cost of this action is summarily assessed at $3,000 to be paid by first Defendant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3633454 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid6911684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3883679\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3883679\charrsid3883679 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid800081 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 d.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sa160\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3633454\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081 The claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275 against}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081  second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275 Defendant is struck off without any cost to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10048316 the second Defendant,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5529275  considering the circumstances of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid800081\charrsid800081 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid14102012 Dated at Suva this }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\super\insrsid13115392\charrsid10750121 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid14102012   day of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392 April}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid14102012 , 2020.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\tx916\tx1832\tx2748\tx3664\tx4580\tx5496\tx6412\tx7328\tx8244\tx9160\tx10076\tx10992\tx11908\tx12824\tx13740\tx14656\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115392 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13115392\charrsid8786659 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid14102012 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13115392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid14102012 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \'85
\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13115392\charrsid14102012 Justice Deepthi Amaratunga
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13115392\charrsid14102012 High Court, Suva
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