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{\operator Sereima M. Sovaki}{\creatim\yr2019\mo5\dy24\hr14\min11}{\revtim\yr2019\mo5\dy24\hr14\min11}{\printim\yr2019\mo5\dy24\hr8\min49}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages23}{\nofwords7097}{\nofchars40455}{\nofcharsws47458}{\vern49247}}
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\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7227481 \chftnsep 
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\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14238883 \hich\af37\dbch\af37\loch\f37  PAGE   \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14035173 \hich\af37\dbch\af37\loch\f37 23}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14035173 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 WESTERN DIVISION
\par \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 AT LAUTOKA
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14035173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3036726 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14035173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 CIVIL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6181007\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164  APPELLATE }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164  JURISDICTION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Civil Appeal No. 13 of 2018
\par \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Consolidated with Civil Appeal No. 14 of 2018
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 
\par \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 (Nadi Magistrate\hich\f164 \rquote \loch\f164 s Court Civil Action No. 14 of 2015\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164        Consolidated with Civil Action No. 15 of 2015)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14035173 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 BETWEEN}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid14035173\charrsid14035173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14035173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 FIJI ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 a body corporate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 incorporated under the
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Electricity Act, Cap 180 and having its registered offic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
e at 2 Marlow Street, Suva and
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 now known as Energy Fiji Limited (EFL)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid14035173 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid8593581\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 APPELLANT/DEFENDANT}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid8593581\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\ul\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14035173 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14035173 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 AND}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid14035173\charrsid14035173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14035173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 SANGEETA SHARIKA KUMAR\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 
\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 of Waimalika, Sabeto.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid14035173\charrsid14035173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14035173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 HEMA WATI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164  of Waimalika, Sabeto.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14035173 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14035173 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8593581\charrsid14035173 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 (\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 RESPONDENTS/PLAINTIFFS\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 )
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3434587 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6706642 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3036726                  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3036726\charrsid6706642 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3036726 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Counsel\tab \tab :\tab (Ms)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid14238883 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164  Lynette Prasad Qumivutia}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164  for the appellant.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid13979942 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 espondents in person.
\par 
\par \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Date of hearing\tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid5924516 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Friday, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 
\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\super\insrsid3036726\charrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
 March, 2019.
\par \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Date of Judgment\tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid5924516 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 Friday, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 
\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\super\insrsid3036726\charrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
 May, 2019.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3036726 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\ul\insrsid3036726 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid3036726 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\ul\insrsid3036726 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3036726 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs32\ul\insrsid3036726\charrsid2588014 JUDGMENT
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (A)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\ql \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid3036726 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid3036726 INTRODUCTION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3036726 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3036726 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid3036726 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (1)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3036726 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 This is an appeal against the judgment of the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court at \lquote Nadi\rquote  delivered by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726 esident Magistrate on the 05}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\super\insrsid3036726\charrsid3036726 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3036726  June, 2018 in Civil Action Nos. 14 of 2015 and 15 of 2015.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6377245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6377245\charrsid6377245 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (B)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid6377245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid6377245\charrsid6377245 BACKGROUND
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6377245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6377245 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6377245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245 The action by the Respondents/Plaintiffs }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 stems from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245  their cl
aims lodged in the Small Claims Tribunal (Case Nos. 14 and 15 of 2015) and was brought before the Magistrates Court jurisdiction to establish if there was \lquote negligence\rquote  on the Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid5924516 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245  part.  Both Respondents/Plaintiffs sought compensation against the Appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6377245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245 
\par The first Respondent, Sangeeta Kumar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5924516 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245 
 via SCT Claim No. 1088/14 brought her claim of $4,324.00 against the Appellant for damages to her appliances allegedly due to the Appellant\rquote s power surge that occurred on 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\super\insrsid6377245\charrsid6377245 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245  September 2014.
\par 
\par The Second Respondent claimant, Hema Wati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5924516 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6377245 
 via Small Claims Tribunal (SCT) claim No. 1089/14 brought her claim of $4898.00 against the Appellant which she also alleged were due to the Appellants power surge that occurred on 29 September 2014.
\par 
\par Both matters were transferred and heard together before the Magistrates Court in accordance with section 22(1) of the SCT Act.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid15733200\charrsid15733200 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (C)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid15733200\charrsid15733200 FINDINGS OF THE MAGISTRATE
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid15733200\charrsid5976039 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (3)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15733200\charrsid5976039 Case No 14 of 2015
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid15733200 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 efendant authority or its successor EFL should pay the sum of $3,898.00 to the plaintiff as the damages caused to her,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid15733200 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (ii)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 efendant authority or its successor EFL should pay a summarily assessed cost of $200 within 14 days.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200\charrsid15733200 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15733200\charrsid5976039 Case 15 of 2015
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid15733200 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15733200 efendant authority or its successor EFL should pay a sum of $3,324.00 to the plaintiff as the damages caused to her,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2828198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2828198 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2828198 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (ii)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15733200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2828198 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2828198 efendant authority or its successor EFL should pay a summarily assessed cost of $200.00 within 14 days.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2588014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af37\langnp1033\insrsid2588014 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af37\insrsid2588014\charrsid2588014 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 (D)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid2588014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af37\langnp1033\insrsid2588014\charrsid2588014 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 APPEAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid2588014\charrsid2588014 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3036726 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6579054 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid2588014 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (4)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2588014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2588014 The appellant, who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2588014  I shall call the defendant, challenges the Resident Magistrate\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 judgment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2588014 .  The defendant seeks an order from this Court that the decision of the learned Magistrate be set aside on the following grounds;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2588014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2588014 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7952078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 1.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078  the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in applying the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid9912490\charrsid7952078 doctrine of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078  \'93Res Ipsa Loquitur\'94
, and holding that the Appellant was negligent when there was no evidence of negligence on the part of the Appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid2588014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2588014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 2. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 
 the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not holding that the evidence of the Respondent\rquote s witnesses did not establish any negligence of the Appellant.
\par 
\par 3. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 
 the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not properly applying Section 44 (3) of the Electricity Act Cap 180 which the Appellant had pleaded its defence especially in view of the fac
t that a power surge in the area had never occurred before and was a \'93one-off\'94 event due to fair wear and tear or due to an accident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8412290\charrsid7952078 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078  the occurrence of the incident was out of the Appellant\rquote s control.
\par 
\par 4. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078  the Learned Magistrate erred in law and fa
ct in not properly applying the similar fact case of Iqbal Khan v FEA \endash  SCT Appeal No. 13 of 2004/SCT Action No. 2889/03 delivered by the Resident Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 
 Ajmal Khan who ruled that it was an unavoidable accident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2588014\charrsid7952078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 
\par 5. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078  the Learned Magistrate erred i
n law and in fact in not properly considering the evidence of the elderly residents of Naboutini who said that power outage occurred only once in the 44 to 57 years they have resided there.
\par 
\par 6. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 THAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not p
roperly taking into consideration that the damage to the Respondent\rquote s appliances were due to them having tampered with the protection fuses inside their meter boxes by using copper wires instead of normal fuse wires.
\par 
\par 7. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078  the Learned Magistrate erred 
in law and in fact in not holding that the Respondents by tempering with the protection fuses inside their meter boxes by using copper wires breached Section 63 (1) and (2) of the electricity Act, Cap 180 and Australia and New Zealand wiring Standards.

\par 
\par 8. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 
 the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not taking into consideration the evidence of Plaintiff\rquote s witnesses who clearly established that there was no negligence on the part of the Appellant.
\par 
\par 9. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 
 the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in reversing the onus of proof on the issue of proving negligence and wrongly held that the Appellant did not give any explanation for the occurrence of the incident.
\par 
\par 10. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 THAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078  the Learned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid6299432\charrsid7952078 Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not holding that the snapping of the disc insulator from the cross arm on the pole could only be due to fair wear and tear or accident and not due to negligence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10496850\charrsid7952078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid6299432\charrsid7952078 
\par 11. \tab THAT the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not properly taking into consideration the Appellant\rquote 
s Electricity Incident Report tendered at the trial and also not properly taking into consideration other exhibits tendered by the Appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid6292351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid6292351 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid5976039 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6292351\charrsid6292351 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (E)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-709\li709\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin804\lin709\itap0\pararsid6292351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid6292351\charrsid6292351 CONSIDERATION AND THE DETERMINATION}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid6292351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid6292351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid6292351 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6292351 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (5)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6292351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6292351 The action is based on breach of
 common law duty.  The facts of the case are simple and can be shortly stated.  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16147608  respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2520871 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16147608  whom I shall call the plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696  are customers of the defendant, Fiji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid14833132 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696 lectricity Authority.  On 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\super\insrsid14623696\charrsid14623696 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696  September, 2014 a power surge occurred at \lquote Naboutini\rquote  settlement, Nadi where the plaintiffs reside.  As a result of the power surge certain electrical items of the plaintiffs\rquote 
 household got damaged.  The first plaintiff, Sangeeta Kumar via Small Claims Tribunal (SCT) Claim No: 1088/14 brought her claim of $4,324.00 against the defendant for damages to her appliances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid6706642  (DVD, ipad, mobile phone and deck)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696 .  The second plaintiff, Hema Wati via Small Claims Tribunal (SCT) Claim No: 1089/14 brought her claim of $4
,898.00 against the defendant for damages to her appliances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642  (DVD player, fridge, T.V. and washing machine)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid6706642\charrsid14300563 The parties have submitted their disputes on pleading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14171205 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid6706642\charrsid14300563  to the court.  It may be noted that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14623696\charrsid14300563 he plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14300563 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14623696\charrsid14300563  pleadings were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14833132\charrsid14300563 insufficient to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14623696\charrsid14300563  indicate to the defendant the particulars of negligence on which the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid6706642\charrsid14300563 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14623696\charrsid14300563  intended to rely at the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid5924516 
 The rules provide a framework within which to balance the interest of both sides. That balance is inevitably disturbed if an unrepresented litigant is ent
itled to greater indulgence in complying with them than his represented opponent. There must be a fairness and an equal application of the law to both parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6292351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid14623696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14623696 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (6)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6292351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696 It was later found out that on the 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\super\insrsid14623696\charrsid14623696 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696  of September 2014, an 11kv cross arm broke on pole #W18088 and as a result the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 High Voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696  disc insulator became loose and caused the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15158127 H}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 igh Voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15158127  conductor to sag at the middle span between pole #W18087 and W18086.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14833132 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 igh Voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15158127  conductor sagged and touched the L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 ow Voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15158127  conductor below it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449 .  This caused all L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 ow Voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449  customers connected on the same L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 ow Voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449  conductor to experience a voltage surge and as a result most of the customers had their appliances damaged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14623696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1864449 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1864449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1864449 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (7)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6292351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449 
The defendant in its statement of defence pleaded that the damages to the appliances was not caused by any fault or negligence for which the defendant is liable.  The defendant admitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 there was a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449  power surge and the damages to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10883926 plaintiff\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449  appliances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449 
as a consequence of the power surge.  However, the defendant relied on Section 44(3) of the Electricity Act, Cap 180 to exempt itself from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10883926 civil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid1864449  liability in damages.  The defendant, as well as denying the allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10883926  of negligence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449 
took the defences that;
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1864449\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f10\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1864449 \loch\af10\dbch\af31506\hich\f10 \'76\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1864449 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449 The most affected houses were the ones with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1864449\charrsid10883926 copper wire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid1864449  being used for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10883926  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10883926\charrsid10883926 standard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1864449\charrsid10883926  fuse wire protection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449  on the main switchboard and therefore the accident resulted from the plaintiffs own negligence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6434150 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6434150 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f10\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1864449 \loch\af10\dbch\af31506\hich\f10 \'76\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1864449 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1864449 The electricity meter installed at the plaintif
fs residence at the material time has not been approved by the Chief Inspector of the \lquote Fiji Electricity Authority\rquote 
 (the defendant) in accordance with approved regulations under Electricity Act, Cap 180 and as a result there was no negligence on the part of
 the defendant because the plaintiffs electricity meter was not in conformity with the provisions of the Electricity Act, Cap 180.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6434150 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6434150 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976039 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6434150 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (8)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6434150 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6434150 Bearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 that in mind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6434150  let me now turn to the grounds of appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6434150 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6434150 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6434150\charrsid6434150 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (9)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6434150 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid6434150\charrsid6434150 Ground (1):
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6434150 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6434150 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6434150 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6434150\charrsid9912490 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in applying the doctrine of \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 Res Ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6434150\charrsid9912490 
\rquote  and holding that the appellant was negligent when there was no evidence of negligence on the part of the appellant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6434150 
\par Counsel for the appellant elaborated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid65585  on this on page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid65585 04}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid65585  of the written submissions filed on 20.11.2018.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6434150 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12865246 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12865246 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 10. \tab 
The learned Magistrate erred in stating from paragraphs 20 to 28 of the Judgment that the maxim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 Res Ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078  was applicable  in the instant case and the circumstances of the alleged incident raise an inference o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11148961 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078  negligence on part of the defendant in this case (\rquote Maxim\rquote ).
\par 
\par 11.\tab The learned Magistrate erred by not correctly evaluating the 2 conditions that must be satisfied by a plaintiff for the Maxim to apply as stated in the Fiji Court of Appeal Case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 Ali v Ali [2009] FJCA 41:
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri1371\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin1371\lin2880\itap0\pararsid9912490 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 \'93the occurrence }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 must be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid5924196\charrsid7952078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 speak negligence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078  and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 
negligence must be the defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 ; (ii) it must also be such as to raise two inferences (i) that the accident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 was caused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078  by a breach by somebody of a duty of care to the plaintiff, (ii) that the defendant was that somebody.\'94\tab 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2880\ri1371\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1371\lin2880\itap0\pararsid7952078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid7952078 
\par \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 \tab \tab    (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid7952078\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7885029 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 12. \tab 
In the present case, the learned Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid14171205 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078 
ailed to consider that there was no evidence of negligence attributable to the Appellant for the Maxim to be applicable.  There was no evidence adduced that the appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid7885029\charrsid7952078 caused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid12865246\charrsid7952078  the power surge.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid7885029 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid7885029 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid5976039 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid7885029 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7885029\charrsid7885029 
In the written judgment, the learned Magistrate referred to the doctrine of \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid7885029\charrsid11107673 Res Ipsa loquit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10892300 
u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid7885029\charrsid11107673 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7885029\charrsid7885029 \rquote  in this way;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid7885029 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin720\itap0\pararsid11107673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid11107673\charrsid11107673 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11107673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11107673\charrsid7952078 25. \tab 
The authorities suggest that, there are some requirements or conditions precedent for the maxim to be applied in a given case.  They are:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1800\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin1800\itap0\pararsid11107673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11107673\charrsid7952078 \tab a.  \tab 
The absence of explanation,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2880\itap0\pararsid7952078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11107673\charrsid7952078 b. \tab The harm must be of 
such a kind that it does not ordinarily happen if proper care is being taken, and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2880\itap0\pararsid11107673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11107673\charrsid7952078 c. \tab 
The instrumentally causing the accident must be within the exclusive control of the defendant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid11107673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11107673\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11107673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11107673\charrsid7952078 26. \tab 
In the instant cases, as stated above, the installation and the maintenance of the poles and the network are within the exclusive control and the management of the defendant authority and the plaintiffs have nothing to do with them.  The evidence establis
hed the alleged incident, that happened, is not the one that frequently occurs.  Though the first defence witness said that, it was fair wear and tear, the second witness, who is responsible for networking stated that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid7952078 , they have been doing annual maintenance, though he could not confirm the last maintenance they did in the area where the alleged incident occurred. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003 If they were doing annual maintenance, there could not have been a fair wear and tear.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003 Thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003 the defendant did not give any explanation for the occurrence of the incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11107673\charrsid7952078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid7952078 
\par 27. \tab The defendant might argue that, the plaintiffs never took up the application of this maxim during the trial or in their claim.  In fact, both the defendants were appearing in person and they did not have any legal background
 to take up the same.  In any event, it is not necessary to plead this maxim for the court to consider the same.  This is the position in English jurisdiction and other several jurisdictions,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid7952078\charrsid7952078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid7952078 including Fiji. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003 
Bennett v. Chemical Construction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11148961\charrsid13123003 Ltd [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003 1971] 1. W.L.R. 1571}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid7952078  the English courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11148961  held that, the maxim does not need to be pleaded. Following the position of English courts, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid7952078 the Fiji Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid13123003 Ali v Ali [2009] FJCA 41; ABU0029.2006 (3 December 2009)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1513092\charrsid7952078  held that, the maxim needs not to be pleaded.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11555263\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11555263\charrsid7952078 28. \tab 
It follows from the above analysis and reasoning that, the maxim Res Ipsa loquitur is applicable in the instant cases and the circumstances of the alleged incident raise an inference of negligence on part of the defendant in this case.  Accordingly,
 the issue (b) above is affirmatively answered in favour of the plaintiffs and the defendants were negligent and failed to take proper care of the network.  This further proves that, the plaintiffs were not responsible for alleged incident and in return i
t rebuts the argument of the defendant that, the plaintiffs were the authors of the incident.  Thus, the issue (f)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15809408\charrsid7952078 
 on behalf of the defendant is negatively answered.  Therefore, the next issues are the quantum of damages and the alleged contributory negligence on part of the plaintiffs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid14300563\charrsid7952078                                                                                 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14300563\charrsid7952078 
(Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid6706642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14300563 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642\charrsid6706642 I cannot agree with this conclusion.  I regret to say that the learned Magistrate has misapplied the maxim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid146968 
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642\charrsid6706642  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid6706642\charrsid14300563 res ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid6706642\charrsid6706642 \rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10883926  I will return to this later.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid6706642 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid6706642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6706642 The maxim is not a rule of law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 Kennedy L.J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid14300196 Russell v L& S.W. Ry (1908) 24 T.L.R. 548, 58}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152  explains the meaning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid3621091 res ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152  as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \loch\af164\dbch\af37\hich\f164 \'93\loch\f164 \hich\f164 
The meaning, as I understand, of that phrase \'85\loch\f164 .. is this, that there is\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
, in the circumstances of the particular case, some evidence which, viewed not as a matter of conjecture, but of reasonable argument, makes it more probable that there was some negligence, upon the facts as shown and undisputed, than that the occurrence t
\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 o\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
ok place without negligence.  The res speaks because the facts stand unexplained, and therefore the natural and reasonable, not conjectural, inference from the facts shows that what has happened is reasonably to be attributed to some act of negligence on 
\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 t\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
he part of somebody; that is, some want of reasonable care under the circumstances.  Res ipsa loquitur does not mean, as I understand it, that merely because at the end of a journey a horse is found hurt, or somebody is hurt in the streets, the mere fact 
\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 t\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 \hich\f164 
hat he is hurt implies negligence.  That is absurd.  It means that the circumstances are, so to speak, eloquent of the negligence of somebody who brought about the state of things which is complained of\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13123003 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
Later, his Lordship adds;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \loch\af164\dbch\af37\hich\f164 \'93\loch\f164 
Res ipsa loquitur in \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 \hich\f164 this sense; the circumstances are more consistent, reasonably interpreted without further explanation, with your negligence than with any other cause of the accident happening.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
The maxim comes into operation (1) on proof of the happening of an unexplaine\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
d occurrence; (2) when the occurrence is one which would not have happened in the ordinary course of things without negligence on the part of somebody other than the Plaintiff; and (3) the circumstances point to the negligence in question being that of th
\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 e\hich\af164\dbch\af37\loch\f164 
 defendant rather than that of any other person.  The third requirement is usually fulfilled by showing that the instrument causing the damage was in the management and control of the defendant at the time of the occurrence, but this is not essential.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 The case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid1120214 Byrne v. Boadle 2 H. & C.722, 159 ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152  (Eng. Rep.) 299 (Exch. 1863); is regarded as the English tort law case that first applied }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid5534369 res ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
In that case the Plaintiff (Byrne) was struck by a barrel of flour falling from a window as he walked past the Defendant\rquote 
s (Boadley) flour shop and sustained serious personal injuries.  A witness testified that he saw the barrel but had not seen the cause.  Byrne did not present any other evidence of negligence by Boadle or his employees.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5976039 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13123003 It was held that,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \'93
A presumption of negligence can arise from an accident.  A party needs not present direct evidence of negligence when the mere manner and facts of the accident show that it could not have happened without negligence on someone\rquote s part.  A barrel 
could not roll out of a warehouse window without negligence.  This is an example of a case in which res ipsa loquit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid10892300 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 r (\'93the thing speaks for itself\'94) applies.  It is evidence that the barrel was in the custody of the Defendant and its falling is prima faci
e evidence of negligence.  A Plaintiff who is injured in such a fashion should not be required to show that the barrel could not fall without negligence.  A rebuttable presumption is created that Defendant was negligent and he has the burden to prove that
 he was not.  The Defendant had a duty to ensure that those passing by his shop are not injured by objects under his control.  In this case there was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid11148961 scintilla}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078  of evidence with respect to negligence.  The Defendant failed to show he was not negligent and the Plaintiff was to the verdict.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
The phrase has also been succinctly expounded by Lord Justice Morris in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid1120214 Roe v. Ministry of Health (1954) 2 QB 66 at page 88}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \'93\'85\'85\'85
.. this convenient and succinct formula possesses no magic qualities; nor has it any added virtue, other than that of brevity, merely because it is expressed in Latin.  When used on behalf of a Plaintiff it is generally a short way of saying \'93
I submit that the facts and circumstances which I have proved established a prima facie case of negligence against the Defendant.\'94
  It must depend upon all the individual facts and the circumstances of the particular case whether this is so.  There are certain happenings that do not normally occur in the absence of negligence, and upon proof of these a cour
t will probably hold that there is a case to answer.\'94
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid1120214 Lloyd v. West Midlands Gas Board [1971] 1 WLR 749; Lord Justice Megaw explained (at page 755)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \'93
I doubt whether it is right to describe res ipsa loquitur as a \lquote doctrine\rquote .  I think that 
it is no more than an exotic, although convenient, phrase to describe what is in essence no more than a common sense approach, not limited by technical rules, to the assessment of the effect of evidence in certain circumstances.\'94
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid13991107\charrsid4746733 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \'93
It means that a Plaintiff prima facie established negligence where (i) it is not possible for him to prove precisely what was the relevant act or omission which set in train the events leading to the accident; but (ii) on the evidence as it stands at the 
relevant time it is more likely than not that the effective cause of accident was some act or omission of the Defendant or of someone for whom the Defendant is responsible, which act or omission constitutes a failure to take proper care for the Plaintiff
\rquote s safety.\'94
\par 
\par \'93I have used the words \'93evidence as it stands at the relevant time\'94.  I think that this can most conveniently be taken as being at the close of the Plaintiff\rquote 
s case.  On the assumption that a submission of no case is then made, would the evidenc
e, as it then stands, enable the Plaintiff to succeed because, although proper inference on balance of probability is that cause, whatever it may have been, involved a failure by the Defendant to take due care for the Plaintiff\rquote 
s safety?  If so, res ipsa loquitur.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid4746733 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 Franklin v. Victorian Railways Commissioner (1959) 101 CLR 197; Dixon CJ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 said;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \'93The three Latin words [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid1916235 res ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
] merely describe a well-known form of reasoning in matters of proof.  Convenient as it is sometimes to us to direct th
e mind along that channel of reasoning they must not be allowed to obscure the fact that it is a form of reasoning about proof leading to an affirmative conclusion of fact and that whenever the question is whether the proofs adduced suffice to establish a
n issue affirmatively, all the circumstances must be taken into account and the evidence considered as a whole.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 The High Court of Australia in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 Schellenberg v. Tunnel Holdings Pty Ltd. [200}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid4141515 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152  HCA 18 held (Gleeson CJ and McHugh J);
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \'93Res ipsa l}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid5187958 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 quitur is 
concerned with negligence arising from an unknown or unspecified cause.  It is concerned with an external event whose cause is under the control of the defendant.  It is a principal that is as much, perhaps more, concerned with proof that the defendant wa
s causally responsible for the occurrence as it is with proof of a breach of duty.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 \'93
While Res ipsa loquitur may ameliorate the difficulties that arise from a lack of evidence as to the specific cause of an accident, the inference to which it gives rise is
 merely a conclusion that is derived by the trier of fact from all the circumstances of the occurrence.  When it applies, the trier of fact may conclude that the defendant has been negligent although the plaintiff has not particularized a specific claim i
n negligence or adduced evidence of the cause of the accident.  But if does nothing more.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8812466 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 Flemming on Torts 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\super\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048  edition at page 353 says as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 

\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
Unfortunately, the use of a Latin phrase to describe this simple notion has become a source of confusion
 by giving the impression that it represents a special rule of substantive law instead of being only an aid in the evaluation of evidence, an application merely of \'93
the general method of inferring one or more facts in issue from circumstances proved in evidence.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid15030152 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 Street on Torts 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\super\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048  ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 at page 139 says as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
In the past, there has been a tendency to elevate res ipsa loquit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid9309089 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
r to the status of a principle of substantive law or at least a doctrine.  In the 1970s, however, the Court of Appeal decisively swung away from that approach. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
Lloyde v West Midlands Gas Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 , Megaw LJ stated that res ipsa loquitur simply describes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 a method of reasoning:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2160\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
I doubt whether it is right to describe res ipsa loquitur as a \'93doctrine\'94.  I think that it is more than an exotic, although convenient, phrase to describe what is in essence no more than a common sense approach, not limited by technic
al rules, to the assessment of the effect of evidence in certain circumstances.  It means that a claimant prima facie establishes negligence where (i) it is not possible for him to prove precisely what was the relevant act or omission which set in train t
h
e events leading to the accident, but (ii) on the evidence as it stands at the relevant time it is more likely than not that the effective cause of the accident was some act or omission of the defendant or of someone for whom the defendant is responsible,
 which act or omission constitutes a failure to take proper care for the claimant\rquote s safety.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi720\li0\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976039 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 Flemming on Torts 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\super\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid13132048  edition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid11494063  describes the maxim Res Ipsa Loquitur  at 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid11494063 page 352:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri4\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin4\lin720\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15541359 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
In some circumstances, the mere fact that an accident has occurred raises an inference of negligence against the defendant.  A Plaintiff is never obliged to prove his case by direct evidence.  Circumstantial evidence is just as probative, if from proof of
 certain facts, other facts may reasonably be inferred.  Res ipsa loquitur is no more than a convenient label to describe situations where, notwithstanding the plaintiff\rquote 
s inability to establish the exact cause of the accident, the fact of the accident by i
tself is sufficient in the absence of an explanation to justify the conclusion that most probably the defendant was negligent and that his negligence caused the injury.  The maxim contains nothing exceptional; it is based on common sense, since it is a ma
tter of ordinary observations and experience in life that sometimes a thing tells its own story.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid15541359 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 
With the above considerations in mind, let me now pause here to consider }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2579507 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 hether the doctrine of 
\lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid4141515 res ipsa loquitur\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507  arises to the case at hand.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 The essential elements of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid13123003 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid13123003 res ipsa loquitur\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507  were restated by Gleecon C.J. and Mcvugh J in their Lordships joint judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 \'93Schellenberg v Tunnel Holding Pty Ltd
\'94, (2000) HCA 18, (2000) 200 CLR 121,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507  in the following terms;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 (a)\tab 
there must be an absence of explanation of the occurrence that caused the injury.\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 (b)\tab 
the occurrence must have been of such a kind that it does not ordinarily occur without negligence, and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2579507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 (c)\tab 
the instrument or agency that caused the injury must have been under the control of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15950907 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152\charrsid2579507 efendant.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri713\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin713\lin0\itap0\pararsid15030152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid591988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2579507\charrsid591988 All three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid591988  necessary conditions must be satisfied if the \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid13123003 res ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid4141515 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid591988 
 principle is to apply to the instant case.  At the trial, Counsel for the defendant conceded that the third necessary condition was satisfied.  That is, the transformer T 2410, the pole and the disc insulator were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid4141515  under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid591988  the sole management and control of 
the defendant.  The first and second conditions were not conceded.  In the present case, there is evidence of the facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 surrounding the power surge and its cause.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\ul\insrsid591988\charrsid10883926 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid591988\charrsid10883926 Electrical Incident Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid15950907 \rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 (defence exhibit No.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10883926 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid591988 ) contains the following;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15030152 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid7952078 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid7952078 \'93Conclusion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid591988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15950907 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid7952078 
The overvoltage occurred when the high voltage conductor came loose and touched the low voltage lines below it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid591988\charrsid11148961 
We conclude that the incident was not intentional or due to negligent,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid591988\charrsid11148961  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid591988\charrsid11148961 
but was the result of wear and tear on the authority infrastructure.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid4141515\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid15346276 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14300563                                                    }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15346276 \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14300563 (Emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid591988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 Here, in my view there is no \lquote ambiguity\rquote 
.  The conclusion of the \'93Electrical Incident Report\'94 is quite clear.  The words are unequivocal.  I read the words; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid591988\charrsid15950907 \'93\'85. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15950907\charrsid14300563 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid591988\charrsid14300563 he inc
ident was not intentional, or due to negligent, but was the result of wear and tear on the authority infrastructure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid591988\charrsid14300563 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid591988 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11148961 The most important witness for the defence was witness No-2, Mr. Manueli Maloca Bai, the Installation Inspection Co-Ordinator, who has prepared \'93
Electrical incident Report\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16337938 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11148961 defence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16337938 
exhibit -12). The Magistrate Court had admitted the report and the contents, evidence therein as admissible evidence. Therefore, the defendant is entitled to rely on the report. There is explanation in the report as to how the incident occurred and the ca
u
se of the power surge. There is no evidence whatsoever in the report or plaintiffs oral testimony that it was any want of care on the part of the defendant that caused the power surge. The report contains an opinion as to what caused or contributed to the
 power surge. No suggestion was made to the witness, Mr. Manueli Maloca Bai, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1130383 
in cross-examination by the plaintiffs that his conclusion in the report is not the case and all the contents and his conclusion in the report had been let go unchallenged so far as the conduct of the plaintiff\rquote 
s case is concerned. By itself it does prove that the plaintiffs do not have issues with the contents and the conclusion of the report and the plaintiffs did not have reasonable grounds to suspect the contents and the conclusion of the defence report. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16337938   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid9926317 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 See;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9926317\charrsid14300563  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9926317\charrsid14300563 Cross on evidence (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\super\insrsid9926317\charrsid14300563 nd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9926317\charrsid14300563  Australian ed, 1979) at para 10.50 and Phipson on evidence (12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\super\insrsid9926317\charrsid14300563 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9926317\charrsid14300563  Edition, 1976) at para 1593.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9926317\charrsid15950907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid591988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid9926317 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid4868471 
A defendant is entitled to expect that a claim of liability brought against it will be decided by the 
same rules of evidence and substantive law whether the plaintiff is represented by counsel or self-represented. The self-represented litigants are bound the same way as any litigant to the rules of the court, rules of evidence and substantive law. There m
ust be fairness and an equal application of the law to both parties. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 The contents and conclusion of the \'93Electrical Incident Report\'94
 was not challenged in cross examination when the defence witness No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1130383 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 , Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid1130383 Manueli Maloca Bai, the maker of the report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 testified before the Court.  Not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1130383  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988  one word was put to Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1130383 Manueli Maloca Bai }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 
to challenge the contents and the conclusion of the report.  By itself it does prove that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694 plaintiffs did not have reasonable grounds to suspect the contents and the conclusion of the 
\'93Electrical Incident Report\'94.  In other words, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 absence of any grounds for suspicion has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694 
 been provided by the plaintiffs.  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid4996593 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694 must be accorded weight.  I say, by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid15950907  absence of cross-examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694 on the contents and conclusion of the report }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid4996593 showing that}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9140694\charrsid13123003 
the incident was not intentional, or due to negligent, but was the result of wear and tear on the authority infrastructure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9140694\charrsid13123003 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694  the plaintiffs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3741343 do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid9140694  admit that the contents and conclusion of the report is true.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 Then, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1130383 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694 hat is there for the Court?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15484742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9793302  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15484742  Therefore, it is wrong to say \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid15484742\charrsid15484742 If they were doing annual maintenance, there could not have been a fair wear and tear}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15484742 \'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2236436 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 ord Thankerton pointed out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9926317\charrsid9926317 \'93Glasgow Corpn v Muir\'94(1943) 2 ALL.E.R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9926317  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15367567 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15367567 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 
 one must be careful not to impute negligence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 from \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003\charrsid13123003 ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid9926317\charrsid13123003  post facto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9926317 \rquote  events.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid591988 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid591988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9140694 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid15950907 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid7561195\charrsid10765896 
That being so, the first and second of the three necessary conditions for the application of principle \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 Res Ipsa loquitur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid7561195\charrsid10765896 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid7561195\charrsid10765896  are not satisfied, and the principle therefore cannot apply to the present case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid1126525 Where the circumstances giving rise to the 
cause of the incident are unknown, that doctrine may be of great assistance, but where, as in the present case, all the facts are revealed by the Electrical incident report and known, it cannot have any application. It is known exactly how the incident ha
ppened and the cause of the incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid7561195\charrsid10765896  Therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid15950907\charrsid10765896 it was not open for the learned }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid14300563\charrsid10765896 Magistrate to apply the maxim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid13108545  It is known exactly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid7947503 how the incident happened, and it is unnecessary to ask whether this incident would have happened had there been no negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15950907 
The learned Magistrate has misapplied the maxim and this has resulted in substantive miscarriage of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid157617  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13108545 
The Magistrate was wrong in saying that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid157617 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid157617\charrsid157617 \'85\'85
the defendant did not give any explanation for the occurrence of the incident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid157617 \'94 (paragraph 26 of the judgment). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15950907 
In my opinion, the maxim cannot be expressed in any such absolute or simplified terms as the Magistrate suggested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid157617  in paragraph (26) of the judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid9926317  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15950907\charrsid14300563 He failed to appreciate the importance of the report which strongly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14300563\charrsid14300563  negates the application of the maxim and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15950907\charrsid14300563  supports the defendant\rquote 
s case against the plaintiffs case.  Substantial wrong or miscarriage of justice have been occasioned thereby.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2367965 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid2367965 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2367965 (10)  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2367965\charrsid2367965 Ground (02)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2367965 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid2367965 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid2367965\charrsid9506018 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not holding that the evidence of the respondent\rquote s witnesses did not establish any negligence of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2367965 .
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid9926317 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2367965 Counsel for the appellant submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10902729 
the only evidence before the learned Magistrate was that the snapping of the disc insulator caused the High Voltage Line to touch the Low Voltage Line which caused power outage and according to the Respondents/Plaintiffs, this incident caused damage to th
eir electrical }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 appliances. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10902729 
 plaintiffs failed to adduce evidence that the incident was caused by the negligence of the Appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid2367965 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
\par Counsel for the appellant cited the following cases in argument;
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f10\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6185146\charrsid6185146 \loch\af10\dbch\af31506\hich\f10 \'76\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-360\li2160\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin-46\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6185146\charrsid6185146 Potts or Riddell v Reid
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2160\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 (1943) AC 1
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f10\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid6185146\charrsid6185146 \loch\af10\dbch\af31506\hich\f10 \'76\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-360\li2160\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin-46\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6185146\charrsid6185146 Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Hoynes
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2160\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 959) 2 All.E.R. 38
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 I do not see an allegation of negligence pleaded in the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 plaintiff\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146  statement of claim. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13788735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 The evidence before the Court by the plaintiffs was damage was caused due to overvoltage which occurred as a result of conductor from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid9506018 high voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146  cross arm above came off and touched the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9506018 low voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146  conductor below.  This was a one off occasion which happened once in 57 years. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477  The transcript of plaintiff\rquote s witness No-2 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7029448  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 Shiu Baran\lquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7029448 , (57 years old)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477  cross-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 examination contains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477  this; (page 56 of the transcript) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11278525 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2044477 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid2044477\charrsid4681500 Q:\tab 
So was this the first time this thing ever happened to you when the appliances blew up?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid11278525\charrsid4681500 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid2044477\charrsid4681500 A:\tab Yes, Sir this is the first time.
\par 
\par Q:\tab So, this means this doesn\rquote t happen all the time, does it?
\par A:\tab No, this is the first time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid11278525\charrsid4681500 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 I couple that with the evidence of plaintiff\rquote s witness No-6, Mr. Sandeep Ram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1320361 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7029448 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1320361 38 years old}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7029448 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1320361 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 page 69 and 70 of the transcript)
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid2044477\charrsid4681500 Q:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1320361\charrsid4681500 How long have you been a resident at Naboutini settlement?
\par A:\tab I am born there.
\par 
\par Q:\tab Born and raised there?
\par A:\tab Yes.
\par 
\par Q:\tab So, you would have resided there for the last 38 years?
\par A:\tab Yes.
\par 
\par Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid13328081\charrsid4681500 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1320361\charrsid4681500 \tab Has this ever happened to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid8678744\charrsid4681500 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1320361\charrsid4681500 our household before?
\par A:\tab No, this is the first time.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 \tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11278525  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid11278525\charrsid13123003 
Electrical Incident Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11278525 \'94 reveals that the maintenance and condition monitoring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11278525  the electrical line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 are carried out on an annual basis and the \'93Electrical Incident Report\'94 (defence exhibit No. 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11278525 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 ) confirms that the last maintenance program before the incident for the area was carried out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16648693 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146  20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\super\insrsid6185146\charrsid6185146 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid6185146   February, 2014, i.e., about 09 months before the incident.  The plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12739382 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
 have not gone any further to prove that the conductor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12739382 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 rom the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid12739382 high voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146  cross arm above came off due to some fault or negligence for which the defendant is liable.  It is obvious that the electrical supplie}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12739382 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 , the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12739382 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid6185146  owes a duty to ensure a proper supply of energy to its consumers, the plaintiffs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7080310 
In order to establish liability, the court has to be satisfied that that duty was broken, and that the consumers of electricity have incurred loss in consequence of the breach. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
In view of the evidence explanatory of the fall of the conductor from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12739382 high voltage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
 cross arm (see the conclusion in Electrical incident report) it is not open to the court to infer that the fall was due to some fault or negligence for which the defendant is liable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7080310  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid7080310\charrsid13123003 There is no a scintilla of evidence to show that the power surge was a direct consequence of the want of repair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid6185146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid2044477 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2128672 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13788735 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 ord Thankerton pointed out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2044477\charrsid9926317 \'93Glasgow Corpn v Muir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1789128\charrsid9926317 \'94 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2044477\charrsid9926317 1943) 2 ALL.E.R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid2044477  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1789128 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477  one must be careful not to impute negligence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 from \lquote ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid2044477\charrsid9926317  post facto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 \rquote  events.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7080310 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi720\li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid2044477 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8147736 The \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid8147736\charrsid13123003 Electrical Incident Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8147736 \rquote  (defence exhibit 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12739382 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8147736 ) clearly says that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9455477 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1919889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1919889 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid8266927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi720\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8266927 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1919889 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1919889 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1919889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2160\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin2160\itap0\pararsid1919889 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid1919889 
The overvoltage occurred when the high voltage conductor came loose and touched the low voltage lines below it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1919889\charrsid1919889 
We conclude that the incident was not intentional, or due to negligent, but was the result of wear and tear on the authority infrastructure.\'94
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14961348 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi720\li5760\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin5760\itap0\pararsid1005582 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14961348 [Emphasis added]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10827894 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid10827894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10827894 \tab  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid10827894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10827894 
I cannot say, in the absence of evidence, that this was impossible.  The learned Magistrate could not be right when he said; \'93If they were doing annual maintenance, there could not have been a fair wear and tear\'94. (see paragraph}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9793302  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10827894 26 of the judgment of the Magistrate).  The page (6) of the \lquote Electrical Incident Report\rquote 
 shows the condition monitoring and maintenance program for the area.  The last condition monitoring and the maintenance was carried out on 20.02.2014, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10827894 , about (07) months before the incident.  There is no evidence to show that the power surge was a direct consequence of the want of repair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13108545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid13108545\charrsid13108545 The defendant was not shown to have been at fault in \'93condition monitoring and maintenance\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13108545 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10827894   It was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6189142 incumbent on the learned Magistrate to refer to the \lquote condition monitoring\rquote 
.  He failed to refer to the report and condition monitoring in the course of his judgment.  He failed to appreciate the importance of the condition monitoring.  He has ignored the r
eport and its contents as to condition monitoring.  It was incumbent on the learned Magistrate to accept the defendant\rquote 
s documentary evidence (viz, Electrical Incident Report) in the absence of the evidence led by the plaintiffs to the contrary to rebut the same. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13123003 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6189142\charrsid13123003  I fail to see, how the learned Magistrate could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid10056296\charrsid13123003 conclude:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid10056296\charrsid13123003  \'93If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid6189142\charrsid13123003  they were doing annual maintenance, there could not have been a fair wear and tear
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003\charrsid13123003   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid13123003\charrsid13123003 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid14961348\charrsid13123003 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid1919889\charrsid13123003 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid12345072\charrsid13123003 
\par \tab (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid12345072\charrsid13123003 A)\tab Without considering the \'93condition monitoring and 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi720\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12345072 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid12345072\charrsid13123003 maintenance program\'94 in the 
\lquote Electrical Incident Report\rquote .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid12345072 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid12345072\charrsid13123003 
\par \tab \tab (B)\tab In the absence of evidence to show that power surge was direct 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi720\li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12345072 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid12345072\charrsid13123003 
consequence of the want of repair.\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid12345072 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid14961348\charrsid13123003 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid12345072 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6568752 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12345072 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 judgment create}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6568752 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12345072 a substantial wrong or miscarriage of justice.  The learned Magistrate is not entitled to find the defendants liable.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid12345072 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12345072\charrsid14961348 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid6185146 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8147736 Section 44 (3) of the Electricity Act Cap 180 reads;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1005582 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8147736 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8147736\charrsid7952078 \'93
The Authority or a licensee; their servants or agents, shall not be liable for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid8147736\charrsid4357771 any damage to persons or property or for any cessation of the supply of energy wh
ich may be due to unavoidable accident, fair wear and tear and or overloading due to unauthorised connection of apparatus,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8147736\charrsid7952078 
 or to the reasonable requirements of the system, or to defects in any installation not provided by the authority \'85
. but shall be liable only when such damage or cessation is shown to have resulted from negligence on the part of the Authority or from faulty construction of the installation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid8147736\charrsid7952078 .\'94   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li5760\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin5760\itap0\pararsid7952078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8211320 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8147736\charrsid7952078 (Emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid8147736 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid8147736 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid8147736 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8147736 
Therefore, the defendant can successfully exempt itself from civil liability in damages by hiding behind the protection shield of the Electricity Act provision 44 (3).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid15228053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15228053 
\par (11)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid15228053\charrsid15228053 Ground (03)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid8147736 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\insrsid15030152 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid8814296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8814296\charrsid4526605 
That the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not properly applying Section 44 (3) of the Electricity Act Cap 180 which the Appellant had pleaded its defence especially in view of the fact that a power surge in the area had never occurred before
 and was a \'93one-off\'94 event due to fair wear and tear or due to an accident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid2044477 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8814296\charrsid4526605 
the occurrence of the incident was out of the Appellant\rquote s control}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid10056296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid4526605\charrsid4526605  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10056296 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid4526605\charrsid4526605 ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid4526605 ve considered this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10056296 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 ground (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid4526605 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8814296\charrsid4526605 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid8814296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8814296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8675119 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi720\li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid16396175 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid8675119 Ground (04)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid8814296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid8675119\charrsid8675119 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid8814296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8814296 (12) \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid4852112 That the learned Magistrate erred in law and fact in not properly applying the similar fact case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid4852112 Iqbal Khan v FEA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid4852112  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid4852112\charrsid16396175 
SCT Appeal No. 13 of 2004/SCT Action No. 2889/03 delivered by the Resident Magistrate Ajmal Khan who ruled that it was an unavoidable accident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10056296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9724594\charrsid4852112 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid15346276 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9724594            }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9724594\charrsid9724594 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5976039 ground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid5976039\charrsid9724594 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9724594\charrsid9724594  frivolous and vexatious.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10056296\charrsid9724594 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid8814296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10056296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9724594    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 (13)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid11488534\charrsid11488534 Ground \endash  (}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid1005582 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid11488534\charrsid11488534 5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 
\par 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid11488534\charrsid10056296 That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8675119\charrsid10056296 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid11488534\charrsid10056296  not properly considering the evidence of the elderly residents of Naboutini who said that the power outage occurred only once in 44 to 57 years they have resided there.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7169612 There is uncontested evidence from the residents of Naboutini that the power surge occurred only on}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8211320 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7169612 e in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid612061 38 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid7169612 57 years they have resided there.  This item of evidence was not considered by the learned Magistrate because it was not referred to in his judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid612061 
 Moreover, the defence witness }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 Mr.Manueli  Maloca Bai, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid16396175\charrsid16396175 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 nstallation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid16396175\charrsid16396175 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 nspection Co-ordinator}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid612061  said as follows in his re-examination, (page 107 of the transcript)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid612061 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid9273113           }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid15346276 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid15346276 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid9273113  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 What happened on that day does it happen normally?
\par        }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid16396175 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid16396175 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 No, I can confirm it doesn\rquote t happen.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid9273113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid16396175 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid16396175 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175  So that is one of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8722014\charrsid16396175 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175  the incident?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid8814296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid16396175            \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid16396175 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113\charrsid16396175 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid612061\charrsid16396175 Yes.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11683435 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 \tab Therefore, the chance of the incident happening in the foreseeable future is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 infinitesimal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  and far-fetched.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13270207  Its happening would be a very exceptional circumstance and no previous incident had occurred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  Therefore, the risk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13270207  of the incident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid939307 occurring }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13270207 and the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid939307 ossibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13270207 and the chance of the incident }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid939307 occurring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 was so small}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13270207  and very slight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  that in the circumstances o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8722014 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  reasonable man, the defendant in the instant }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8722014 case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  would have been justified in disregarding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8722014 it and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  ta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16063377 king no steps to eliminate it.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid16063377\charrsid16396175 Fardon v Harcourt \endash  Rivington (1932), 146 L.T. 391. LORD DUNEDIN [146 L.T.392]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid939307  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid939307\charrsid939307 said;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid16063377 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid16253677 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16253677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid16253677 \'93
This is such an extremely unlikely event that I do not think any reasonable man could be convicted of negligence if he did not take into account the possibility of such an occurrence and provide against it\'85
..people must guard against reasonable probabilities, but they are not bound to guard against fantastic possibilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid3935842 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid16253677\charrsid16063377 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063377 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 
The general principle is that a person must be regarded as negligent if he does not take steps to eliminate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8722014 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 
risk which he knows or ought to know is a real risk and not a mere possibility which would never influen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3935842 ce the mind of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175 
a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3935842 reasonable man. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 The learned Magistrate failed to give effect to the qualification that it
 is justifiable not to take steps to eliminate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8722014 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 risk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3935842 
 of an incident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3307691 occurring when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3935842 the chance of the incident occurring is very small}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3935842  slight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175 , fantastic or far- fetched possibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3935842  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 and the circumstances are such that the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15336475 , the public energy supplier,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3307691  who is careful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 safety of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16396175 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 lectricity consumers would think it is right to neglect it.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3307691  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid3307691\charrsid16396175 
The test whether there has been a breach of duty depends on the answer to the question whether the incident was a reasonably foreseeable risk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3307691 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 It was incumbent on the learned Magistrate to form and state }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8722014 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113 precise view as to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 infinitesimal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9273113  and far-fetched possibility of the risk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8722014 . }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15166098 Therefore, I reach the conclusion that the Magistrate Court judgment occasioned a substantial wrong or miscarriage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11683435 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid8814296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3293304 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 (14) \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid11488534\charrsid11488534 Ground \endash  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid13772247 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid11488534\charrsid11488534 6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 
\par 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid11488534\charrsid16396175 That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid16396175\charrsid16396175 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid11488534\charrsid16396175  not properly taking into consideration that the damage to the respondent\rquote 
s appliances were due to them having tampered with the protection fuses inside their meter boxes by using copper wires instead of normal fuse wires.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 \tab Counsel for the appellant elaborated on this on page (09) of the w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3699270 ritten submissions filed on 20.0}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11488534 2.2018.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8739555 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8739555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 
The learned Magistrate ought to have held that the Appellant was not liable for the damage incurred by the Plaintiffs within the provision of Section 44(3) of the Electricity Act Cap 180 which reads:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2880\ri1371\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1371\lin2880\itap0\pararsid11079387 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 \'93
The Authority or a licensee; their servants or agents, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 shall not be liable for any damage to persons or property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 or for any cessation of the supply of energy which may be due to unavoidable accident, fair wear and tear and or overloading }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 due to unauthorised connection of apparatus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 , or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 to the reasonable requirements of the system, or to defects in any installation not provided by the authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078  \endash 
 but shall be liable only when such damage or cessation is shown to have resulted from negligence on the part of the Authority or from faulty construction of the installation.\'94            }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid11079387\charrsid7952078                      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li5040\ri1371\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1371\lin5040\itap0\pararsid7952078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 (Emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8739555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 
The learned Magistrate wrongly apportioned the amount of contributory negligence on the part of the Respondents/Plaintiffs contributing to their damages and ought to have held that the copper wires used instead of the standard wires amounted to \'93
unauthorised apparatus\'94, and \'93defects in installation not provided by the Authority\'94 and consequently ought to have held that the Appellant was not liable for the damages caused to the Respondents/Plaintiffs at all in accordance with }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid8739555\charrsid7952078 section 44 of the Electricity Act [Cap 180]
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid8739555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid14111772 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 The \lquote Electrical Incident Report\rquote 
 (defence exhibit \endash  1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9461686 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11816210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 revealed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid14111772\charrsid9461686 
most affected houses were the ones with the copper wire being used for fuse wire protection on the main switch board.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9461686  The report says that seven of the consumers affected us
ed copper wire in their fuses and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9461686\charrsid9461686 all their appliances were damaged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9461686 
 due to power surge. The report further reveals that one of the affected consumer used standard wire fuse and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9461686\charrsid9461686 only some of his appliances were damaged}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9461686 . T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 he plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9461686  admitted that they had copper}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772  wires inserted in the fuse carriers.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9461686 These copper wires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 
 did not act as circuit protection a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15228482 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772  all any time before and during the overvoltage. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7152772 It is reasonable to infer that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9461686 
 the plaintiffs and the other electricity consumers who were affected by the power surge had used standard fuse wire }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7152772 
the loss could not have incurred through the power surge. The defendant could not reasonably be expected to have known the plaintiffs insertion of copper wire for fuse protection on the plaintiffs main switch board and therefore the damage to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 plaintiff\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7152772  electrical appliances through power surge was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid7152772\charrsid16396175 unforeseeable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7152772 . 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid7152772 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7152772 
In the law of Torts, the defendant is not liable for damage unless it is of a class or kind which is reasonably foreseeable as the result of the wrongful act or omission.  See, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid7152772\charrsid15011504 (1) Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mou
nd) (No. 1), 1961 AC 388, 426  (2) Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Miller Steamship Co Pty (The Wagon Mound) (No-2) (1967) AC 617, 636.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7152772 
  In light of this, it is intuitively unreasonable to find the defendant liable to indemnify the plaintiffs for the loss incurred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3307691 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid7152772   Therefore, I reach the conclusion that the Magistrate\rquote s Court judgment occasioned a substantial wrong or miscarriage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid7152772 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7152772 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid7152772 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10697150 One word more. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 The plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9860507 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 
s had not followed the wiring standard and the plaintiffs themselves knew of the danger and they were endeavouring to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12458373 throw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid8984020  the blame on the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 
.  There was lack of care on the part of the plaintiffs.  There has been a failure to follow the wiring standards by the plaintiff and the learned magistrate was wrong when he apportioned an amount for contributory negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15934525   The defendant\rquote s liability to indemnify the plaintiffs will not extend to losses incurred when it can be said that the plaintiffs, rather than the defendant, was the author of the misfortune.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772  The use of copper wire in the fuses instead of standard wire amounted to \lquote unauthorised apparatus\rquote  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12458373 \lquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772 defects in installation not provided by the authority\rquote .  Therefore, the defendant is not liable for the plaintiff\rquote 
s failure to use standard wire in the fuses and the defendant can exempt itself from civil liability in damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11487617  under Section 44 (3) of the Electricity Act, Cap 180 which provides;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid14111772\charrsid8814296 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9335520 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid6568752 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11487617\charrsid7952078 \'93The Authority or a licensee; their servants or agents, shall not be liable for any damage to persons or property or for any cessation of the supply of ener
gy which may be due to unavoidable accident, fair wear and tear and or overloading due to unauthorised connection of apparatus, or to the reasonable requirements of the system, or to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid11487617\charrsid16396175 defects in any installation not provided by the authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid11487617\charrsid7952078  \'85
. but shall be liable only when such damage or cessation is shown to have resulted from negligence on the part of the Authority or from faulty construction of the installation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid11487617\charrsid7952078 .\'94   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li5760\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin5760\itap0\pararsid7952078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11487617\charrsid7952078 (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9335520 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\insrsid13202393  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\insrsid9335520 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid13202393 Moreover, the plaintiffs have }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6750786\charrsid13202393 breached Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid13202393  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid12458373 63 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid13202393 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Act by using copper wires.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16737394 
  Section 44(3) and 63(1) and (2) have application to the present case and the Magistrate is not entitled to find the defendant liable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid13202393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16723456\charrsid13202393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6568752 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid13202393 Section 63 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Act, Cap 180}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid13202393  reads;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid13202393 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 \tab \tab \tab        \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 Offences
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 63. \endash  (1) Any person who }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 wilfully so tampers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 
 with or adjusts any installation or part thereof as to cause or to be likely to cause danger to human life or limb or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 injury to any apparatus or other property}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078  shall be liable to a fine not exceeding $400 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or to both such fine and imprisonment,
\par 
\par (2) Any person who, in any manner whatsoever dishonestly \endash 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin804\lin2880\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 abstracts energy; or
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin804\lin2880\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 consumers energy; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (c)\tab}uses energy; or
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (d)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin804\lin2880\itap0\pararsid14305648 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 
alters the index of any meter or other instrument used on or in connection with any Authority installation or any licensed installation for recording the output or consumption of energy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid7952078 ; or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid14305648\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14305648 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid14305648\charrsid7952078 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid14305648\charrsid7952078 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (e)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin804\lin2880\itap0\pararsid14305648 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid14305648\charrsid7952078 
prevents any such meter or instrument from duly recording the output or consumption of energy,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14305648 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\insrsid14305648\charrsid7952078 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2160\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin2160\itap0\pararsid14305648 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\fs24\insrsid14305648\charrsid7952078 
shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding $100 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both such fine and imprisonment.\'94
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\insrsid15336475                                                                        }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\insrsid15336475\charrsid15336475 (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\insrsid4681500 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\insrsid15346276\charrsid15336475 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid14111772 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid9335520 (15)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid9335520 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9335520\charrsid9335520 Ground \endash  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid6825804 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9335520\charrsid9335520 7)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid11487617\charrsid9335520 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid9335520 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid10697150 That the learned }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8736509 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid10697150 agistrate erred in law and in fact i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid10697150\charrsid10697150 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid10697150 
 not holding that the respondents by tempering with the protection fuses inside their meter boxes by using copper wires breached Section 63 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Act, Cap 180 and Australia and New Zealand wiring standards.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520 
\par I have considered this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10697150 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520 ground (6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15336475 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid9335520 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16723456 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15346276 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520 (16) \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9335520\charrsid9335520 Ground (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid6825804 0}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9335520\charrsid9335520 8) and (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid6825804 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid9335520\charrsid9335520 
9)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid9335520 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid16723456 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid9335520 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid8796430 That the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8736509 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid8796430 earned Magistrate erred in law and in fact i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8796430 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid8796430  not taking into consideration the evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8473407 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid8796430 laintiff\rquote s witnesses who clearly established that there was no negligence on the part of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8473407 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid8796430 ppellant.
\par 
\par That the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8736509 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid8796430 
earned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in reversing the onus of proof on the issue of proving negligence and wrongly held that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid6769517 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\insrsid9335520\charrsid8796430 ppellant did not give any explanation for the occurrence of the incident.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid13202393\charrsid8796430 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393 I have already considered this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8796430 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393 g
round (1) and (2).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5138314 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393 (17)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid13202393\charrsid7143982 Ground (10)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5381544 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid7143982 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid5381544\charrsid8796430 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not holding that the snapping of the disc insulator from the cross arm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid7143982\charrsid8796430 
 on the pole could only be due to fair wear and tear or accident and not due to negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid5381544\charrsid8796430 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550 
\par I have considered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 this in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8796430  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550 ground (1) and (2).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin0\itap0\pararsid10294550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid6568752 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid15346276 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550 (18) \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\ul\insrsid10294550\charrsid10294550 Ground (11)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid10294550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid10294550\charrsid8796430 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid8796430 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs24\insrsid10294550\charrsid8796430 
 not properly taking into consideration the appellant\rquote s Electricity Incident Report tendered at the trial and also not properly taking into consideration other exhibits tendered by the appellant.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri-46\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-46\lin720\itap0\pararsid8796430 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550 I have already }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid13108545 considered this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8796430  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550 
ground (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13180761 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid10294550  (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13180761  and (6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid1789128 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid12263091 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7733650\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid7733650 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid7733650 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\insrsid7733650\charrsid7733650 (F)  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f164\fs28\ul\insrsid7733650\charrsid7733650 ORDER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f164\fs28\insrsid7733650\charrsid7733650 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7733650 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid8990058 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (1)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin804\lin720\itap0\pararsid7733650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid8990058 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f164\fs24\insrsid7733650 ppeal allowed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin720\itap0\pararsid7733650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7733650 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid7733650 \hich\af164\dbch\af31506\loch\f164 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin804\lin720\itap0\pararsid7733650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7733650 
The Judgement delivered by the Resident Magistrate on 05.06.2018 is set aside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7733650\charrsid7733650 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri804\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin0\itap0\pararsid12263091 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid13202393 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid11893378 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7952078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid3355963 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid5138314 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f164\fs24\insrsid7952078 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14035173 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378\charrsid11893378 \loch\af164\dbch\af31505\hich\f164 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85
\'85\'85\'85..
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378\charrsid11893378 \hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164 Jude Nanayakkara
\par \hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164 Judge
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14035173 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378\charrsid11893378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11224457 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378\charrsid11893378 \hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164 At Lautoka,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378 \hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164 Friday}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid8990058 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378 \hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164  24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\super\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378\charrsid11893378 
\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378 \hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164  May,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\loch\af164\hich\af164\dbch\af31505\insrsid11893378\charrsid11893378 \hich\af164\dbch\af31505\loch\f164  2019}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f164\insrsid13202393\charrsid12263091 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a
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