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{\operator miliana.wainisau}{\creatim\yr2016\mo10\dy18\hr15\min5}{\revtim\yr2016\mo10\dy18\hr15\min7}{\printim\yr2016\mo10\dy18\hr9\min18}{\version3}{\edmins2}{\nofpages10}{\nofwords2377}{\nofchars13555}{\*\company Hewlett-Packard Company}
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\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid96860 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293\charrsid96860 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid6229900\charrsid96860 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293\charrsid96860 AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION NO. HAA 22 OF 2016
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid222497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\ul\insrsid1903293 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid96860 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid96860 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\insrsid10685696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid96860\charrsid96860 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293\charrsid9574972 JOSUA NAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid16722751\charrsid9574972 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293\charrsid9574972 KURU}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293\charrsid9574972 APPELLANT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid96860 
\par AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid96860\charrsid96860 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid96860\charrsid96860 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid222497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid96860\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid96860 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293\charrsid9574972 STATE
\par RESPONDENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10685696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10685696 
\par Counsels:\tab \tab \tab \tab Appellant in Person
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid2776827 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10685696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid2776827 R. U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid9661027 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid2776827 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10685696  for Respondent
\par 
\par Date of Hearing:\tab \tab \tab 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\super\insrsid10685696\charrsid10685696 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10685696  October 2016
\par Date of Judgment:\tab \tab 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\super\insrsid10685696\charrsid10685696 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10685696  October 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\insrsid10685696\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid222497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid1903293\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid222497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid9389291\charrsid9574972 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid222497 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid9389291 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 Mr Josua Natakuru (hereinafter referred as the Appellant) is charged with one count of Criminal Intimidation c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7613048 
ontrary to Section 375 (1) (a) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 i) & (iv) of the Crimes Decree No. 44 of 2009.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2039771\charrsid6650409 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 rial for this matter had initially commenced before Resident Magistrate Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9574972\charrsid6650409 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409  Lakmini Girihagama where both parties had closed their respective case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 On 09}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\super\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 
 June, 2015, the matter was called before the current Resident Magistrate, Mr Rangajeeva Wimalasena. The Appellant sought to have the witnesses re-summon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9574972\charrsid6650409 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409  and the matter re-heard pursuant to Section 139 of the Criminal Procedure Decree No. 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9574972\charrsid6650409 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409  of 2009.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 The application for a re-trial was granted and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid222497\charrsid6650409 the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409  commenced on 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409  October, 2015.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid222497\charrsid6650409 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 
rosecution called two (2) witnesses and closed its case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 At the end of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid222497\charrsid6650409 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 rosecution case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2039771\charrsid6650409 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 he Court held that there was a case to answer and the Defence was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409  called upon to open its case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16722751\charrsid6650409 The Appellant exercised his right to remain silent and did not call any witnesses or offer any evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16722751 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 On 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409  May, 2016, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid222497\charrsid6650409 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 earned Magistrate delivered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid222497\charrsid6650409 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 
 Judgment and convicted the Appellant as charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 On 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409  June, 2016, the Appellant filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9574972\charrsid6650409 timely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 
appeal against his conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 GROUNDS OF APPEAL
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid222497\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148\charrsid6650409 The Appellant submits the following grounds of appeal:-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14170148 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 a)\tab 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact when he found that the complainant had given convincing, credible and clear evidence;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 b)\tab 
That the learned Magistrate made a contradictory finding regarding the evidence of prosecution witness Neil William Ward;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 c)\tab 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact when he stated that it is sufficient for the accused to create a doubt in the prosecution case;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 d)\tab 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact when he found that the Prosecution adduced enough evidence to prove the charge against the accused;
\par e)\tab That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact when he found that the Prosecution had proved the charge against the accused beyond reasonable doubt;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 f)\tab 
That the learned Magistrate totally failed to properly analyze the DVD recording evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10685696\charrsid9574972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 
Ground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid7613048 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 The learned Magistrate found the complainant\rquote s evidence to be convincing, credible and clear. He ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12399255\charrsid6650409 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409  analysed the complainant\rquote 
s evidence in light of other evidence including the DVD recording evidence led in the trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
Appellant claims that the learned Magistrate failed to take into account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid222497\charrsid6650409 the omissions and contradictions in the complainant\rquote 
s evidence in coming to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11539959\charrsid6650409 above mentioned conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid222497\charrsid6650409 . He submits that the learned Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11539959\charrsid6650409 disregarded the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409  fact that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11539959\charrsid6650409 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 complainant had not mentioned to police anything about the recording that he had allegedly made. He argues that it is a material omission that goes to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11539959\charrsid6650409 heart of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409 matter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11539959\charrsid6650409 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409 The complainant said u}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 nder cross examination, that he tendered the recording }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11539959\charrsid6650409 (to police) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
on the desk as evidence. However, when he was shown the statement he admitted that he had not mentioned about the recording}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409  to police}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11862048\charrsid6650409 In re-examination, the complainant said that}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11539959\charrsid6650409 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11862048\charrsid6650409 
 when he made the complaint, he informed the police of the recording and tendered a copy of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10909024\charrsid6650409 same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11862048\charrsid6650409 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 I do not think this omission does affe
ct the credibility of the complainant\rquote s evidence. Although the complainant had not mentioned about the recording in his statement he had informed police about the recording and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 tendered a copy of the DVD. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
It is well settled that even if there are
 some omissions, contradictions and discrepancies, the entire evidence cannot be discredited or disregarded. Thus an undue importance should not be attached to omissions, contradictions and discrepancies which do not go to the heart of the matter and shak
e the basic version of the prosecution\rquote s witnesses. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 Nadim v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409  [2015] FJCA 130; AAU 0080.2011 (2 October 2015) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 Para 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10909024\charrsid6650409 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10909024\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10909024\charrsid6650409 
The Appellant claims that the complainant was evasive in his responses as whether or not he had informed police of the DVD. I carefully }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409 perused}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10909024\charrsid6650409  the record of the Magistrates Court. I find t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 he answers given by the complainant neither evasive nor inconsistent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12731300\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12731300\charrsid6650409 The Appellant also argues that the 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12731300\charrsid6650409 om
plainant contradicted his own statement to police in regards to his neighbour (PW.2) hearing the threats }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid922956\charrsid6650409 he is alleged to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12731300\charrsid6650409 made. The Complainant did not mention anything about his neighbour witnessing/ hearing the alleged incident in his evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3019073\charrsid6650409 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12731300\charrsid6650409 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3019073\charrsid6650409 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12731300\charrsid6650409 chief. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13318274\charrsid6650409 However, under cross examination, the complainant said that his neighbour was at least 10 meters away}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14308819\charrsid6650409  when the incident happened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13318274\charrsid6650409 
. The proposition that complainant had stated to police that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8336284\charrsid6650409 his neighbour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13318274\charrsid6650409  (PW.2) heard the Appellant threatening him was not proved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3019073\charrsid6650409 to be}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13318274\charrsid6650409  a contradiction. Complainant said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13318274\charrsid6650409 
\lquote I don\rquote t think I mentioned my neighbour in the statement\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13318274\charrsid6650409 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3019073\charrsid6650409 If the complainant had made a contradictory statement to police, the contradictory part of the police statement should have been shown to the complainant and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12862521\charrsid6650409 he should have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3019073\charrsid6650409 given an opportunity to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13318274\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3019073\charrsid6650409 explain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8336284\charrsid6650409 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3019073\charrsid6650409 discrepancy. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8336284\charrsid6650409 The complainant was not referred to his previous statement to confirm this alleged contradiction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12399255\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4738007\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4738007\charrsid6650409 It is my considered opinion that t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5069386\charrsid6650409 he omission and the alleged contradiction highlighted by the Appellant do not affect the credibility of the complainant\rquote 
s evidence. The learned Magistrate correctly found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5069386\charrsid6650409 the complainant had given convincing, credible and clear evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5069386\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16476830\charrsid6650409 Therefore, this ground fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15011896\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 Ground (b)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16476830\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16476830\charrsid6650409 The Appellant claims that the learned Magistrate made a contradictory finding regarding the evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12862521\charrsid6650409 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16476830\charrsid6650409 rosecution witness Neil William Ward (PW.2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid660023\charrsid6650409  He argues that PW 2 was contradicting his own 
evidence as regards the distance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418005\charrsid6650409 they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid660023\charrsid6650409  were standing apart from each other.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8336284 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15032093\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15032093\charrsid6650409 PW.2 had stated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15416419\charrsid6650409 
he was standing 50 meters away from where the complainant and the accused were. Complainant under cross examination said PW.2 was at least 10 meters away when
 the incident occurred. I do not find these two versions to be materially contradictory to each other. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15416419\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15416419\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15416419\charrsid6650409 The complainant said }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 under cross examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1193264\charrsid6650409 
that he did not know if PW 2 heard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12336394\charrsid6650409 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1193264\charrsid6650409 Appellant threatening him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15416419\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15295714\charrsid6650409 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12336394\charrsid6650409 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15295714\charrsid6650409 ppellant submits that the complainant had been evasive in answering this question. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12336394\charrsid6650409 Since the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15295714\charrsid6650409  complainant was not in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2622882\charrsid6650409 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15295714\charrsid6650409 position to say if PW.2 heard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12336394\charrsid6650409 the Appellant threating, the answer given by the complainant cannot be said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2622882\charrsid6650409 to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12336394\charrsid6650409  evasive. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15295714\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1193264\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1193264\charrsid6650409 PW.2 said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409 under cross examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1193264\charrsid6650409 that he was 50 meters away and he}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409 ard only a \lquote muffle conversation\rquote . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1193264\charrsid6650409 He specifically stated under cross examination that he did not hear Appellant threatening the complainant. However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409 in his examination in chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1193264\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409 PW 2 had said \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409 I saw raised voices\'85I heard some loud voices\'85he was yelling. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409 
There is a slight inconsistency in PW2\rquote s evidence. However, I do not find this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 inconsistency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409  to be material so as to discredit PW2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2622882\charrsid6650409 \rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409 entire evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2622882\charrsid6650409  in the circumstances of this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12330318\charrsid6650409 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9389291\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409 
The learned Magistrate found that PW2 had corroborated the fact that the Appellant was yelling at the complainant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409 ven though (PW.2) had not testified to the exact threatening words the Appellant had allegedly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409  used}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16539909\charrsid6650409 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409 he learned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 Magistrate\rquote s finding that P
W.2 supported the version of the complainant was not incorrect. Therefore, this ground fails. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16537003\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 Ground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid7613048 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 The learned Magistrate at para 11 of the judgment observed: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16258608\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 \'93
In a criminal case the accused need not prove his innocence. It is sufficient for the accused to create a doubt in the prosecution case. It is the duty of the prosecution to prove the charge against the accused beyond reasonable doubt\'94. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3938564\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3938564\charrsid6650409 The learned M
agistrate has clearly stated that the burden to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt lies with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5054598\charrsid6650409 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3938564\charrsid6650409 rosecution. He had made a general remark and stated \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3938564\charrsid6650409 
It is sufficient for the accused to create a doubt in the prosecution case\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid3938564\charrsid6650409 . There is nothing to suggest that the learned Magistrate }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1597701\charrsid6650409 had applied a wrong principle to the facts of the case. Therefore, this ground fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1597701\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 Grounds (d) and (e)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1342898\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1342898\charrsid6650409 The learned Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1342898\charrsid6650409 
found that the prosecution adduced enough evidence to prove the charge against the accused. Prosecution was relying on the evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9785112\charrsid6650409 
of the complainant, PW.2 and the DVD recording. The learned Magistrate had analyzed all the evidence adduced by the Prosecution and considered what weight should be attached to the evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11418005\charrsid6650409 After considering all relevant and admissible evidence adduced during the trial, the learned Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9785112\charrsid6650409  was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11418005\charrsid6650409 justified in coming to the conclusion he reached. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539909\charrsid6650409 The learned Magistrate correctl
y concluded that the Prosecution had proved the case beyond reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3938564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 Ground (f)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16539909\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16539909\charrsid6650409 During the course of the trial the Appellant had raised an objection to the DVD recording }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2955909\charrsid6650409 being played }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16539909\charrsid6650409 and its admissibility into evidence. His objection }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5054598\charrsid6650409 at the magistracy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16539909\charrsid6650409 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2955909\charrsid6650409 based on two grounds, namely, that the recording was done in bad faith and that a copy of the original recording was not admissible.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2955909\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2955909\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2955909\charrsid6650409 
The learned Magistrate overruled the objection and allowed the DVD recording being played in Court. He was satisfied that the complainant was the author of the recording and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid744180\charrsid6650409 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2955909\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8599942\charrsid6650409 the original recording was also available in court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5054598\charrsid6650409 
 thus proving authenticity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8599942\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539909\charrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13072649\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 26.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16122105\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13072649\charrsid6650409 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5259094\charrsid6650409 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8599942\charrsid6650409 
omplainant admitted that the recoding was done with the intention of using it against the Appellant. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid744180\charrsid6650409 
No one can complain that the contemporaneous recording was done}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4803800\charrsid6650409  by the complainant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid744180\charrsid6650409  in bad faith when it was intended to be used in evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4803800\charrsid6650409 E
ven the confessions recorded by police offices }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14308819\charrsid6650409 using recording devices for the purpose of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4803800\charrsid6650409 using }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14308819\charrsid6650409 them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13072649\charrsid6650409 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14308819\charrsid6650409  evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4803800\charrsid6650409 are no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid11615165\charrsid6650409 wadays}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4803800\charrsid6650409  admitted into evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16122105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13062777\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13062777\charrsid6650409 
It is now well settled that tape recordings are admissible to provide primary evidence of the conversation or sounds recorded on the tape. [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15482714\charrsid6650409 R. v. Maqsud Ali}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15482714\charrsid6650409   [1965] All. E.R. 464  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13062777\charrsid6650409 Butera v DPP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13062777\charrsid6650409  (1988) 62 ALJR 7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13062777 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi447\li993\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 R. v. Maqsud Ali}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 [1965] All. E.R. 464 it was observed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li2160\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6650409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409\charrsid9574972 \'93
We can see no difference in principle between a tape recording and a photograph. In saying this we must not be taken as saying that such recordings are admissible whatever the circumstances, but it does appear to this
 court wrong to deny to the law of evidence advantages to be gained by new techniques and new devices, provided the accuracy of the recording can be proved and the voices recorded properly identified; provided also that the evidence is relevant and otherw
i
se admissible, we are satisfied that a tape recording is admissible in evidence. Such evidence should always be regarded with some caution and assessed in the light of all the circumstances of each case. There can be no question of laying down any exhaust
ive set of rules by which the admissibility of such evidence should be judged\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 28.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409 
It appears that three preconditions must be satisfied to render a tape recording admissible in evidence. Firstly, the content of the tape must be shown to be relevant and oth
erwise admissible in evidence. Secondly, voices recorded must be properly identified, for example by testimony of witnesses. This requirement presumably applies to the identification of any recorded sound. Thirdly, the provenance of the tape must be prove
d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 29.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409 But}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409  v DPP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409  (supra), it was indicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12864395\charrsid6650409  by the High Court of Australia that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409 
 the scope of this requirement is such that it is necessary to prove, as a condition of admissibility, that the tape is authentic and accurate and has not been tampered with.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13395948\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2901981\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13395948 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10685696\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10685696 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15864856\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 30.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15864856\charrsid6650409 
There are authorities which suggest that if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13395948\charrsid6650409  the authenticity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid15864856\charrsid6650409 of the tape can be reasonably inferred and there is no evidence to suggest that it is fabricated then the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 
recording should be admissible. It appears unreasonable to require a party seeking to tender a tape recording in evidence to adduce independent proof that it is accurate and has not been tampered with. It would seem more appropriate for the tribunal of fa
ct, after hearing evidence as to authenticity adduced by all parties and listening to the tape, to consider the possibility of tampering on the question of the weight to be attached to the tape. Support for this view is provided by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid13072649\charrsid6650409 Australian High Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 judgment of Gowans J in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 R v Matthews & Ford}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12864395\charrsid6650409  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12864395\charrsid6650409 [1972] VR 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12540747\charrsid6650409 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12864395\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12864395 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 
In that case, his Honour found no support for the proposition that tape recordings should be inadmissible even if there was a real possibility of tampering or lack of authenticity. His Honour held (adopting the reasoning adopted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 R v. Maqsud Ali)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409  that su
ch a possibility should be considered by the jury in determining weight.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 32.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 
Nevertheless, serious doubt as to the authenticity of a tape recording, or strong suspicion of tampering, may be sufficient grounds for the exercise of a judicial discretion to exclude tape}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409  recordings in criminal cases. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 
The basis of this discretion is fairness to the accused, and Gaudron J in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 Butera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 (supra) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415\charrsid6650409 held that it may arise where a tape recording is either inaudible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 
 or unintelligible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409  For the discretion to be exercised, it
 must be shown that the probative value of the evidence would be slight and that the prejudicial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1837876\charrsid6650409 effects that the accused would suffer were}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409  the evidence admitted would be substantial. However, if a tape were of only s
light probative value and there existed doubts as to its authenticity, it may be considered unduly prejudicial to the accused if admitted because a jury may give greater weight to recorded sounds in much the same way as might occur with a document.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1721415 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10685696\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10685696 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 33.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 The High Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid12864395\charrsid6650409 of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4614946\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 Butera v. DPP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2174453\charrsid6650409 (supra) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 has stated quite unequivocally that the \'93best evidence\'94
 rule can have no application so as to preclude admissibility of evidence derived from tapes mechanically or electronically copie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid9641647\charrsid6650409 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409  from an original tape.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 34.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 
This rule, in its original form, required that \'93the best evidence must be given whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 h the nature of case permits.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424\charrsid6650409 It operated to render admissible secondary evidence only where the absence of primary evidence was satisfactorily accounted for 
and excused. The operation of this rule has been restricted in modern times and authority exists now that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid8941245\charrsid6650409 the rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113\charrsid6650409 cannot apply to physical objects, but \'93is limited and confined to written documents in the strict sense of the term and has no relevance to tape or films.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14513424 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 35.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113\charrsid6650409 
As matters now stand it would be prudent before tendering a copy tape to provide some explanation as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 to the absence of the original.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113\charrsid6650409  Dawson J in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113\charrsid6650409 Butera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113\charrsid6650409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 (supra) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113\charrsid6650409 stated that failure to produce the original tape or to satisfactorily explain its absence \'93may impugn the evidence given of the tape\rquote 
s content, and provoke, at least, adverse comment\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid16735113 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14515758\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 36.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14515758\charrsid6650409 In the Appellant\rquote 
s case, the recording had been done by the complainant on his mobile phone. Not only the DVD which had been copied from the original but also the original recording itself was available to Court for inspection and also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1995810\charrsid6650409 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6686222\charrsid6650409 hearing/ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14515758\charrsid6650409 viewing the video recording. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1995810\charrsid6650409 The recording was tendered t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6686222\charrsid6650409 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1995810\charrsid6650409 rough the author himself. So the learned }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6370723\charrsid6650409 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1995810\charrsid6650409 agistrate\rquote s decision on admissib
ility was in conformity with the accepted legal principles. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14515758 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1995810\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 37.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid1995810\charrsid6650409 
The video recording and the DVD had been played in Court. Voices recorded must have been properly identified by the learned Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6370723\charrsid6650409 
. Furthermore, the complainant in his evidence identified the voices of the Appellant and himself. The learned Magistrate had the opportunity to listen to the recording and also view the video for the purpose of comparing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2174453\charrsid6650409 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409  weight attached }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6686222\charrsid6650409 having considered all other evidence to the recording }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2174453\charrsid6650409 by the learned 
Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid14226185\charrsid6650409 cannot be questioned. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2174453\charrsid6650409 
Therefore, this ground of appeal fails.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid4535370 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid6650409 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid10685696 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6650409\charrsid15025990 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6650409 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6650409\charrsid15025990 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4535370\charrsid6650409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 38.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6650409\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid6650409 For the reasons given in this judgment, conviction recorded by the learned Magistrate is affirmed. Appeal against conviction is dismissed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2776827 30 days to appeal to the Fiji Court of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid2776827\charrsid2776827 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4535370 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4535370 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid13185104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid96860 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid13776455 Aruna Aluthge
\par Judge
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid9448815 Solicitors:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid8677448  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid9448815 
Appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4535370 in person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid9448815 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4535370 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4535370\charrsid9448815 
Office of the Director of Public Prosecution for the Respondent 
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\par 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li993\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid7476658 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid7476658\charrsid9574972 

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