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\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
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Civil Action No. HBC 180 OF 2010}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
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\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239\charrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 :}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239\charrsid5717239 
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\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 VELLAIDAN NAIDU}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 son of Govind Samy of Nawaicoba, Nadi, Cultivator.
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\par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239\charrsid5717239 
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\par 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 MADAN NAIDU}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 son of Ranga Samy Naidu of Nawaicoba, Nadi, Police Officer.
\par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239 Defendant}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992 
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\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid11150992 B}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 efore :}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid11150992 Master Anare Tuilevuka}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid11150992 
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\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 :}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid11150992 Messrs Pillai Naidu & Associates, Nadi.}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid11150992 Rams Law, Nadi}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 .
\par 
\par Date of Ruling :}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 29th April 2011
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
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\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5717239 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 INTRODUCTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1].\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 The plaintiff (}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'93Vellaidan\'94}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 ) is seeking an Order under }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 section 169}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  of the }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Land Transfer Act (Cap 132)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
 to eject the defendant (}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'93Madan\'94}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 ) from a certain portion of his land. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 The land in question is described as Agricultural Crown Lease No. 10606 being Lot 54 on DP 2961. It is 4.871ha in size. The land was originally crown land schedule B. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 On 30th November 2000, the land reverted to native ownership pursuant to section 8 of the Native Lands Trust Act No. 12 of 2002 under dealing number 532842 dated 23rd October 2003 (}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'93lease\'94}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 ). It now vests in the Native Land Trust Board.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Vellaidan acquired the lease in December 1987 for a term of 30 years. This is evident from the lease title annexed to his affidavit.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Madan opposes the application. He says in his affidavit}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 that he has been living on a portion of that land for some 34 years now. He came first came to live on the land when Vellaidan \'93allocated\'94
 a parcel of the land to his father, Ranga Samy Naidu (}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'93Ranga\'94}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
) in 1967 to come and live there and help cultivate it. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Hence, it appears that Vellaidan had been occupying the land for some time well before a formal lease in his favour came into existence. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Vellaidan and Ranga are in fact 
brothers. They are originally from Vitogo in Lautoka. In 1967, Ranga moved from Vitogo to Tavua to live with his in laws shortly after he got married. He started a family there. As for Vellaidan, he moved from Vitogo to reside in Nawaicoba in Nadi.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
Sometime in 1976, Ranga moved his young family from Tavua to reside in Nawaicoba. I gather this happened after the brothers spoke. Madan has since virtually grown up on the land having resided there for some 34 years now. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Vellaidan admits that Ranga had assisted him in cultivating the land during the time that he lived on the land. However, he says he has paid Ranga for every work done 
in cultivating the cane farms. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 The parties are at slight variance as to the arrangement between Vellaidan and Ranga that saw Ranga move his family from Tavua to Nawaicoba.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Madan says the move to Nadi was prompted by Vellaidan\rquote s promise that he would \'93allocate\'94 a quarter acre of the land to Ranga if he came to help him cultivate it. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11150992 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Vellaidan\rquote s version is somewhat more spicy. He says:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11150992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Ranga }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'93was expelled from Tavua by the Tavua Magistrate\rquote 
s Court sometime in 1976 for larceny and hence he asked me for a piece of land to enable him to move to Nawaicoba Nadi and I agreed to give him shelter as he was my brother...\'94 }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
(sic). 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Vellaidan highlights that }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'93Ranga has not been in occupation of the said lot for the last ten years\'94 }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 and submits that}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 whatever 
consent and/or authority he may have given to Ranga, would have lapsed accordingly.}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 He says that \endash 
 in any event,}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 he gave no such consent or authority to Madan to occupy the land. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Madan also and Ranga, together, have spent money constructing a four (4) bedroom house and a temple on the land. They have also carried out vegetation work thereon. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Throughout their years of occupation, Vellaidan had consented to various things including electricity and water connection to their house, an extension to the house in 1992 which cost 
Madan some $15,000, and also to the construction of a temple on the land which cost Madan some $12,000.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Madan annexes to his affidavit a document titled }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'93Authority to Occupy Property\'94}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  dated 31st October 2010. This \'93authority\'94 is written by Ranga. The first part of the document appears to be an authority to Madan to occupy the \'bc
 acre lot in question. The second part purports to be an undertaking by Ranga to indemnify Madan against any claims or a suit arising from the latter\rquote s occupation of the land.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 I accept as fact that Vellaidan did give Ranga authority to occupy the lot. I also accept as fact that Ranga has not been in occupation for the last ten years. That ap
pears to be consistent with the fact of the authority written by Ranga (which I also accept as fact) to Madan to occupy the dwelling house in question (see paragraph 11 above).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17].\tab}Various issues arise from this scenario: 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 firstly}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 , whether any interest in the land was thereby created (if any) when Vellaidan \'93allocated\'94
 the \'bc acre in question to Ranga? If so \endash  what is the nature of that interest?
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 secondly}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 , assuming that Ranga did have a valid interest in the land, whether that interest abated a
t the point when Ranga left the land to reside in his own adjoining land?
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 thirdly}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 , is that interest of such a nature that it is capable of being \'93transferred\'94
 by Ranga to Madan
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 It is not in dispute in this case that Vellaidan is the last registered proprietor of the land in question.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5717239 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 THE LAW}{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid989741\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19].\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Section 169}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  of the Act provides as follows: -

\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 The following persons may summon any person in possession of land to appear before 
a judge in chambers to show cause why the person summoned should not give up possession to the applicant:-
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 the last registered proprietor of the land;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 a lessor with pow
er to re-enter where the lessee or tenant is in arrear for such period as may be provided in the lease and, in the absence of any such provision therein, when the lessee or tenant is in arrear for one month, whether there be or be not sufficient distress 
found on the premises to countervail such rent and whether or not any previous demand has been made for the rent;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 (c) a lessor against a lessee or tenant where a legal notice to quit has been given or the term of the lease has expired.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Section}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 172}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  of the Act provide as follows:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
If the person summoned appears he may show cause why he refuses to give possession of such land and, if he proves to the satisfaction of the judge a right to the possession of the land, the judge shall dismiss the summons with costs against the proprietor
, mortgagee or lessor or he may make any order and impose any terms he may think fit.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Once it is shown that Madan qualifies under any of the three limbs of section 169, the burden shifts immediately to Madan under section 172 to show 
evidence of some right to possession strong enough to preclude the grant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992 ing of an order for possession.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 This does not mean that Madan must prove conclusively a right to remain in possession}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
. All that is required of him is }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 some tangible evidence establishing a right or supporting an arguable case for such a right }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 (see the Supreme Court decision in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Morris Hedstrom Limited v. Liaquat Ali}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  (Action No. 153/87 at p2)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 ).}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid11150992 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 In this case, Madan alleges a right of possession that rests on: firstly, the fact that the land was \'93allocated\'94
 to his father by Vellaidan; secondly, flowing from (a) above, the purported authority of Ranga to Madan to occupy the land in question; and thirdly, the fact that Madan has \endash  together with Ranga \endash  carried out some imp
rovement on the land encouraged by Vellaidan.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 The nature of the arrangement between Vellaidan and Ran}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992 ga is not entirely clear to me.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Madan\rquote s account of it is somewhat }{\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 wishy washy}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
Madan would not have been privy to the arrangement between Ranga and Vellaidan as most of it would have happened when Madan was very young. Furthermore, Madan\rquote s affidavit does not even acknowledge Vellaidan as his source
 of information on this point. The letter of authority (see paragraph 11 above) does nothing to}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 bridge that evidentiary gap. 
And because of the gap(s) in evidence, it is extremely difficult for me, as a matter of law \endash  to reach any conclusion on whether or not Ranga possesse}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992 s that authority to give Madan.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 The questions I ask are: whether the gap(s) is/are a reflection of Madan\rquote s inability to show cause in terms of section 172 \endash  
in which case, I should grant an order for immediate vacant possession in favour of Vellaidan, or, whether the gap(s) denote areas which can only be filled by }{\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 viva voce}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  evidence at a trial \endash  in which case, I should dismiss the summons.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 On both Madan\rquote s and Vellaidan\rquote s account, the following appear to be established:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Vellaidan and Ranga are brothers. That fact played a major role in}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992  cementing their \'93arrangement\'94.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 over the years, both Madan and Ranga had carried out some improvement on the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992  land.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li770\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 notably, as far as Madan is concerned, they had sought out and obtained Vellaidan\rquote s prior consent before any improvement.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 This may be evidence that Vellaidan had encouraged and acquiesced in their carrying out the improvements. But it was all done presumably without any regulatory consent.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Mr. Ram has made submissions on the applicability of the doctrine of proprietary estoppel in favour of his client - citing }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Mohammed v Nasir Khan}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  (1994) FJHC 120; }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Subashni Ramlu v NLTB}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  (2008) FJHC 145}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992 .}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 In }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Jims Enterprises Ltd v Mara}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
 [2010] FJHC 35; HBC139.2009 (5 February 2010)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 , Madam Justice Wati, cited the following passage of Mr. Justice Jitoko\rquote s decision in Civil Action No. HBC 106 of 2004 between }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Jims Enterprises Limited v. Marika Vosawale Mara & Catherine McGoon Mara}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid989741 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 The }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 doctrine of proprietary estoppel}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
 is applicable where, according to Handbury and Mandsley Modern Equity (11th Ed) pp 736 \endash  737:
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 "One party knowingly encourages another to act, or acquiesces in the other\rquote s action, to his detriment and in infringement of the first party\rquote 
s rights. He will be unable to complain later about the infringement, and may indeed be required to make good the expectation which he encouraged the other party to rely on. }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
Unlike other estoppels therefore, this doctrine may, in some circumstances, create a claim and an entitlement to positive proprietary rights; in others}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
, it can operate negatively, or can produce a compromise situation appropriate to the particular circumstances".
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Snell\rquote s Equity (13th Ed), at para 39 \endash  12 states that:
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
"Proprietary estoppel is one of the qualification to the general rule that a person who spends money or improving the property of another has no claim to reimbursement or to any proprietary interest in the property".}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Proprietary estoppel, unlike promissory
 estoppel, is permanent in its effect. It is capable even of conferring a right of action. For it to apply there must exist essential elements or conditions. The Court, in Denny v. Jensen [1977] NZLR 635 identified four conditions namely, at p.638.}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 "There must be an expenditure, a mistaken belief, conscious silence on the part of the owner of the land and no bar to the equity".
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Megarry J in In re Vendervell\rquote s Trust (No. 2) [1974] CH 269 describes the essential elements this way, at p. 301,
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
"... the person to be estopped (I shall call him O, to represent the owner of the property in question), must know not merely that the person doing the acts (which I shall call A) was incurring the expenditure in the mistaken belief that A already owned o
r would obtain a sufficient interest in the property to justify the expenditure, but also that he, O, was entitled to object to the expenditure. Knowing this, O nevertheless stood by without enlightening A. The equity is based on unconscionable behavior b
y O; it must be shown by strong and cogent evidence that he knew of A\rquote s mistake, and nevertheless dishonestly remained willfully passive in order to profit by the mistake".
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31].\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 I have some misgivings about whether the doctrine of proprietary estoppel can apply in this case such as to confer to 
Vellaidan a proprietary interest in the land in question (or at least a portion of it). 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 I say that having noted two essential points: firstly, that Ranga has not been in occupation for the last ten years and, with that
, will have abandoned any claim on proprietary estoppel. Secondly, it is hard to see how any right that might have accrued to Ranga, had he stayed on, would subsist through Madan once Ranga moves on. That right should have been asserted whilst Ranga was s
till in occupation.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 For the record, I have also considered the case of }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Reddy v Krishna}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  [2009] FJHC 221; HBC114.2008L (9 October 2009)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
, where Mr. Justice Inoke reviewed the Fiji Court of Appeal decisions in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Soma Raju v Bhajan Lal}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  
[1976] 22 FLR 163}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  and in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Azmat Ali v Mohammed Jalil & NLTB}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  [1986] FCA; Civ App 111 of 1985}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
which affirm that the provisions of ALTA override the provisions of the Land Transfer Act. That led to the conclusion that the High Court lacks jurisdiction to entertain a section 169 application to evict a tenant who was occupying a piece of ALTA land. }
{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 That case mig
ht have helped Ranga if the section 169 application in this case had been mounted against Ranga, and if Ranga was still in occupation, and if Ranga in fact had the benefit of having an instrument of tenancy in his favour declared by the Agricultural Tribu
nal. }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 I do not see how }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 Reddy v Krishna}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 helps Madan in this case. Notably \endash 
 in that case, the tenant in question had been given an instrument of tenancy issued by the Agircultural Tribunal under ALTA. The section 169 application was premised on the fact tha
t he had been in arrears on his rent. Inoke J held that the plaintiff should have pursued eviction proceedings under ALTA and not under the Land Transfer Act.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 As stated, in this case, there is nothing before me to suggest that Madan had an instrument of t
enancy issued to him by the Agricultural Tribunal. Nor is there any evidence that the Ranga was ever issued one. If anything, although the defendant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 s father had occupied and farmed the land for many years \endash  which may have qualified him for a declaration of tenancy under ALTA \endash  that right would appear to have subsided
}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5717239  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 the moment he ceased occupation. And it has been ten years now since he ceased occupation.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37].\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 For all the above reasons, I grant order in terms of the application. The defendant is ordered to vacate the property, 
Lot 54 on DP 2961, within 21 days of the date of this ruling. I also award costs to the plaintiff in the sum of $450-00 to be paid in 21 days.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid989741 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150992 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871128\charrsid5717239 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.
\par Anare Tuilevuka
\par Master
\par 
\par At Lautoka
\par 29th April 2011
\par }}