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\f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid2510303\charrsid4727203 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
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\par }\pard \s15\qc \fi-567\li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2510303 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 CRIMINAL CASE NO. HAC 039 OF 2008S
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\par }\pard \s15\qc \fi-567\li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2510303 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 STATE
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JOHN HARRY
\par }\pard \ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2510303 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
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\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Mr. S. Vodokisolomone}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2631826 for the State
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Accused in Person\line }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Hearing:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\tab 8th February and 9th February, 2010
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Summing Up}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 :\tab \tab 11th }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 February, 2010}{
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\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 ROLE OF JUDGE AND ASSESSORS}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
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\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Madam and Gentlemen Assessors, it is my duty to sum up to you.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 In doing}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
so, I will direct you on matters of law, which you must accept and act upon.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
On matters of fact however, what evidence to accept and what evidence to reject, these are matters entirely for you to decide for yourselves. So if I express my opinion on t
he facts of the case, or if I appear to do so, then it is entirely a matter for you whether you accept what I say or form your own opinions.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 You are the judges of fact.
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\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 State Counsel and the accused have made submissions to you, about how you should fi
nd the facts of this case. That is in accordance with their duties as State counsel, and as accused, in this case.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
Their submissions were designed to assist you, as the judges of fact.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 However, you are not bound by what they said.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 It is you who are the rep
resentatives of the community at this trial, and it is you who must decide what happened in this case, and which version of the evidence is reliable.
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\f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 You will not be asked to give reasons for your opinions, but merely your opinions themselves and need not be unanimous.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Your opinions are not binding on me, but I will give them the greatest weight, when I deliver my judgment.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 \f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 
\f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 THE BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 As a matter of law, the onus or burden of proof rest on the prosecution throughout the trial, and it never shifts to the accused.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 There is no obligation on the accused to prove his innocence.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Under our system of criminal justice, an accused person is presumed to be innocent until he is proved guilty.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 
\f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 The standard of proof in a criminal trial, is one of proof beyond reasonable doubt.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 This means that you must be satisfied, so that you are sure of the accused\rquote s guilt, before you can express an 
opinion that he is guilty.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
If you have any reasonable doubt about his guilt, then you must express an opinion, that he is not guilty.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Your decision must be based exclusively upon the evidence which you have heard in this Court, and upon nothing else.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 You must disregard anything you might have heard about this case outside of this courtroom.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 You must decide the facts without prejudice or sympathy, to either the accused or the victim.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Your duty is to find the facts based on the evidence, and to apply the law to those facts.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 THE INFORMATION
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 \f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 7.\tab The accused, John Harry, was charged with }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
robbery with violence}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ", }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 contrary to section 293(1)(a) of the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
Penal Code, chapter 17. It was }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 alleged that, on the 18th January 2008, at Kinoya in the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  Central }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Division, he being together with o}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 thers, robbed Anup Prasad of a }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 kenwood radio, valued at $500; a noki}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 a mobile phone valued at $400, }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 and $300 cash.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 D.\tab THE MAIN ISSUE
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 8.\tab The following issue arises for determination:
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (i)\tab Did the accused, on 18th January 2008, at Kino}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ya in the Central }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 division, being with others, rob A}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
nup Prasad of a kenwood radio }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (valued at $500), a nokia mobil}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 e phone (valued at $400), and }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 $300 cash?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 E.\tab THE OFFENCE AND ITS ELEMENT 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 9.\tab Section 293(1)(a) of the Penal code, chapter 17}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  reads as follows, "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 \'85Any person who \'85 being together with one}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  other person or more, }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 robs \'85 any person \'85 is guilty of a felony \'85}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 
\par 10.\tab For the accused to be found guilty of the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 above offence, the prosecution }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 must prove beyond reasonable doubt,}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  the following elements of the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 offence:
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (i)\tab The accused
\par (ii)\tab being together with one or more persons
\par (iii)\tab robs
\par (iv)\tab the complainant 
\par (v)\tab of his properties
\par }\pard \ql \fi-27\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid611305 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Robs}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303  means }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 to steal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 . Stealing is th}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 e act of taking away someone\rquote s }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 property or properties without his permission, and with an intention to \tab 
permanently deprive him of the ownership of that property }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 or }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 properties.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 11.\tab You will notice in the information, }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 that the prosecution, in their }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 particulars of offence, uses the phrase, }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 \'85 JOHN HARRY \'85 }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 being }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 together with others robbed Anup Prasad \'85}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 " The prosecution is }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 alleging that the accused committed the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  above offence with the aid of }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 others. The others were not charged by}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  the prosecution, for whatever }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 reason or reasons. Nevertheless, as a matte}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 r of law, I must direct you }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 that when two or more people form }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 a common intention to commit a }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 crime, and in committing the crime, each of them performed different}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 roles, they are all deemed, in law, to have}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  committed the crime, that is, }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 the offence. It matters not, whether o}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 r not one committed a minor or }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 major role, they are each deemed to have committed the offence.
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par F.\tab THE PROSECUTION\rquote S CASE 
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 12.\tab The prosecution\rquote s case was simple. On 18th}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  January 2008, at about }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 8pm, the complainant Anup Prasad, was driving a Tebara bus. He \tab stopped at the Kinoya bus stop to d}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
rop two passengers. As the two }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 passengers left the bus, three youths cam}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 e into the bus armed with cane }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 knives. They assaulted the complainant\rquote s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  head with the blunt side of a }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 cane knife, and stole his kenwood }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 radio, nokia mobile phone, and }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 money box containing $300 cash. The yout}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 hs later fled the bus, and ran }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 towards Newtown Road, towards Khalsa Road.
\par 
\par 13.\tab The matter was later reported to the Valelevu Police Station. An}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 investigation was carried out. The a}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ccused was later arrested as a }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 suspect on 30th January 2008.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 He was caution interviewed by }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 Detective }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
Constable Pita Qiolevu, on 31st January 2008. During}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 interview, the accused admitted from Question 6 to Q
uestion 42 that, he was part of the group of youths that robbed Anup Prasad, on 18th January 2008. Mr. Qiolevu said, the accuse}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 d answered the above }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 questions voluntarily, that is, out of his own free will. Mr. Qiolevu said, the accused was not assaulted, threatened or made any }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 promise, while }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 being interviewed, and while in police custody.
\par 
\par 14.\tab As a result of the above, the accused was charged with }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "robbery with }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 violence}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 . That was the case for the prosecution.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 G.\tab THE ACCUSED\rquote S CASE 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 15.\tab The accused gave an unsworn statement }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 in Court, as part of his }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
defence. He denied the allegation against him. He admitted he was arrested by police, in this matter. He admitted he was caution interviewed by police, on this case. However, he appeared to say that, the police 
assaulted him during his arrest, and during his caution interview. He appeared to say that, whatever he told the police, were forced out of him, and as a result, he gave the same involuntarily and not out of his own free will. He said, he suffered injurie
s to his nose and face. He said, when he sought medical attention, the police refused him the same. He said, he was produced in court after spending two days with the police. That was the case for the defence.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 H.\tab ANALYSIS OF THE EVIDENCE
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 16.\tab After listening to the prosecution and defen}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ce witnesses during the trial, }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
it appeared that the parties do not dispute the following material facts:
\par }\pard \ql \fi-27\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid611305 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (i)\tab that the complainant, Anup Prasad}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 , was driving a Tebara bus on }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 18th January 2008, at about 8pm, and he stopped at Kinoya }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 bus }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 stop, to drop two passengers;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (ii)\tab 
after dropping the two passengers at the Kinoya bus stop, three youths entered the bus carrying cane knives, and threatened the complainant with the same;}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (iii)\tab one of the youths assaulted the complainant\rquote s he}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ad with the blunt }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 side of the cane knife, and they s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
tole his kenwood radio, nokia }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 mobile phone, and the money box containing $300 cash;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (iv)\tab the youths then fled the bus towards Newtown}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  Road and Khalsa }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Road;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (v)\tab the complainant later reported the }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 matter to the Valelevu Police }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Station, and a police investigation was carried out;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (vi)\tab on receiving information, the pol}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ice went to Balabala Crescent }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Newtown on 30th January 2008 t}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
o arrest the accused, who was }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 treated as a suspect;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (vii)\tab on 31st January 2008, the accus}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ed was caution interviewed by }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Detective Constable Pita Qiolevu}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
, at Valelevu Police Station, }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 wherein 47 questions were put to him.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 17.\tab Because the above material facts ar}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 e not disputed by the parties, }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 as \tab assessors and judges
 of fact, you can take it}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 , as a matter of law that, the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 prosecution has proven the above ma}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 terial facts beyond reasonable }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 doubt. They were not disputed facts. The}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  only issue for you to resolve }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 in this case is, whether or not, the accused is one of the youth}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 s that }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 attacked the complainant on 18th January}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
 2008, at Kinoya bus stop, and }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 fled with his radio, mobile phone and $300 cash.
\par 
\par 18.\tab The difficulty for the prosecution in this}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  case was that, no prosecution }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
witness said he saw the accused with the youths }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 attacking the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 complainant, at the material time, and st}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 ealing his radio, mobile phone }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 and $300 cash. There was no eye witn}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
ess to link the accused to the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 crime.
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 19. }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 To resolve this difficulty, the prosecution relies on the contents of the accused\rquote s police ca
ution interview statements, obtained by Detective Pita Qiolevu, on 31st January 2008, at Valelevu Police Station. The statements were tendered as Prosecution Exhibit No.1. In the caution interview statements, the accused made a confession to the police. H
e admitted that, he was in the complainant\rquote 
s bus, at the material time. He said, when the three with the cane knives entered the bus, they told him to remain inside the bus. The three were his friends. He joined the three, stole the money box containing $30
0, and fled with the group towards Newtown Road. These admissions are contained in his answers to Questions No. 6 to 17 of Prosecution Exhibit No.1. As judges of fact, you are at liberty to look at the above questions in the accused\rquote 
s caution interview statements, during your deliberation.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par 
\par 20.\tab The accused, in his unsworn statement i}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 n court, denied the allegation }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 against him. He said, his confession i}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 n his police caution interview }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 statements, were forced out of him by the police. }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 He said, they }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 assaulted him. H}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 e said, he was bleeding in the }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
nose and in the mouth. He said, his statements to the police were involuntarily given, that is, it was given without his own free will. He is asking you, as assessors and judges of fact, to reject his confession because t
hey were not given voluntarily, and as a result, to find him not guilty as charged.
\par 
\par 21.\tab The police officers involved in this case have given evidence. You have heard them and observed their demeanours in the courtroom. Each of them said, they did not assa
ult, threaten or made any promise to the accused, during his arrest. Detective Constable Pita Qiolevu said he did not assault, threaten or made promises to the accused when he caution interviewed him on 31st January 2008, at Valelevu Police Station. He sa
i
d, the accused gave his statements voluntarily, and out of his own free will. All the police witnesses were cross-examined by the accused. He called two female witnesses in his defence, that is, Akanisi Bone and Ana Maria. Both said they saw police beatin
g up the accused on 18th January 2008 \endash  the day the offence was committed. The police said, they arrested the accused on 30th January 2008 \endash  12 days after the date of the offence.
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 22. }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 There are two sides to the coin in this case. From the prosecution\rquote s poi
nt of view, the accused confessed to them, on 31st January 2008, at Valelevu Police Station that, he was part of the group that attacked Anup Prasad on 18th January 2008, at Kinoya bus stop, and stole his radio, mobile phone and $300 cash. From the accuse
d\rquote s point of view, he was not part of the group that, attacked and robbed the complainant, at the material time. You have heard the prosecution and defence witnesses give their evidence in court. You have observed their demeanours in the courtroom 
\endash  that is, the way they gave evidence and answered questions \endash 
 were they forthright or evasive? how did they dress? what was their general behavior in the courtroom like? Given your life experiences, my directions on the law and facts, and using your common sense, 
you should be able to decide which evidence are reliable and therefore to accept, and which evidence are unreliable and therefore to reject.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 I.\tab SUMMARY
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 23. }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 In summary, the resolution of this case, in reality, depends on whether or not you, as assessors a
nd judges of fact, accept the accused\rquote 
s confession to the police, on 31st January 2008, at Valelevu Police Station. A confession is strong evidence against an accused person, provided the trier of fact, accepts that the same was given voluntarily, that is, out of the accused\rquote 
s own free will. If the confession was not given voluntarily, that is, not out of the accused\rquote s own free will, then the confession should be rejected.
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 24. }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 If you are satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused gave his confessio
n to the police voluntarily on 31st January 2008, that is, out of his own free will, and you are sure of his guilt, you should find the accused guilty as charged. If you are not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused gave his confession to the
 police voluntarily on 31st January 2008, that is, not out of his own free will, and you are not sure of his guilt, you should find the accused not guilty as charged.
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 25. }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Your possible opinions are:
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 (i)\tab Guilty or Not Guilty
\par }\pard \ql \fi-27\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid611305 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381334 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
You may retire to deliberate. The clerks will advise me when you have reached your verdict, and we will reconvene, to receive them.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2510303 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2510303 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 Salesi Temo
\par Acting Judge
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2510303 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2510303\charrsid2510303 
\par AT Suva
\par 11th February 2010}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid2510303 
\par }}