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\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par I have before me two interlocutory applications.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The first application was by way of summons filed by the First and Second Defendants seeking an order that the Writ be struck out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The second application was by way of Notice of Motion filed by the Attorney-General seeking an order that the Attorney-General be joined and also an order that the Writ be struck out. \par \par Both applications were dealt with on the same day.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Counsel agreed that it would be appropriate to determine the joinder application first. \par \par The Notice of Motion was filed on 17 February 2010.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The application was made pursuant to Order 15 Rule 6 (2) (b) and was supported by an affidavit sworn by Solo Mara on 16 February 2010.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 At an early stage in the hearing of the application Counsel for the parties indicated to the Court that the application was not opposed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 I therefore ordered that the Attorney-General be joined as a Third Defendant in the proceedings. \par \par The striking out application by the First and Second Defendant was by summons filed on 16 February 2010.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The application sought the following orders: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 1.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 That the Plaintiff}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 '}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 s Writ of Summons dated 10th January 2010 be struck out against the First Defendant and the Second Defendants as: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 the First Defendant is not a legal entity \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Australia has asserted foreign state immunity on behalf of the Australian High Commission as a representative of the Commonwealth of Australia, and has asserted diplomatic immunity on behalf of David Stewart and Susan Pull ar, with diplomatic agents who have been accredited to the Australian High Commission \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 that the Second Defendants are immune from suit pursuant to the Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities Act Cap 8.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par The application was made under Order 18 Rule 18 (1) (a) which states: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Court may at any stage of the proceedings order to be struck out or amended any pleading or the indorsement of any writ in the action \'85 on the ground that: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 it discloses no reasonable cause of action \'85.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par Order 18 Rule 18 (2) provides that no evidence shall be admissible in such an application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 As a result there was no supporting affidavit material.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 However, the application was also made pursuant to the inherent jurisdiction of the Court and there is authority for the view that when m ade under this ground, the applicant may file supporting affidavit material (see the Supreme Court Practice 1991 Volume 1 paragraph 18/19/2). \par \par The Attorney-General}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 s application was in these terms: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Writ of Summons and the indorsed Statement of Claim be struck out on the basis that it: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 discloses no reasonable cause of action;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Application is frivolous and vexatious;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Otherwise is an abuse of process of the Court.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par The application is made under Order 18 (Rule 18) (1) (a) and (d) and under the inherent jurisdiction of the Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Ground (II) as worded appears to be inapplicable and makes no sense. \par \par The affidavit sworn by Solo Mara (supra) also provides supporting material in respect of this application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 A supplementary affidavit also sworn by Solo Mara on 25 February 2010 was filed by the Attorney-General. \par \par The Plaintiff opposed the application and filed an answering affidavit sworn by Miliana Ofakitoga on 12 March 2010. \par \par The Attorney-General filed a reply affidavit sworn by Solo Mara on 19 March 2010.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The First and Second Defendants filed a reply affidavit sworn by Kim Lamb on 26 March 2010. \par \par The Writ was filed on behalf of the Plaintiff on 19 January 2010.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Filed with the Writ was the Plaintiff}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 s Statement of Claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The documents were served on the Defendants on 19 January 2010. \par \par The claim by the Plaintiff is essentially a claim for constructive dismissal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 At common law this must be regarded as a form of wrongful dismissal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Plaintiff seeks relief in the form of declarations and damages for his constructive dismissal. \par \par The striking out applications brought by the Defendants and the Attorney-General are concerned with the status of both the First and Second Defendants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 It is submitted that the claim against the First Defendant cannot succeed because it is not a legal person.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 It is submitted that claim against the Second Defendants cannot succeed on account of diplomatic immunity. \par \par In his Statement of Claim the Plaintiff pleads in paragraph 2 that: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The first Defendant, the Pacific Immigration Directors Conference, its Chairman and Board (the PIDC) was established to promote the consultation and co-operation among immigration agencies within the Pacific region, including Australia.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par However on the front of the Writ, the First Defendant is named as Pacific Immigration Directors Conference (PIDC) \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 a Forum for Heads of Immigration Services of Countries and Territories in the Region supported by a Secretarial and co-located with the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat at Ratu Sukuna Road, Suva Fiji Islands.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par From the above, a number of matters are clear.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 First, the Plaintiff has not pleaded that the PIDC is a body corporate or has acquired the right to sue or be sued in that name.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Secondly, although reference is made in paragraph 2 of the Statement of Claim to the Chairman and the Board, they are not named or identified as Defendants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The only party named in the title of the action as first Defendant is the PIDC. \par \par The status of the First Defendant is similar to that described by the High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Cameron v. Hogan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 (1934) 51 C.L.R 358 at page 370: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \'85 (voluntary Associations ) are for the most part bodies of persons who have combined to further some common end or interest, which is social, sporting, political, scientific, religious, artistic or humanitarian in character; or otherwise stands apart from private gain and material advantage.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Such associations are established upon a consensual basis\'85.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par There is no material in the pleadings to indicate that PIDC is a legal person.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 It has no existence apart from its members.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 This point is re-enforced by the pleading in paragraph 7 of the Statement of Claim which states that the PIDC Board required the Plaintiff to enter into a written employment agreement with the Australian High Commission. \par \par The Plaintiff could possibly have proceeded by way of representative proceedings under Order 15 Rule 14.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Under that Rule where numerous persons have the same interest in proceedings such as the present, the proceedings may be commenced and continued against any one or more of them as representing all of them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 In this case, however, the Plaintiff has not named as a Defendant any member or members of PIDC as representative of all the members of PIDC. \par \par Under Order 6 Rule 3 it is a requirement that where a defendant is sued in a representative capacity, the writ must be indorsed with a statement of the capacity in which he is sued.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The representative capacity of the defendant or defendants ought also to be stated in the title of the writ and of the statement of claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The same information should also be stated in the body of the Statement of Claim and in the relief claimed. \par \par The purpose of this Rule was clearly stated at paragraph 15/12/11 of the 1991 Edition of the Supreme Court Practice Volume 1 as: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Where a plaintiff desires in a suitable case to sue any combination of persons under a title purporting to be the name of a society, or club, or association (not being a registered society or a partnership firm) it is the practice to allow him to sue two or more members thereof by their names with the added statement that they are }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 sued on their own behalf and on behalf of all other members of the (PIDC)}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par In this case neither the writ nor the statement of claim comply with the Rules in so far as the First Defendant is concerned.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The First Defendant is not pleaded as a body corporate and is therefore not a legal person capable of suing or being sued.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Chairman and the Board are not named and nor is there any pleading to indicate that the Plaintiff is proceeding against them as representative of all the members of PIDC. \par \par The second ground of the application concerns the issue of diplomatic immunity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 There are two aspects to this ground.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 In relation to the First Defendant, the application may be viewed as being concerned with privileges and immunities which are extended to an international organization.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 In relation to the Second Defendants the application may be viewed as being concerned with immunity when a sovereign state or its representatives are sued in a domestic court of another state. \par \par This case is about a dispute under a contract of employment made on 20 November 2007 between the Australian High Commission and the Plaintiff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The First Defendant selected the Plaintiff for the appointment and the two ind ividuals named with the Australian High Commission as Second Defendants were both employed at the Australian High Commission in its Department of Immigration and Citizenship.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The position to which the Plaintiff was appointed was known as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Head of Secretariat to the Pacific Immigration Directors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Conference.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The dispute arose as a result of what the Plaintiff claimed was meant to be a performance interview on 3 October 2008. \par \par It is claimed by the Plaintiff that both the style and the substance of the interview constituted an employment grievance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Plaintiff took special leave and then returned to work.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 His contract was subsequently extended for short periods.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 As a result of what he considered to be the inappropriate handling of his grievance by the Au stralian High Commission, the Plaintiff formally resigned on 17 September 2009 and hence his claim for wrongful dismissal in the form of constructive dismissal. \par \par In relation to the First Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 s position, it is not necessary for me to consider whether there was any treaty or agreement as the potential source of immunity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 I accept the uncontradicted material in paragraph 2 of the affidavit of Kim Lamb sworn on 26 March 2010.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 That paragraph states: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 That the First Defendant is not a legal entity but a conference for the heads of immigration agencies in the region and is co-funded by the Government of Australia \'85 and its Head of Secretariat is employed as a locally engaged staff through the Australian High Commission and whose performance is supervised b y the (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) Regional Directors South Pacific in consultation with the PIDC Chair and Board members}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par In relation to the claim for wrongful dismissal, in so far as it is made against the First Defendant, I have concluded that the First Defendant was improperly named and/or joined in the Writ and the Statement of Claim is set aside against it. \par \par In relation to the first named Second Defendant, the position is clearly stated in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Law of State Immunity}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 by Hazel Fox QC at page 13: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Once satisfied that the defendant is a foreign state, the forum court will dismiss the proceedings, unless satisfied that the foreign state has waived its immunity or that the proceedings fall within an exception to State immunity}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 .}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 (Oxford U niversity Press, 2002). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par The principle behind this practice was stated in paragraph 1548 of Volume 18 of }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Halsbury}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 '}{ \b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 s Laws of England}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 (4th Edition) as: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 An independent sovereign state may not be sued in the \'85 courts against its will and without its consent.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 This immunity from the jurisdiction is derived from the rules of international law, which in this respect have become part of the law \'85.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 It is accorded on the grounds that the exercise of jurisdiction would be incompatible with the dignity and independence of any superior authority enjoyed by every sovereign state.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The principle involved is not founded upon any technical rules of law, but upon broad considerations of public policy, international law and comity.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 " }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par In the absence of applicable domestic legislation dealing with this type of immunity, it is to the common law that the Court must turn for guidance on the application of this accepted doctrine of international law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par \par I find that it is not necessary for me to determine whether the principle is absolute in its application or whether it has a restricted or limited application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Even if the limited application line of authorities is accepted, I am satisfied that the present case still falls within the doctrine of sovereign immunity.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 In reaching this conclusion I am assisted by the comments of Brown-Wilkinson J in }{ \b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Sengupta v. Republic of India}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 [1983] I.C.R 221 where at page 227 it was noted: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 There may be cases, particularly in relation to contracts of employment, where the performance of the contract is itself part of the performance by the State of an essentially public or sovereign act.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 } {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 In my view it is necessary in each case to look at what is to be done under the contract in order to decide whether the entry into, and the performance of, that contract is a private act of the State or involves a necessary participation by the other contracting party in a public act of the State.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 " }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par It is quite apparent that the contract entered into between the Plaintiff and the Australian High Commission involved the participation by the Plaintiff in a public act of the State.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The appointment of the Plaintiff to act as head of the Secretariat to the Pacific Immigration Directors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Conference which had been established to promote consultation and co-operation among immigration agencies in the Pacific region (including Australia) is to involve the participation of the Plaintiff in a public act of the State.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 It is clearly outside of the usual type of private contract of employment between employer and employee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 It is, on the other hand, closely related to the exercise of a sovereign function, the issue of immigration within the region that includes Australia. \par \par The principle of sovereign immunity is a sufficient bar to the claim against the Australian High Commission which is named as a Second Defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 I am satisfied that a reference to the Australian High Commission is, in international law, equivalent to a reference to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 the Commonwealth of Australia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Australia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 or the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Australian Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 I am also satisfied that as at the commencement of these proceedings when the jurisdiction of this Court was invoked the High Commission had not waived its sovereign immunity. \par \par There are two other persons named as Second Defendants and their position is determined by the different issue of diplomatic immunity. \par \par The question of diplomatic immunity is dealt with in the Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities Act Cap 8 (the Act) which incorporates into the laws of Fiji the provisions of Articles 1, 22 and 24 inclusive, and 27 to 40 inclusive of the Vienn a Convention on Diplomatic Relations (the Convention) (see section 3(1)). \par \par Article 31 of the Convention provides (with three exceptions that are not relevant in this case) that: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 1.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 He shall also enjoy immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction \par and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 2.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 A diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a witness.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 " }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par In Article 1 the term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 diplomatic agent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 is defined as: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 the head of the mission or a member of the diplomatic staff of the mission.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 " }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par Having read the affidavit of Kim Lam sworn on 26 March 2010 I am satisfied that the two persons named as Second Defendants were members of the diplomatic staff of the Au stralian High Commission and were therefore diplomatic agents for the purposes of Article 31. \par \par Article 32 of the Convention is the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 waiver}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 article.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 So far as is relevant it provides: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 1.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents \'85 may be waived by the sending State \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 2.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Waiver must always be expressed \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 3.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \'85. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 4.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Waiver of immunity from jurisdiction in respect of civil proceedings shall not be held to imply waiver of immunity in respect of the execution of the judgment, for which a separate waiv er shall be necessary.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 " }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par In addition, section 3 (6) (d) of the Act states: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 the reference in Article 32 to waiver by the sending State shall be construed as including a waiver by the head of the mission of the sending state or by a person for the time being performing the function of the head of mission.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 " }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par As a result, in the absence of an express waiver, the two named Second Defendants are entitled to claim and are immune from the civil jurisdiction of this court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 I do not consider that any actions on the part of either of them during the course of their dealings with the Plaintiff constitute an express waiver. \par \par So as to put the issue beyond doubt, the affidavit sworn by Kim Lamb on 26 March 2010 exhibited Note No. 39 of 2010 dated 25 March 2010 which stated in the second paragraph that: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Australian High Commission has the honour to advise that the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Australia has decided to assert sovereign immunity and diplomatic immunity on behalf of David Stewart and Susan Pullar i n Civil Action No. 13 of 2010 in the matter of Lolohea \endash v- the Australian High Commission, David Stewart and Susan Pullar (second defendants)\'85 .}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 " }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par In keeping with the accepted view, the issue of waiver has been clearly put to rest when the Court was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 ab out or was being asked to exercise jurisdiction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 (see }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 Mighell v. Sultan of Johore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 (1894) 1 QB 149). \par \par I have no hesitation in concluding that, in the absence of an express waiver given to the Court by the Australian High Commission, as a sovereign State, the two named second defendants are immune from the civil jurisdiction of this Court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 As a result they are improperly named and/or joined in these proceedings which must be and are hereby set aside against them. \par \par As a result the applications are granted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 I make the following orders: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Attorney-General is given leave to be joined as a party to the Action pursuant to Order 15 Rule 6 (2) (b). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 { \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The First Defendant and the Second Defendants have been improperly named and/or joined as parties to the Action and accordingly the Statement of Claim against each of them is struck out. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033990 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 The Plaintiff is to pay the costs of these applications which I fix summarily in the sum of $600.00, half of which is to be paid to the Second Defendants and half of which is to be paid to the Office of the Attorney-General. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 W D Calanchini \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 JUDGE}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2033990 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033990\charrsid2033990 19 July 2010 \par At Suva \par }}