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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 CRIMINAL CASE NO. HAC 093 OF 2009
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 STATE
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 SAIRUSI NASILA
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\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Ms I. Whippy for the State
\par Mr T. Terere (LAC) for the Accused
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par Date of Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 16 November 2010
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Date of Ruling:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 \tab 16 November 2010
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 RULING ON VOIR DIRE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par [1]\tab The defence objects to the admissibility of an oral confession, an interview under caution and a charge statement all of which the State seeks to adduce into evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 The oral confession to a crime of murder was made soon after arrest on the 12th September 2009, the interview under caution made over two days on the 13th and 14th Septem
ber 2009 and the charge statement made in answer to charge on the 14th September 2009.
\par 
\par [2]\tab The defence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 s grounds of objection are:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 1.\tab 
That the confessions were obtained under force, duress and pressure by the Police officers who arrested and interrogated him at the Nadi Police Station.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 2.\tab 
That he was assaulted by the police officers upon his arrest and at the Nadi Police Station whilst being handcuffed and during his caution interview.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 3.\tab That his caution interview statements were never read back to him
 and he was only told to sign on several occasions.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par [3]\tab These grounds were particularized in further document filed by the defence in which it is claimed:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 1.\tab That he was punched on the jaw and in the stomach and in his eyes were }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 sprayed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 2.\tab He was assaulted by 5 Fijian police officers in the Nadi Police Station.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 3.\tab He was handcuffed to a cement wall and punched on the head and chest.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Verbally abused and forced to sign a fabricated interview.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 4.\tab He was taken to hospital but not examined, because a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 fat policeman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
 told the Doctor not to examine him.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par [4]\tab The evidence called by the State was given by five Nadi police officers, the grandfather of the young victim, a lady Doctor from Nadi hospital and the District Officer, Nadi.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 A young 3 year old girl from Korokula village was reported missing and information received at Nadi Police Station implicated this accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 A party of officers went to the village to locate the accused and PC Jesoni was left there to locate him and effect the arrest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Having arrested him after a short chase, the police constable and the accused were walking on the roadside with the victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 s grandfather who was quite understandably very angry.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
The grandfather tried to assault the accused but Jesoni deflected the blows and all fell onto the gravel surface of the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
The main search party then arrived and conveyed the party to Nadi, via the nearest Police Post being Nawai.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
On the journey to Nawai, the accused broke down and made a verbal confession that he had abducted the victim and murdered her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
He then showed the police where he had thrown the body.
\par 
\par [5]\tab Later at Nadi Police Station after he had been given time to rest and see a Doctor, he was interviewed under caution in two rather short periods, one on the evening of the 13th September, and again the following morning.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Later on the 14th he made a confession to murder in an answer to charge.
\par 
\par [6]\tab The accused elected to give sworn evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 He gave a garbled, over the top account of events of 12 to 14 September.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 If what he says is true he would have been hospitalized for weeks if not dead.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 He first said he did not make the confession in the vehicle but then later said he did because of the frenzied assaults by the officer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 I did not believe a word of his evidence, but then that is not the test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
I remain aware of the need to find beyond reasonable doubt that the State has proved the confessions to be voluntarily given and this I do so find.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 The Law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par 
\par [7]\tab The classic test of admissibility was set out in the speech of Lord Sumner in}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577  Ibrahim v R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
 [1914] AC 599 when he said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
It has long been established as a positive rule of English criminal law that 
no statement by an accused is admissible in evidence against him unless it is shown by the prosecution to have been a voluntary statement in the sense that it has not been obtained from him either by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage exercised or hel
d out by a person in authority.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par [8]\tab This legal principle was adopted in Fiji in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Ganga Ram and Shiu Charan v R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577  FJCA CA 46 of 1983.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
Such a test does not preclude a Court from looking however at the general fairness or oppression in the circumstances of production of the evidence in question.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Even if found to be voluntary, a statement can still be excluded if it is thought that the voluntary statement was obtained unfairly or in breach of a suspect}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 s rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
That oppression has been described by the House of Lords in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Priestly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577  (1965) Cr App R, 1 as }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 something which tends to sap, and has sapped, that freewill which must exist before a confession is voluntary}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par [9]\tab I am mindful of the standard of proof that must be satisfied in that, I must find beyond reason
able doubt that the statements were voluntarily given to the police; and the onus of proving that and proving that they were obtained fairly is on the State.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Analysis
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 [10]\tab The Doctor gave evidence that on examination of the accused after his arrest, she found abrasions on his back which she said could be consistent with a fall onto a gravel surface.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 There were no other injuries on the body, and certainly nothing to substantiate the continual assaults claimed by the accused.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 There were no injuries to the face or jaw.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 I believe the Doctor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 s evidence and the accused}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 s claim that she was lying because she did not examine him at all is preposterous.
\par 
\par [11]\tab The Police Officers gave clear and compelling evidence and I accept their evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
I find that not one of them assaulted or threatened the accused and I accept that the accused was treated at all times fairly and professionally.
\par 
\par [12]\tab The accused claimed originally that he never made the confession in the police vehicle but he later resiled from that position saying he said things because he was being treated like a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 punch bag}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 The medical evidence is not consistent with this claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
I find that the accused was so overwhelmed with the predicament he found himself in that he did in fact break down and gave a true and voluntary account of his deeds with regard to the little girl, an account which was later borne out by his re-enactment.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 The defence made an issue of the fact that he w
as not told of his rights to counsel before he made the confession, but even if this is true, and one policeman says he was so advised, it is not fatal to the voluntariness of the confession.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 As Goundar J. said in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Raymond Singh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577  \endash 
 HAC 72 of 2005, in a very similar situation:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
I find that he was not advised of his right to counsel upon arrest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
However I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was not prejudiced by the breach.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
The circumstances in which the accused made the confession are relevant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
I accept the evidence of the police officers over the evidence of the accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par There is no suggestion apart from the manic evidence of the accused that the police used any force, pressure, promise or inducement to cause the accused to utter the incriminating statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 It was a spontaneous utterance, and I do not accept the version of events given by the accused.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13059839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 The confession was entirely voluntary and can be led in evidence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par [13]\tab Similarly the caution interview and the answer to charge were given voluntarily and the accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
s version of events is not borne out by medical evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 He was given plenty of rest and adequate meals and treated most humanely.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 They too can be led in evidence.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Paul K. Madigan
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 Judge
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12206577 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12206577\charrsid12206577 
\par At Lautoka
\par 10 November 2010
\par }}