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\par AT LAUTOKA
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4221989\charrsid9190471 58}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1325077\charrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1137519\charrsid9190471 OF 20}{
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\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5272759\charrsid9190471 M}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4221989\charrsid9190471 s M. Fong for the State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5272759\charrsid9190471 
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\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5272759\charrsid9190471 Date of Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471\charrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4221989\charrsid9190471 05 August 2010}{
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 e the charge of manslaughter proffe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8744781\charrsid9190471 red }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189101\charrsid9190471 a}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8744781\charrsid9190471 gainst it, quashed; on the grounds that a corporation cannot be convicted of manslaughter by unlawful omission committed in August 2006.}{
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2260418\charrsid9190471 The applicant company trades as Tokoriki Island Resort Fiji, a licensed hotel and the initial charge brought against the company is worded rather clumsily as follows:
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Moonbeam Investments Limited trading as Tokoriki Island Resort Fiji a licensed hotel under Hotel and Guest Act 1973 of P.O. Box 10547 Nadi Airport on the 9th
 day of August 2006 at Nadi in the Western Division by an unlawful omission, that is failing in their duty to secure a live electric wire that was attached to a clothes line at Tokoriki Resort, caused the death of Luke John Molnar.}{
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This charge was laid under sections 198, 201 and 213 of the Penal Code, Cap. 17 which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471 w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid393923\charrsid9190471 as}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 at the time of the death, operative.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 It is no longer operative and has been replaced by the Crimes Decree 2009 which specifically allows for corporate criminal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471 
liability }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 by section 51 of that Decree.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2260418\charrsid9190471 
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 On the 9th August 2006 a small group of volunteers involved in conservation projects was staying on Tokoriki Island in the Mamanuca Group.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 One of the group received an electric shock when hanging out a T-shirt to dry and the deceased on coming to assist him grabbed the clothes line for }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471\charrsid9190471 support }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471  was immediately electrocuted.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 He was unable to release his grip on the line and he was dashed to the ground with the line underneath him flowing with electricity.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 The power source was traced and shut off after the deceased h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471 
ad been subject to the electrical surge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471  for about 10 minutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 
A government vessel was moored nearby with a Doctor on board.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 This doctor pronounced the victim dead after some emergency medical procedures.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 ii.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 
Investigations later revealed that the clothes line was connected to another line which in turn had been connected to a power source to provide light for a temporary shed during Christmas 2005.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 It had been connected by an electrician then working at the resort and when he left the resort in early 2006 the power was never disconnected.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 iii.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 An investigation by the F.E.A (Fiji Electricity Authority) concluded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471  (unsurprisingly) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 that a high risk situation had been created and left unattended.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4682158\charrsid9190471 
The circuit breakers were ineffective and all of the electrical wiring at the resort was s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10889021\charrsid9190471 ubstandard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189101\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 
In addition to the charge being proffered against the company, the State has also charged the electrician, one Kitione Rokosuka and Suren Chand the general maintenance manager who }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471 wa}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 s Rokosuka}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 s superior.
\par 
\par [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 Learned Counsel for the applicant has submitte
d several legalistic and nice arguments in favour of his application of which only one has real force.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 
He submits (in his Ground 3) that if the legislature had intended to include a body corporate under section 198 it would have clearly stated so but it did not.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 He prays in aid the provisions in the new Crimes Decree 2009 which do endorse corporate liability for the crime as further proof that there was no liability under the old Penal Code.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 Such a submission having force, is however misconceived in that
 it totally ignores the availability of the common law to sanction a corporate prosecution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 Discussion of that avenue will follow hereafter.

\par 
\par [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 Learned Counsel for the State submits that the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 s submissions are too restrictive and that the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 person}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 
 referred to in section 198 of the Penal Code (the manslaughter section) is capable of being read as natural person as well as a body corporate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 She prays in aid the interpretation of person in the Interpretation Act, Cap. 7 which specifically 
defines person to include corporations or associations; however she does concede that where there is an inconsistency in the primary legislation, then the interpretation in that legislation shall prevail.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 There can be no doubt that the Penal Code does
 not allow for a corporation to be charged with murder or manslaughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 
The Code was received into our jurisprudence by way of East African colonial criminal codes, operative in more simple and unsophisticated societies where the criminality of body corporate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471  was not even contemplated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 Had the legislators of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471  yore }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 
intended corporations to be criminally liable for manslaughter offences, then they would have made provision for it, just as has now been effected in England by the passing of the Corporate Mans
laughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 and in present day Fiji in the Crimes Decree 200}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8270505\charrsid9190471 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699561\charrsid9190471 .
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14964899\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 [9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 
There being no statutory power to charge a company then, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 
esort must be had to the common law which in very limited circumstances does allow for such prosecutions.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14964899\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 The criminal liability of corporations was first examined in depth in the case of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 T}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 esco Supermarkets Limited v Natrass}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471  [1972] AC 15}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 3.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 In that case the company (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 T
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 esco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 
) was relying on a statutory defence to an offence under the Trade Descriptions Act, the defence being that the offence was due to the acts or defaults of another person, and therefore the company was not criminally liable.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 The House of Lords held that the manager was indeed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 another person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471  and as such was someone apart from the company.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 In terms of the defence the other person did not carry the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471 identity}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15160481\charrsid9190471  of the company.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par In his speech to the House, Lord Diplock said at p. 198:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 A}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471  corporation is an abstraction.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
It is incapable itself of doing any physical act or being in any state of mind}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14964899\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14964899\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 And later at page 199:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
to constitute a criminal offence, a physical act done by any person must generally be done by him in some reprehensible state of mind.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
Save in cases of strict liability where a criminal statute, exceptionally, makes the doing of an act a crime irrespective of the State or mind in which it is done, criminal law regards a person as responsible for his crimes only.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 It does not recognize the liability of a principal for the criminal acts of his agent: because it does not ascribe to him his agent}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 s state of mind.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
Qui peccat per alium peccat per se is not a maxim of criminal law.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
The princip}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid393923\charrsid9190471 le}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
 there being expounded is that a company not being able to think or to form a mens rea, cannot be criminally liable unless a statute prescribes an offence of absolute or strict liability}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid393923\charrsid9190471 , }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 when mens rea is not relevant.
\par 
\par [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
The House did in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 Tesco}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471  case however }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 go further than that in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 propound}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 ing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471  the princip}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid393923\charrsid9190471 le}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471  of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 directing mind}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471  which was described by Lord Reid as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
A living person has a mind which can have knowledge or intention or be negligent and he had hands to carry out his intentions.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
A corporation has none of these:}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 it must act through living persons, though not always one or the same person.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 Then the person who acts is not speaking or acting for the company.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 He is acting as the company and his mind which directs his acts is the mind of the company.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 There is no question of the company being vicariously liable.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
He is not acting as a servant, representative, agent or delegate.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
He is an embodiment of the company, or, one could say, he hears and speaks through the persona of the company, within his appropriate sphere, and his mind is the mind of the company.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 If it is a guilty mind then that guilt is the guilt of the company.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
It must be a question of law whether, once the facts have been ascertained, a person in doing particular things is to be regarded as the company or merely as the company}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 s servant or agent.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 In that case any liability of the company can
 only be a statutory or vicarious liability.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
In the within case the gross act of negligence in leaving a live wire connected to the washing line is clearly the fault of a casual employee of the company, a servant who could never be said to be representing the persona of the company itself}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 , that is being a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 directing mind}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 .
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 The liability of corporations for manslaughter was specifically addressed by the English Court of Appeal in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
Attorney General}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 s Reference No. 2/1999}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471  [2000] EWCA Crim. 91.

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14964899\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 Two questions were posed to the Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
or its opinion, the questions being:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 Can a defendant be properly convicted of manslaughter by gross negligence in the absence of evidence as to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471  that defendant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 s state of mind? }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 Can a non-human defendant be convicted of the crime of manslaughter by gross negligence in the absence of evidence establishing the guilt of an identified human individual of the same }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 crime?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 Th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 ese questions are not entirely a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
pposite to the present application however the Court in resolving these questions did canvass the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 authorities on corporate manslaughter in the common law }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8526713\charrsid9190471 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 hitherto.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
In that respect, the judgment of the Court provides a useful guide in determining the present application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14706180\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 After reviewing the authorities Lord Justice Rose (the V.P.) said:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
There is, as it seems to us, no sound basis for suggesting that, by their recent decisions, the Courts have started a process of moving from identification to personal liability as a basis for corporate liability for manslaughter}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 And later \endash 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
In our judgment, unless an identified individual}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
s conduct, characterisable as gross criminal negligence, can be attributed to the company}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6517516\charrsid9190471  the company}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
 is not, in the present state of the common law, liable for manslaughter.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
The case of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 R v P & O Ferries (Dover) Ltd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471  (1991) 93 Cr. App. R is a case where th
is identification principle was used to charge a corporation for manslaughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
Counsel for the State responding to the present application relies on the case as an example of general common law liability for corporate manslaughter however with the greatest respect, that submission misses the point entirely.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 [1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 The common law as having developed since }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7219629\charrsid9190471 Tesco}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
 v Natrass}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471  lays down the following principles:
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 Corporations cannot themselves be criminally liable for manslaughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14964899\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 There are exceptions of course for crimes of no mens rea.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14964899\charrsid9190471 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 A company may be charged where an office}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6517516\charrsid9190471 r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471  who is the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 directing mind}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
 of the company can be identified, and he (as the persona of the company) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6517516\charrsid9190471 i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
s responsible for the gross negligence relied upon.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 Counsel for the State would have this Court place a very constrained interpretation on section 198 of the Penal Code, or alternatively allow a prosecution under the common law.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 As the House of Lords said in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 C (A Minor) v DPP}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 [1996] 1 AC 3, per the speech of Lord Lowry at page 28, when dealing with the problems of judicial law making:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 (1)}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 If the solution is doubtful, the judges should beware of imposing their own remedy;}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2849271\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 (2)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 Caution should prevail if Parliament has rejected opportunities of clearing up a known difficulty or has legislated, while leaving the difficulty untouched;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 (3)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 Disputed matters of social policy are less suitable areas for judicial intervention than purely legal problems;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 (4)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 Fundamental legal doctrines should not be lightly set aside.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 (5)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 Judges should not make a change unless they can }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 achieve finality and certainty.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 As did Lord Lowry, I am persuaded that all of these aids, in varying degrees point away from the course proposed by Ms Fong for the State.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12339179\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 Conclusion
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
There is no provision in the Penal Code to charge a body corporate for the crime of manslaughter, and therefore resort must be had to the common law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451127\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2849271\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 There being no person identified a
s the directing mind of the company committing acts of negligence on Tokoriki Island, the owner Moonbeam Investments Limited cannot be criminally responsible.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 
The application by Moonbeam Investments Limited is allowed and any proceedings against the said company for manslaughter on the 9th August 2006 are quashed.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3277328\charrsid9190471 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492704\charrsid9190471 Paul K. Madigan
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492704\charrsid9190471 Judge}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492704 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9190471 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9190471\charrsid9190471 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492704\charrsid9190471 At Lautoka
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430762\charrsid9190471 10 September 2010
\par }}