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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861741\charrsid11272411 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
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\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861741\charrsid11272411 RATU BATINIQIO RASAQIO
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\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861741\charrsid11272411 Mr. J. Singh for the State
\par Mr. T.Terere for the Fourth and Sixth Accused
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1536325\charrsid11272411 Mr. A. Singh for the Fifth Accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411  (as amicus curiae)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861741\charrsid11272411 

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The fourth accused is charged with murder and with four counts of violent robbery, but his present application is confined to the four robbery counts he faces.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 They read as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246 
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 Contrary to section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
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RATU BATINIQIO RASAQIO, EMOSI DAGOYA, SEFANAIA NUKULAVAI and PAULIASI NACAGILEVU on the 5th day of October 2007 at Tavua in the Western Division, robbed SATYA WATI s/o NAREND PRASAD}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 of 3 bangles valued at $3,000.00 4 gold rings valued $1,600.00, pair of ring valued $300.00 and 1 mangle sutra valued $1,000.00, all to the total value of $5,900.00 and immediately before 
and at the time of such robbery did use personal violence to the said SATYA WATI w/o NAREND PRASAD.
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\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 Statement of Offence}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 Contrary to section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 Particulars of Offence
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 RATU BATINIQIO
 RASAQIO, EMOSI DAGOYA, SEFANAIA NUKULAVAI and PAULIASI NACAGILEVU on the 5th day of October 2007 at Tavua in the Western Division, robbed KARUNA RAM d/o MATA PRASAD of cash $2,000.00 (Fijian currency), $300.00 (Australian currency), 4 gold bangles valued
 
at $3,500.00, 6 gold rings valued $1,090.00, nokia mobile phone valued $500.00, 1 necklace valued $1,000.00 and 1 reading glasses valued $350.00, all to the total value of $8390.00 and immediately before and at the time of such robbery did use personal vi
olence to the said KARUNA RAM d/o MATA RAM.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 FOURTH COUNT}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 Statement of Offence}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid31053\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 Contrary to section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 Particulars of Offence
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 
RATU BATINIQIO RASAQIO, EMOSI DAGOYA, SEFANAIA NUKULAVAI and PAULIASI NACAGILEVU on the 5th day of October 2007 at Tavua in the Western Division, robbed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 
BIMJA KUMARI SINGH d/o MATA PRASAD of cash $300.00 (Fijian currency), assorted jewelleries valued at $2
,000.00, and Rolex wrist watch valued at $1,500.00 all to the total value of $6,500.00 and immediately before and at the time of such robbery did use personal violence to the said BIMJA KUMARI SINGH d/o MATA RAM. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13313246\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid31053\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 FIFTH COUNT}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 Statement of Offence
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 Contrary to section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 Particulars of Offence
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10891926\charrsid11272411 
RATU BATINIQIO RASAQIO, EMOSI DAGOYA, SEFANAIA NUKULAVAI and PAULIASI NACAGILEVU on the 5th day of October 2007 at Tavua in the Western Division, robbed SUR
UJ KUMAR d/o DULI CHAND SINGH of cash $10.00 (Fijian currency), puma bag valued $20.00 and 1 gold chain valued $600.00 all to the total value of $630.00 and immediately before and at the time of such robbery did use personal violence to the said SURUJ KUM
AR d/o DULI CHAND SINGH. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3879471\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 
\par [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 The fifth and sixth accused are charged with one count of housebreaking with intent to commit a felony.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 The charge against them reads as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 SEVENTH COUNT}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 Statement of Offence}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3879471 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 HOUSE BREAKING WITH INTENT TO COMMIT FELONY:}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 Contrary to section 302(1) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \qc \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 Particulars of Offence
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 ISIKELI TAULELE and ISIKELI RALULU with others on the 6th
 day of October 2007 at Tavua in the Western Division, broke and entered the dwelling house of LATCHMAN NAIDU s/o RAMLU with intent to commit felony therein namely robbery.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6647939\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 The Fourth Accused
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 Counsel for the fourth accused in later c
onceding that there is a case to answer on the second count submits that after the events which led to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411  count}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 , he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
then withdrew by leaving the scene and standing on the roadside, thereby abandoning the joint enterprise and his complicity in the three other robberies committed at the same time and in the same house.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3879471\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid31053\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 The State submits that there is }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 unchallenged admission in the fourth accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 s caution interview to punching the victim of the first robbery before her goods were stolen (hence the concession of the fourth accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
s Counsel) and that this plainly shows that he was part of the joint enterprise and after this act of violence he saw 2 of his co-offenders go into the house where 3 more robberies were committed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 Counsel submits that with intention to rob he played his part and he is therefore equally liable for the other robberies committed in the enterprise.
\par 
\par [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 The law is quite clear that any withdrawal from participation must be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 effective}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411  before further offences are committed. The clas
sic test of withdrawal was expounded by Sloan J.A in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 R v Whitehouse}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
 [1941] 1 WWR 112 (from the Court of Appeal of British Colombia) when he said -
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
After a crime has been committed and before a prior abandonment of the common enterprise may be found by a 
jury there must be, in my view in the absence of exceptional circumstances, something more than a mere mental change of intention and physical change of place by those associates who wish to dissociate themselves from the consequences attendant upon their
 willing assistance up to the moment of the actual commission of that crime\'85
where practicable and reasonable there must be timely communication of the intention to abandon the common purpose from those who wish to dissociate from the contemplated crime to those who desire to continue in it.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 What is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
timely communication}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
 must be determined by the facts of each case but where practicable and reasonable it ought to be such communication, verbal or otherwise, that it will serve unequivocal notice upon the other
 party to the common unlawful cause that if he proceeds upon it he does so without the further aid and assistance of those who withdraw.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
\par [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 In the case of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 R v Perman}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411  [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 24 the Court of Appeal doubted whether it is possible for a party to a joint enterprise to withdraw therefrom once the contemplated criminal activity has commenced.

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3879471\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 Therefore the disappearance of the fourth accused fr}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 m the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 
house of robberies}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411  cannot be said to be an abandonment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 He has said nothing to his co-}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3879471\charrsid11272411 offenders;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 
 he has merely gone to stand at the roadside.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 He had admitted joining in the planning to rob Mata}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 s Store and to going there with a kitchen knife in his back pocket.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 He said he knew others were carrying knifes and a pinch bar.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 
After punching the intended victim of the robbery he heard a lady calling from the next door house and he went up, confronted her and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 
pulled her and punched her on the side of the face and pulled her beside the car}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 It was at this time that 2 of his co-accused went inside the house where 3 more robberies were committed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 He then left and went to the road, giving as a reason that he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 
mission had failed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411  because as he said the key they took from the intended victim could not be used to open the shop.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799926\charrsid11272411 He expressed no remorse at the robberies of the victims in the house and he communicated his disappointment to no one.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836372\charrsid11272411 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 
It could never said that he had abandoned the joint enterprise to rob.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 He had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 neutralized}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 
 the first lady to come out while the others went in to rob three more ladies.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3879471\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 
I find that there is a strong case for the fourth accused to answer on all counts and the assessors will be directed on abandonment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 
It will ultimately be a matter for them.
\par 
\par [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 Counsel for the fifth accused submits that there is no case to answer for his }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 charge because the case against him put at its highest is such that he assessors could not convict on it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411  must then be the Judge}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 s duty to stop the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 He cited the }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 Galbraith}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411  case and the case of }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 R v Kalisoqo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411  FJCA CA 52 of 1984.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6180453\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7175331\charrsid11272411 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7175331\charrsid11272411 
Such a submission unfortunately shows a lack of appreciation as to the true test of a prima facie case before the High Court of Fiji.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7175331\charrsid11272411 
That test is set out in section 231 of the Criminal Procedure Decree which reads:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10382720\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7175331\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li540\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7175331\charrsid11272411 When the evidence 
of the witnesses for the prosecution has been concluded, and after hearing (if necessary) any arguments which the prosecution or the defence may desire to submit, the court shall record a finding of not guilty if it considers that there is no evidence tha
t the accused person (or any one of the several accused) committed the offence.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7175331\charrsid11272411 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid31053\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 
That test under section 231(1) is settled and is more stringent than the test under section 178 of the same Decree.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 
The English test for no case to answer stated in the case of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 Galbraith}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 
 (1981) 2 All ER 1060 has no application to a case in this Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 The }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 Galbraith}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411  guidelines were expressly rejected by the Court of Appeal in }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 Sisa Kalisoqo v R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411  \endash  Cr. App. No. 52 of 1984 because in England the matter is not governed by any Statute.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 Kalisoqo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 
 the Court of Appeal took the view that if there is some direct or circumstantial evidence on the charged offence, then a judge cannot say there is no evidence on the proper construction of section 231(1).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 This view was later confirmed by the Court of Appeal in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 State v Mosese Tuisawau}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411  \endash  Cr. App. 14/90}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206914\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 
\par [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 More recently the Court of Appeal in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 
State v George Shiu Raj and Shashi Shalendra Pal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411  [2006] AAU0081/05 and }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 State v Brijan Singh}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411  [2007] AAU0005 confirmed that the correct approach 
under [section 231(1)] is to ask whether there is some relevant and admissible evidence on each element of the charged offence, and not whether the evidence is inherently vague or incredible.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid31053\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 As a result of those decisions in the Court of Appeal the 
decision of Fatiaki J. (as he then was) in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 State v Kapoor and Chandra}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 
 [1996] FJHC 111 cannot be regarded as correctly stating the law on no case to answer.
\par 
\par [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 
Thus the question in the case of the fifth accused is whether there is some evidence direct or circumstantial evidence implicating the accused in the charged offence.
\par 
\par [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 The evidence implicating the accused comes from his own interview under caution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 He admits to getting into the vehicle with those w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 ho intended to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 look for money}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411  he saw them break into the house while he sat in the car intoxicated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 
He later confessed to going inside the house and to being }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 involved the breaking of the house at Malele and also threatened the family}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118720\charrsid11272411 .
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 I agree with Counsel assisting the fifth accused as }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 amicus cur}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 i}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 ae}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411  that the confession is rather suspicious, it not being in the same vein as the rest of the statement but that is irrelevant to the present application.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129975\charrsid11272411 His confession is cogent evidence and it is not for this Court to decide on its merits or creditworthiness}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11227794\charrsid11272411 , that is a matter for the assessors and therefore I find that there is a case to answer for the fifth accused on the housebreaking charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3879471 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11227794\charrsid11272411 Sixth Accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11227794\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 
\par [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 The sixth accused had in October 2007 made admissions to the offence of housebreaking in an interview under caution.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 This interview under caution was excluded form the evidence admissible at trial after a voir dire held immediately before the trial.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 On the depositions, there appeared to be no other evidence against the sixth accused.
\par 
\par [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 
On the first day of the trial, the sixth accused was still in the dock and he remained in the dock for the five days that the prosecution case was conducted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 On enquiring twice of the prosecution why he was there, I was told that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 the prosecutor was}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411  unable to get his superiors to sign a nolle prosequi to put an end to the case against him particularly.
\par 
\par [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 It may be that on occasion the DPP or his Deputy are un
available either to prepare or sign a nolle prosequi or even to instruct Counsel to enter a nolle verbally }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 however}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 
 this does not absolve prosecuting Counsel from acting in a fair and just manner according to his oath and to take it upon himself to offer no evidence or to enter a nolle prosequi if the circumstances so demand.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 That is indeed one of the roles of a prosecutor; in presenting his case fairly and fearlessly, he must as a corollary }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 withdraw from the arena}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411  if he considers that the case against a particular accused is unsustainable.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 And in this case there was }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 no}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411  evidence against the sixth accused once his interview under caution was ruled to be inadmissible, and this fact must have been known to the prosecutor.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 (Indeed he admitted as much during the submissions on no case yesterday).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 
\par 
\par [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 The matter was raised as a matter of concern by Counsel for the sixth 
accused at the end of the second day of trial and this Court remarked that it too was most concerned; yet nothing was done.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 
It was rather a shocking state of affairs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 The sixth accused sat in the dock through five days of a murder/robbery trial when he not}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411  only had not bee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 
 charged with murder or robbery but on the relatively minor charge of housebreaking there was not one shred of evidence against him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 
It was outrageous}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 ly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411  unjust.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1129240\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 
\par [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 It is not for this Court to intervene until the end of the prosecution case; section 231(1) requires the Court to wait until the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 evidence of the witnesses for the prosecution has been concluded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411  before finding the accused has no case to answer and there appears to be no powers in the Criminal Procedure Decree to intervene before that.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 In any event it is for the prosecutor to conduct his prosecution as he sees fit and it is not for the Court to know that there }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 perhaps a surprise witness forthcoming or that relevant evidence in some manner would suddenly be revealed.
\par 
\par [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 C
ounsel could have easily used the provisions of section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Decree to enter a nolle verbally immediately after rejection of the sixth accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 s caution interview.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 
For him not to do so is thoughtless, perhaps lazy and in c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 omplete contravention of his oath to prosecute fairly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430283\charrsid11272411 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 
\par [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 After submission yesterday, I found immediately that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 t}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 here be no case to answer and acquitted and discharged the sixth accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 He was to stay in the dock not a minute longer.
\par 
\par [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 In the circumstance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066088\charrsid11272411 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 , I order the prosecution to pay costs of $250 to the sixth accused to defray his expenses for attending a trial for 5 days that he did not have to attend.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 I consider that the prosecutor has unreasonably prolonged matters with respect to the sixth accused (in
 terms of section 150(3) of the Criminal Procedure Decree) and in any event this Order will }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 meet the interests of justice}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11272411 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411  (in terms of section 150(4)(d) of that Decree).
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 Paul K. Madigan
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11272411 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236710\charrsid11272411 
\par At Lautoka
\par 5 August 2010
\par }}