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{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author ruddley_e}{\operator freriks_k}{\creatim\yr2010\mo6\dy1\hr14\min6}{\revtim\yr2010\mo6\dy3\hr10\min39}{\version2}{\edmins8}{\nofpages9}{\nofwords3514}{\nofchars20036}{\*\company PacLII}{\nofcharsws23503}
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Criminal Case No: HAC011 of 2008
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\par Counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Ms A. Tuiketei for the State
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\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Date of trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 : 25th \endash  27th May 2010
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Date of Summing Up}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 31st May 2010
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
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\par [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Gentlemen Assessors, it is now my duty to sum up this case to you.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You will then be required to deliberate together and each of you must give a separate opinion whether the Accused is Guilty or Not Guilty of the charge.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 I will then pronounce the judgment of the Court and your opinions will carry great weight with me in deciding that judgment.
\par 
\par [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
In coming to your opinions you must apply the law as I explain it to you. It is my duty to direct you on the law. Those directions on the law must be followed by you.
\par 
\par [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
However, you decide the facts of the case. As I speak to you, you may feel that I have formed some view on a particular question of fact. If you disagree, then please feel completely free to disregard my version.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 All matters of fact are for you a
nd you alone. It is for you to decide the credibility of the witnesses and what parts of their evidence you accept as true and what parts you reject. You decide what facts are proved and what inferences you properly draw from those facts. You then apply t
he law as I explain it to you and decide whether your opinion is guilty or not guilty.
\par 
\par [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
You must come to that decision solely upon the evidence you have heard from the witnesses, which includes the exhibits that have been produced. If you have previousl
y heard anything about this case or the people involved, through the media or some other source \endash  you must ignore that completely.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 

\par 
\par [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The law requires that the Accused is to be judged solely upon the evidence sworn to in this Court.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 In considering that evidence you are expected to apply your common sense and everyday knowledge of human nature and people.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
You must please put aside any feelings of prejudice or sympathy which may occur to you one way or the other and arrive at your opinions calmly and dispassionately. 
\par 
\par [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The charge against the Accused, is set out in the information that you each have a copy of. This charge is brought by the State and the onus of proving it rests on the State from beginning to end.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 There is no onus on the Accused at any stage to prove his innocence or to prove anything else.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The law is that the State must prove the essential ingredients of the charge beyond reasonable doubt before there can be a finding of guilty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 This means that before you express an opinion that the Accused is guilty, you must be satisfied so that you are sure of his guilt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If you have any reasonable doubt about the guilt of the Accused, then you must express an opinion of not guilty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 It is only when you are satisfied so that you are sure of guilt, that you may express an opinion of guilty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused is charged with murder. The State alleges that the Accused on 15 December 2007 at Nasinu murdered Josefa Drugu.
\par 
\par [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 There are three ingredients that must be proved for the offence of murder:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 1. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That t
he Accused did an unlawful act.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 2. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That this unlawful act caused the death of the victim.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 3. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That the Accused acted with malice aforethought.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 I will now explain these three elements to you.
\par 
\par [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 An unlawful act is something done by a person that is against the law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 A very common example of an unlawful act is where a person deliberately applies force to another person without legal justification such as self defence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If a person intentionally strik
es another person without legal justification then that is a criminal assault. In such circumstances a person who deliberately punches, kicks or hits another with a weapon is committing an unlawful act.
\par 
\par [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 In this case the State alleges that the Accused
 stabbed the deceased using a knife, which caused his death. If that is what happened then that would be an unlawful act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The defence says that the Accused accidentally and in self defence stabbed the deceased and this allegation is disputed. 
\par 
\par [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The de
fence says the fatal injury may have been caused accidentally in a scuffle between the Accused and the deceased, where the Accused was acting in self defence. If you believe the Accused\rquote 
s account and accept the fatal injury was caused accidently, then no c
rime had been committed. If so, you should find the Accused not guilty. If you are not sure whether the fatal injury was accidental, you should also find the Accused not guilty. It is not for the Accused to establish the injury was caused accidentally. Th
e prosecution must prove that the Accused deliberately stabbed the deceased and that it was not an accident.
\par 
\par [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are satisfied beyond reasonable that the fatal injury on the deceased was not accidental but deliberate, then you must consider whether the Accused acted in self defence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If you think that the Accused was or may have been acting in lawful self-defence of himself, you must find him not guilty. Because the prosecution must prove the Accused\rquote 
s guilt, it is for the prosecution to prove that t
he Accused was not acting in lawful self defence. It is not for the Accused to establish that he was and you must consider the matter of self defence in the light of situation which the Accused honestly believed he faced.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You must first ask whether the Accused honestly believed that it was necessary to use force to defend himself at all.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are sure that the Accused did not honestly believe that it was necessary to use force to defend himself, he cannot have been acting in lawful self-defence, and you need consider this matter no further.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
But what if you think that the Accused did honestly believe or may honestly have believed that it was necessary to use force to defend himself?
\par 
\par [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You must then decide whether the type and amount of force the Accused used was reasonable.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
Obviously, a person who is under attack may react on the spur of the moment, and he cannot be expected to work out exactly how much force he needs to use to defend himself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 On the other hand, if he goes over the top and uses fo
rce out of all proportion to the anticipated attack on him, or more force than is really necessary to defend himself, the force used would not be reasonable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 So you must take into account both the nature of the attack on the Accused and what he then did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are sure that the force the Accused used was unreasonable, then the Accused cannot have been acting in lawful self-defence; but if you think that the force the Accused used was or may have been reasonable, you must find him not guilty.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The second ingredient that must be proved is that the unlawful act caused the death of the victim. The law requires a link between the unlawful act and the death.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Usually the unlawful act causes some specific injury to the victim and that particular injury causes the victim\rquote s death.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
Usually the unlawful act causes an injury which is the sole cause of death. But it is sufficient if it is an operating or substantial cause of death. It not in dispute that the deceased died as a result of the stab wound inflict
ed on him by the Accused. This element is not in dispute. 
\par 
\par [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The third element that must be proved for the crime of murder is that the person who caused the death of another by an unlawful act did so with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 malice aforethought}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 This is an old legal term which describes a particular intention or state of mind.
\par 
\par [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
It is an intention to cause death or grievous harm to the victim or knowledge that death or grievous harm would probably be caused, accompanied by indifference whether it is caused or not, or by a wish that it may not be caused.
\par 
\par [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
Grievous harm means any bodily hurt which seriously or permanently injures health or which is likely to seriously or permanently injure health.
\par 
\par [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Therefore the State must prove that the Accused stabbed the de
ceased causing his death and at that time he intended to cause serious or permanent injury to the deceased or he knew that serious or permanent injury would be likely to be caused to the deceased and he nevertheless went ahead and did it being indifferent
, that is having no concern one way or the other, whether serious or permanent injury was caused or not }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 or}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
 that he did it wishing or hoping that such injury would not be caused.
\par 
\par [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If you are sure that the Accused unlawfully killed the victim, intending 
to kill the victim, or to cause the victim really serious injury, the Accused is guilty of murder unless you conclude that this was or may have been a case of provocation. Provocation is not a complete defence, leading to a verdict of \lquote Not guilty
\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 It is a partial defence, reducing what would otherwise be murder to the lesser offence of manslaughter.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Because the prosecution must prove the Accused\rquote 
s guilt, it is for the prosecution to make you sure that this was not a case of provocation, and not for the Accused to establish that it was.
\par 
\par [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Provocation has a special legal meaning, and you must consider it in the following way.
\par 
\par [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Firstly, you must ask yourselves whether the Accused was provoked in the legal sense at all.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 A person is provoked if he is ca
used suddenly and temporarily to lose his self-control by things that have been said and/or done by the deceased rather than just by his own bad temper.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The defence says the Accused was provoked when the deceased swore at him (i.e Fijian swearing concerning mother and father) and accused him of stealing.
\par 
\par [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are sure that the Accused was not provoked in that sense, the defence of provocation does not arise, and the Accused is guilty of murder.
\par 
\par [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 But if you conclude that the Accused
 was or might have been provoked, in the sense which I have explained, you must then go on to weigh up how serious the provocation was for this Accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Is there anything about this Accused which may have made what was [said and/or done] affect him more than it might have affected other people?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The defence points out that the Accused was chased away from his home and had been sleeping underneath a tree at the time the incident occurred and that he has a history of mental illness. The defence further points 
out that the instability in his life and the manner in which he was treated by the deceased and his friends as if they were making fun of him, triggered the Accused to lose his self control.
\par 
\par [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Finally, having regard to the actual provocation and to you
r view of how serious that provocation was for this Accused, you must ask yourselves whether a person having the powers of self-control to be expected of an ordinary, sober person, of the Accused\rquote 
s age and sex (a male in his late twenties), would have been provoked to lose his self-control and do as this Accused did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are sure that such a person would not have done so, the prosecution will have disproved provocation, and the Accused is guilty of murder.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If, however, you conclude that such a person would or might have reacted and done as the Accused did, your opinion would be \lquote 
Not guilty of murder, but guilty of manslaughter by reason of provocation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That completes my explanation to you on the crime of murder.
\par 
\par [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 On the
 basis of these legal principles that I have explained to you, you must consider the evidence in this case and decide what has been proved. As I said earlier, it is your job to assess the credibility of the witnesses.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You decide who is truthful and to be believed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
In this case the prosecution and the defence have agreed to certain facts. You have been given copies of the Agreed Facts. The Agreed Facts are part of the evidence and you should accept these Agreed Facts as accurate and the truth.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 They are, of course, an important part of the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The agreement of these facts has avoided the calling of a number of witnesses, and thereby saved a lot of court time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The caution interview and the charge statement of the accused are not in dispute. What
 weight you give to the statements he made to the police is a matter for you.
\par 
\par [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 I will now remind you of the prosecution and defence cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 In doing this it would be tedious and impractical for me to go through the evidence of every witness in detail and repeat every submission made by counsel.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 I will summarize the salient features.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If I do not mention a particular witness, or a particular piece of evidence or a particular submission of counsel that does not mean it is unimportant.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You should consider and evaluate all the evidence and all the submissions in coming to your decision in this case.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Prosecution Case}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The first witness, Aminiasi Radrodro said on 15 December 2007 at around 4pm he was drinking with the deceased when he saw the Accused walking down the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased invited the Accused to the place where they were drinking.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The Accused came to them and the deceased told him not to steal from the Chinese farms and not to spoil the name of the youths from the area.
\par 
\par [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused got angry and challenged them for a fight.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased stood up and confronted the Accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
They argued and started pulling each other. The Accused threw punches at the deceased. The deceased did not return punches.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The Accused threw a 4x2 wood to the deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased did not retaliate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused took out a knife and threatened them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
He walked to the main road and challenged them for a fight.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased went to the main road and confronted the Accused.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused threw punches at the deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused held the deceased\rquote s shirt to avoid the punches.
\par 
\par [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 When this was happening, Jonetani approached and punched the Accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused took a knife out from his back pocket and stabbed the deceased.
\par 
\par [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 In cross-examination Aminiasi said when Jone
tani punched the Accused they all stood up and that is when the Accused stabbed the deceased.
\par 
\par [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Mark Whippy said they were drinking when the Accused came and hassle them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused argued with the deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The Accused told the deceased not to steal from the farm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased and the Accused started fighting.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 They ended up on the main road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased was pulling the Accused\rquote s shirt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
When another person approached them, the Accused stabbed the deceased with a knife.
\par 
\par [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 In cross examination Mark said he told a completely different story to the police which is contained in his statement (DE1).
\par 
\par [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 I must direct you that a previous statement made by a witness is not evidence. What a witness says in court is evidence. Howe
ver, previous inconsistent statement may be used to cross-examine a witness to show that because he made an inconsistent statement previously, that his evidence in court should not be believed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 In assessing the credibility of a witness on the basis of prev
ious inconsistent statement, you may consider whether the inconsistency is on a material issue and the explanation offered by the witness for the inconsistency. You will recall that Mark offered no explanation for his prior inconsistent statement. }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The next witness was Josefa Dau. He said he saw the scuffle between the deceased and the Accused when they were on the main road.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased was holding the collar of the Accused\rquote s shirt when he got punched by the Accused.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Jonetani came from behind and punched the Accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 At that point the Accused took a knife out from his back pocket and stabbed the deceased.
\par 
\par [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Dr. Loata explained the injuries found on the deceased upon post mortem.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 She said the stab wound penetrated and reached the depth of the heart causing massive bleeding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased died of the stab wound as a result of massive bleeding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
She said considerable force was used to cause the wound of that nature.
\par 
\par [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Dr. Loata also expressed an opinion of the tenderness found on the Accused\rquote s neck.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 She said good amount of force was used because the injury was still evident after three days. What weight you attach to Dr. Loata\rquote 
s opinion is matter for you.
\par 
\par [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Jonetani Baba said he went to help the deceased because he was drunk.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused was punching the deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased was holding the Accused
\rquote s collar.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Jonetani punched the Accused to help the deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 At that point Jonetani heard a stabbing sound.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
He saw the deceased holding his ribs and the Accused holding a knife with blood.
\par 
\par [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That was the prosecution case.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Defence Case}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused gave evidence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 I must remind you that when an Accused person gives evidence he assumes no onus of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That remains on the State throughout.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You will generally find that an Accused gives an innocent explanation and one of three situations then arises:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 1. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
You may believe him and, if you believe him, then your opinion must be Not Guilty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 He did not commit the offence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 2. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
Alternatively without necessarily believing him you may say \lquote well that might be true\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If that is so, it means there is a reasonable doubt in your minds and so again your opinion must be not guilty.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 3. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The third possibility is that you reject his evidence as being untrue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That does not mean that he is automatically guilty of the offence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The situation would then be the same as if he had not given any evidence at all.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 He would not have discredited the evidence of the prosecution witnesses in any way. If prosecution evidence proves that he committed the offence then the proper opinion would be guilty.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The Accused said he was walking along the road when the deceased called him. When he went to him the deceased swore at him and accused him of stealing from the area.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused said he challenged him for a fight on the road.
\par 
\par [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased stood up and came to his face.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 He punched the deceased twice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Mark stood up holding a bottle.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased got hold of a wood and when the Accused turned around to walk away the deceased threw the wood at him.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused said he went to the main road and challenged the deceased and his friends.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The deceased came down and got hold of the Accused\rquote s neck.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The deceased tried to choke the Accused by pulling his neck.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused got the knife out to threaten the deceased and his friends.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused said he accidently stabbed the deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 He said he did not know that he had stabbed the deceased. When the deceased let go his neck and the Accused ran away from the scene when he heard other boys were getting a cane knife.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 He went straight home and then accompanied his parents to the police station and explained what happened.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The Accused said he acted in self-defence to protect himself.
\par 
\par [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 That was the defence case.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Analysis
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 It is n
ot in dispute that the Accused stabbed the deceased with a knife in a scuffle between them. Nor is it in dispute that the deceased died as a result of the stab wound caused by the Accused. 
\par 
\par [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 What is in dispute is whether the fatal injury was deliberately caused and without legal justification of self defence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The prosecution says that gravity of the stab wound proves the stabbing was deliberate and not accidental.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The prosecution says that the Accused used force out of all proportion to the anti
cipated attack on him, or more force than is really necessary to defend himself. The prosecution points out that the deceased was unarmed and drunk and the Accused could have walked away. The prosecution says that the attack on the deceased was not accide
ntal or in self-defence and was without provocation.
\par 
\par [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The prosecution submits the Accused is guilty of murder.
\par 
\par [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The defence says that the deceased was the aggressor. He started the fight. The defence points out that the Accused was minding his own
 business when the deceased called him from the road side and accused him of stealing and swore at him. 
\par 
\par [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The defence invites you to accept the statement of the Accused that he acted in his self defence when the deceased tried to choke him and that the fatal injury may have been caused accidentally during the scuffle.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The defence says the Accused honestly feared for his safety when he saw the deceased\rquote s friends approaching him during the scuffle.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 The defence invites you to view the situation as perceived by the Accused. 
\par 
\par [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
The defence says if you reject self defence or accident, then you should consider whether the Accused was provoked and find the Accused guilty of manslaughter. 
\par 
\par [57]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You will have to evaluate all the evidence when you consider the charge against the Accused has been proved.
\par 
\par [58]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Let me sum up for you the various steps you are to follow:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (1) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
You must first of all consider whether the act of the Accused that caused death was deliberate and not an accident. If you are not satisfied
 beyond a reasonable doubt that the act of the Accused was deliberate or if you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the act was an accident, then you must find the Accused not guilty and the matter ends there.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (2) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If you are satisfied beyond a re
asonable doubt that the act of the Accused was deliberate and not an accident, then you will consider the question of self-defence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (3) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that death was not due the Accused acting in self-defence as I have defined it, you will deliver opinions finding the Accused not guilty and the matter ends there.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (4) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that it was not in self-defence you will go on to consider the charge.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (5) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
In this case if you reject self-defence then there is little doubt, you may think, that the death of the deceased was caused and that it was caused by an unlawful act of the Accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Therefore the real question you have to decide is whether it was done with malice aforethought i.e. whether the Accused either
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (a) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
intended to cause the death of the deceased or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (b) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
intended to cause him serious injury or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (c) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 knew that his
 act would probably cause death or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (d) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
knew that his act would probably cause serious injury.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (6) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the Accused had malice aforethought, you will render opinions of manslaughter.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (7) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 If you are satis
fied beyond a reasonable doubt that the Accused acted with malice aforethought, you will go on to consider provocation.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (8) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no provocation or accept that there was provocation then you will render opinion of guilty of manslaughter.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 (9) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
If you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that he acted with malice aforethought and are also satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no provocation, you will advise me that the Accused is guilty of murder.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par [59]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Your possible opinions are, guilty of murder, or guilty of manslaughter, or not guilty of any offence.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Conclusion
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3542311 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 [60]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
Gentlemen assessors, that concludes my summing up of the law and the evidence in this particular trial.
\par 
\par [61]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
We have now reached the stage where you must retire to your room to deliberate together and form your individual opinions on the charge against the Accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 You may have with you any of the exhibits that you would like to consider.
\par 
\par [62]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 When you have reached your separate decisions you will all come back into Court and you will each be asked }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541 to state your separate opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par 
\par [63]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Would you please now retire to consider your opinions?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 When you have made your decisions would you please advise the Court officer and the Court will reconvene to receive your opinions?
\par 
\par [64]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Thank you.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Daniel Goundar
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1071541 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 At Suva
\par 31st May 2010
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Solicitors:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071541\charrsid1071541 Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the State
\par Office of the Legal Aid Commission for Accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid1071541 
\par }}