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\f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3028922\charrsid11686078 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12083513\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3028922\charrsid11686078 AT SUVA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
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HAC 001/2009
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\par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3028922\charrsid11686078 JASWANT KUMAR}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3028922 
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\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3164702\charrsid11686078 Counsel: Mr. P.K. Madigan for FICAC
\par Mr. R. Chaudhary for both Accused
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1466473\charrsid3164702 
\par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3028922\charrsid3164702 Hearing:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11686078\charrsid3164702  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3028922\charrsid3164702 27th February 2009
\par Ruling:}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11686078\charrsid3164702  }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3028922\charrsid3164702 20th March 2009
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\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3028922\charrsid11686078 [1]\tab The Accused persons, Rajeshwar Kumar and Jaswant Kumar are jointly charged with one count of abuse of office, and, in the alternative, one count of embezzlement.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3028922\charrsid11686078 The first count alleges that on or about the 26th of May 2006 whilst being employed as Mayor, 
and Town Clerk of the Nasinu Town Council, they raised a Council cheque in the sum of $2,344.42 purportedly as payment to Post Fiji Ltd. but which in fact was cashed at Westpac Bank Nabua, which act was arbitrary, in abuse of office and which caused preju
dice to the Nasinu Town Council.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3028922\charrsid11686078 
The alternative count alleges that the Accused fraudulently disposed of $2,344.42 which was received by them on account of the Nasinu }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3228344\charrsid11686078 
Town Council for a purpose other than the purpose for which the money was entrusted to them.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3028922\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3228344\charrsid11686078 
\par [2]\tab The charges were originally filed by FICAC on the 12th of December 2008 at the Nasinu Magistrates\rquote  Court.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3228344\charrsid11686078 The case was called there on the same day.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3228344\charrsid11686078 The Accused pleaded not guilty.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3228344\charrsid11686078 
The defence made submissions on the legality of FICAC.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3228344\charrsid11686078 FICAC applied for transfer of the case }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid525418\charrsid11686078 to the High Court under section 220 of the Criminal Procedure Code.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid525418\charrsid11686078 The case was transferred on the same day.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3228344\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid525418\charrsid11686078 
\par [3]\tab The matter was first called in the High Court on the 13th of February 2009.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid525418\charrsid11686078 
On the same day defence counsel said that he wished to challenge the legality of FICAC}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 The prosecution was ready to file Information, and has submitted Information for filing.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 I heard submissions from both parties.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 I have treated the defence submission as an application to either quash Inform
ation or an application that the proposed Information is invalid because of the invalidity of the prosecuting body.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 Both counsel made written and oral submissions.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid525418\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 
\par [4]\tab Counsel for the defence submitted that the President\rquote s promulgation creating FICAC (the Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption) is invalid because it was not passed by Parliament.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 He submitted that insofar as the High Court decision in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 Qarase & Others}{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15871196\charrsid11686078  v. Bainimarama & Others}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15871196\charrsid11686078  [2008] Civil Action HBC 6
0.07S, HBC 398.07S purported to give the President powers to promulgate, it was wrong in law, and that in any event the FICAC promulgation did not fall within the scope of that decision because the President was not acting independently of the Interim Gov
ernment.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920574\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15871196\charrsid11686078 
\par [5]\tab Counsel for the prosecution said that the decision of the High Court in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15871196\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15871196\charrsid11686078  (supra) was valid law unless and until it was set aside by a superior court, that FICAC had every right to investigate and prosecute pursuant to the 
provisions of the FICAC promulgation, that the President never passes law }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15871196\charrsid11686078 on }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13644395\charrsid11686078 a whim but does so (in normal and abnormal times) on the advice of the executive and that any Information signed by the FICAC Commissioner was valid unless quashed by a superior 
court.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15871196\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 
\par [6]\tab In }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 FICAC v. Inoke Devo}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 
 [2008] HAC 177D.2007S, an application was made to quash the Information filed by FICAC in this court.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 
No decision had been made at that time in the }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078  case.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 The defence application was that FIC
AC had no powers to investigate, or prosecute, or to file Information in the High Court.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 
In that case I held that in the absence of any promulgation or legislation, any body or any organization could investigate or prosecute and that the right to privately
 investigate or prosecute was a civil right, preserved by both the Criminal Procedure Code and the Constitution.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 FICAC therefore had those rights irrespective of the validity of the FICAC promulgation.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 The judgment reads at paragraphs 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29:
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4140169\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 [25]\tab The main issue for determination is of course whether the Accused has a charge against him by way of Information, of which he has had notice.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 The essential question is as to the validity of the Information.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 [26]\tab However, defence counsel asks me t
o make other declarations, leading to the quashing of Information which reflect on the validity of Promulgation 33, of the President\rquote s powers to legislate, and of the validity of the current government.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 These other issues can be dealt with very quickly.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 [27]\tab 
The duty of the judiciary, and of every judge, when there has been a removal of the legislative arm of government is to apply the law fairly and impartially, and to uphold the Constitution in all things.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 Until the legality or otherwise of the governing
 regime or administration is determined, (when full argument has been heard) the role of the courts is to apply the law in a way which neither legitimizes usurpers, nor determines illegality without full argument.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 In other words, the courts and the judiciary are involved in a delicate }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 holding}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078  process which is intended to uphold the rule of law without granting legitimacy to acts which might later be declared to be unlawful.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 [28]\tab At this point, the legality or validity of the President\rquote 
s legislative powers, is yet to be determined.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 The High Court\rquote 
s hearing on the matter, involved two weeks of argument on constitutionality, justiciability and scope of the prerogative powers.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 For the criminal courts to preempt that decision, not having had the benefit of full argument on the issue would be inappropriate and unjudicial.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 Of course courts of the same jurisdiction do not bind each other.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 
However, if we are to disagree, it must be after all interested parties have been heard, and all relevant submissions made.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 Natural justice demands that of every judge.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 [29]\tab For these reasons I am unable to declare that the President\rquote 
s powers to legislate are justiciable, and if they are, that they were unjustified in the promulgating of the FICAC Promulgation.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2300226\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 [7]\tab }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15426342\charrsid11686078 In that case I refused to make orders on the validity of the Government, the ability of the Pr}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14903563\charrsid11686078 e}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15426342\charrsid11686078 sident to promulgate in the absence of Parliament, and the justiciability of the President\rquote 
s powers to rule.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1839255\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15426342\charrsid11686078 
\par [8]\tab My position on the matter remains the same.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15426342\charrsid11686078 There is }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057450\charrsid11686078 however one significant difference in the way this application is dealt with today.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057450\charrsid11686078 It is that the High Court (per Gates, Pathik and Byrne JJ) has now ruled on these self-same matters and the case is pending appeal in the Court of Appeal.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057450\charrsid11686078 According to the Court of Appeal calendar, the appeal is listed for the 6th of April 2009.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15426342\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057450\charrsid11686078 
\par [9]\tab The decision}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9193026\charrsid11686078  in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9193026\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9193026\charrsid11686078  (supra) provides a complete answer to this application made by the defence.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9193026\charrsid11686078 In that case, the court was asked to consider whether the President\rquote 
s decision to appoint Ministers in the Interim Government from the 5th of January to the 15th of January 2007 was amenable to judicial review, and if it was, whether }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 
he had acted lawfully.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 The decision was firstly about the existence of }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 reserve}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 
 prerogative powers, secondly about the justiciability of those powers, and thirdly if those powers were capable of judicial review, about the correctness and constitutionality of those powers.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 At paragraph 75 of the judgment their Lordships in setting out the facts said inter alia:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13772524\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 The President gave directions for the absolving of the Commander and his men and to facilitate their immunity.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 
He said he wanted to see enforced a genuine democracy and to take the country to elections with an advanced electoral system at the right }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12460625\charrsid11686078 time.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12460625\charrsid11686078 He intended to have set up an Anti-Corruption Unit.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12460625\charrsid11686078 But firstly paramountcy was to be given to national security.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12460625\charrsid11686078 All of this was contained in his address to the nation on 4th January 2007.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3755505\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12854687\charrsid11686078 
\par [10]\tab After a discussion o
n the law on prerogative powers, when they are exercisable by the President, and the extent to which they are reviewable by the courts (in the absence of bad faith) the High Court found that the President had powers to act in an emergency not provided for
 in the Constitution, that the action taken by the President was }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12854687\charrsid11686078 
reasonably necessary in the interests of peace, order and good government}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12854687\charrsid11686078 
, that his actions were designed }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12854687\charrsid11686078 to protect a wide }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 variety of competing rights from displacement by avoiding conflagration}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078  and that his action did not consolidate any revolution.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 The Court said (at paragraph 163):}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12854687\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 The Constitution remained and remains intact.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 The government exists in the interim by way of direct Presidential rule with His Excellency being advised by a Prime Minister and Cabinet of Ministers.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 
\par And at paragraph 164:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 It is necessary to say something about the President\rquote s power to promulgate legislation prior to the return of Parliament.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 Parliament is the constitutional forum for the consideration of new legislation.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 It would be constitutionally }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1334321\charrsid11686078 
appropriate for the incoming Parliament to consider all decrees or Promulgations made in the intervening period which have not received the scrutiny of the full Parliamentary process.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1334321\charrsid11686078 Promulgations with far
 reaching effect on the lives of citizens such as the FICAC promulgation require such scrutiny and representative asse}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5190740\charrsid11686078 n}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1334321\charrsid11686078 t.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1334321\charrsid11686078 
Meanwhile such legislation is of lawful effect.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1334321\charrsid11686078 
Subsequently it will be for Parliament to decide whether to continue with such legislation or whether some amendment is necessary.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513941\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168632\charrsid11686078 
\par [11]\tab At paragraph 171 the court held:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168632\charrsid11686078 In the absence of mala fides or arbitrariness the existence only and not the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7230891\charrsid11686078 
exercise of the President\rquote s powers to appoint ministers was capable of judicial review.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168632\charrsid11686078 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7230891\charrsid11686078 
\par And at paragraph 173:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7230891\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7230891\charrsid11686078 The declaratory orders of the court are:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7230891\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078 (i) }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7230891\charrsid11686078 
The plaintiff\rquote s originating summons is dismissed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602335\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078 (ii) }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7230891\charrsid11686078 
The decision of the President to ratify the dismissal of 
the Prime Minister and his ministers, to appoint Dr. Senilagakali as Caretaker Prime Minister to advise the dissolution of Parliament, and the dissolution of Parliament itself, are held to have been valid and lawful acts in exercise of the prerogative pow
ers of the Head of State to act for the public good in a crisis.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4140169\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078 (iii) }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4535923\charrsid11686078 
For the same reasons the further decision of the President to rule directly pending the holding of fresh, fair and accurate elections is upheld as valid and lawful.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602335\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078 (iv) }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4535923\charrsid11686078 
For the same reasons, the President\rquote s decision to make and promulgate legislation in the interest of peace, order and good government in the intervening period prior to a new Parliament is upheld as valid and lawful.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602335\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078 (v) }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4535923\charrsid11686078 
The grant of immunity by Promulgation was similarly within the powers of the President in the emergency, and such grant is upheld as valid and lawful.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4535923\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid550805\charrsid11686078 
\par [12]\tab Defence counsel asks me to revisit this decision.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid550805\charrsid11686078 He }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078 bases his application on three main grounds.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078 
Firstly that the FICAC promulgation in its preamble suggests that the President acted not in the interest of peace, order and good government, but on the advice of the Interim Government.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078 Secondly that the High Court is not bound to follow decisions made b
y an earlier High Court, differently constituted.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078 Thirdly that the decision in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078  (supra) conflicted with the decision of Gates J in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078 Koroi v. Commissioner for Inland Revenue}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078  [2001] HBC 0179.2001, and that the latter decision was that the
 existence of decrees and promulgations should pass the test of necessity.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7943174\charrsid11686078 Fourthly that the }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11869138\charrsid11686078 position of the Acting Chief Justice in the }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11869138\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11869138\charrsid11686078  case was questionable and that it raised }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11869138\charrsid11686078 issues of possible bias and conflict.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid550805\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11869138\charrsid11686078 
\par [13]\tab Counsel for FICAC said in response to these submissions that they were political submissions and not }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 
legal submissions, that they had all been dealt with in the course of the }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 
 case, and that a suggestion that the bench was biased in the }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 Qarase}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 case was reprehensible.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11869138\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 
\par [14]\tab The parties in the }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 
 case were, the State, Commodore Bainimarama, the Republic of Fiji Military Forces and the Attorney-General.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 The Human Rights Commission appeared as amici curaiae.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 I assume }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078 that each of these parties will be represented at the hearing of the appeal in the Court of Appeal.
}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078 Counsel for the defence asks me, in effect, to overturn the decision in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078  without hearing from any of those parties.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078 
Defence counsel submitted that when the President promulgated the FICAC promulgation, he did so not in the interests of peace, order and good government but because he was being improperly dictated to by the Interim Government.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078 He asks me to make this find
ing on the basis of the wording of the Preamble and without hearing from a representative of the President or the State.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078 Defence counsel asks me to find that the court in the }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9978357\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13716320\charrsid11686078 case was questionable on the ground of bias, when bias was 
not raised before the presiding judges themselves, and when the Acting Chief Justice sat in that decision as a High Court judge and not as the Acting Chief Justice.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3486227\charrsid11686078 He was appointed a High Court judge long before the events of 2006.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428552\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 
\par [15]\tab A court of equal jurisdiction can certainly revisit earlier decisions mad}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12536232\charrsid11686078 e}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 
 by the court differently constituted.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 There can be no doubt about it.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 In 2004 for instance the House of Lords revisited its own decision, made in 1982}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3486227\charrsid11686078  (}{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3486227\charrsid11686078 Caldwell}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13315640\charrsid11686078  (1982) AC 341}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3486227\charrsid11686078 )}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078  in relation to the legal definition of recklessness }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 (}{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 R v. G}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078  [2004]}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3486227\charrsid11686078  1}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078  AC}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3486227\charrsid11686078  1034}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 ).}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 
\par 
\par [16]\tab In }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 Inoke Devo}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 
I respectfully disagreed with the decision of Winter J in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 Sanjay Jentilal}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078  }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 Khera and Others v. FICAC}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 
 HBM 034 of 2007 on the basis that when he ruled that the DPP and only the DPP could prosecute, his Lordship\rquote s attention had not been drawn to section 114 of the Constitution.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 I accept therefore the courts of equal jurisdiction can disagree with each other
, and revisit earlier decisions.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 
Counsel for the defence has drawn my attention to several other cases (for instance }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 R v. R}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078 
 (1991) ALL ER) where courts have done so in other jurisdictions.
\par 
\par [17]\tab }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 However }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3486227\charrsid11686078 any such}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 
 revisiting should be done after hearing from all parties and ensuring that any such revisiting is thoughtful, informed and correct.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 That should certainly not be done after hearing}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1798627\charrsid11686078  only}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078  from the accused and from FICAC in a criminal hearing on the quashing of an Information.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 I said as much in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 Inoke Devo}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078  (supra) at paragraph 28:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7225776\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 At this point, the legality or validity of the President\rquote s legislative powers is yet to be determined.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 The High Court\rquote 
s hearing on the matter, involved two weeks of argument on constitutionality, justiciability and scope of the prerogative powers.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 For the criminal courts to preempt that decision, not having had the benefit of full argument on the issue would be inappropriate and unjudic}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12536232\charrsid11686078 i}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 al.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 Of course courts of the same jurisdiction do not }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16661332\charrsid11686078 bind each other.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16661332\charrsid11686078 H
owever, if we are to disagree, it must be after all interested parties have been heard, and all relevant submissions made.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16661332\charrsid11686078 Natural justice demands that of every judge.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12797329\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 \f35\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 [1}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2377293\charrsid11686078 8}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 ]\tab In that case I held that until the question of the President\rquote s power to legis
late was properly and judicially determined, FICAC would not be permitted to file an Information in the High Court but would have to conduct its prosecutions in the Magistrates\rquote  Court as }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 private}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078  prosecutions under the Criminal Procedure }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419827\charrsid11686078 C}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 ode.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8351078\charrsid11686078 My decision in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8351078\charrsid11686078 Inoke Devo}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8351078\charrsid11686078  is binding on the Magistrates\rquote 
 Courts and I am surprised that defence counsel raised the issue of the validity of FICAC prosecutions in the Magistrates\rquote  Court after my ruling in the matter.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 
\par 
\par [1}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2377293\charrsid11686078 9}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 ]\tab }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419827\charrsid11686078 T}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 he question of the President\rquote s legislative powers has now been judicially determined.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 Until and unless the decision of }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078  is set aside on appeal, the FICAC promulgation is valid and must be given effect by the High Court and the Magistrates\rquote  Court.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 It is not for this court to con
duct an enquiry into what the President thought he was doing when he wrote the following words in the preamble of the Promulgation:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969759\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 In exercise of the powers conferred upon the Interim Government and upon the exercise of my own deliberate judgment \'85\'85 and with the approval o}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9320547\charrsid11686078 f}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 
 Cabinet, I Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda President of the Republic of the Fiji Islands hereby make this promulgation.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 
\par [}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2377293\charrsid11686078 20}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 ]\tab Nor do I find it extraordinary that the President acted }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 on the advice of Cabinet before signing the Promulgation.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 As was said in }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078  at paragraph 163:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455561\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4140169\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 The government exists in the interim by way of direct Presidential rule with His Excellency being advised by a Prime Minister and Cabinet of Ministers.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6973119\charrsid11686078 [21}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 ]\tab }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15751315\charrsid11686078 It appears, f}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 rom the wording of the preamble to the FICAC Promulgation, that is precisely what His Excellency did when he signed it.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13516564\charrsid11686078 I note further that the High Court in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13516564\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13516564\charrsid11686078  specifically considered the decisions of Gates J in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13516564\charrsid11686078 Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. Koroi}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13516564\charrsid11686078  (supr
a) and said that the test applied in that case of what was necessary was }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13516564\charrsid11686078 
an unnecessarily narrow interpretation.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 
\par 
\par [2}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6973119\charrsid11686078 2}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 ]\tab I decline to overrule }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 Qarase v. Bainimarama}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 I decline to find the FICAC promulgation invalid and of no effect.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 This application is dismissed for the reasons I have given.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11686078\charrsid11686078  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 Information may be }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3293159\charrsid11686078 filed and pleas taken.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8473023\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12215793\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3293159\charrsid11686078 Nazhat Shameem
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3293159\charrsid11686078 JUDGE}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3293159\charrsid11686078 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11686078 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12215793\charrsid11686078 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3293159\charrsid11686078 At Suva
\par 20th March 2009
\par }}